Iryna Vilde
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Daryna Polotniuk (
née The birth name is the name of the person given upon their birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name or to the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a births registe ...
Makohon; ; 5 May 1907 – 30 October 1982), better known by her
pen name A pen name or nom-de-plume is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name. A pen name may be used to make the author's na ...
Iryna Vilde (), was a Ukrainian and Soviet writer and correspondent. Vilde's works are now considered classics of
Ukrainian literature The term Ukrainian literature () is normally used to describe works of literature written in the Ukrainian language. In a broader sense it can also relate to all literary works created in the territory of Ukraine. Ukrainian literature mostly de ...
.


Childhood and education

Vilde was born on 5 May 1907 in
Chernivtsi Chernivtsi (, ; , ;, , see also #Names, other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the upper course of the Prut River. Formerly the capital of the historic region of Bukovina, which is now divided between Romania and Ukraine, Chernivt ...
,
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...
. Her father was Dmytro Makohon, a schoolteacher and writer, her mother, Adolphina Janiszewska, was a teacher. Vilde was married to Yevhen Polotniuk who in 1943 was executed by the
Gestapo The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...
. With Polotniuk she had two children. She died after a long illness on 30 October 1982 and was buried at the
Lychakiv Cemetery Lychakiv Cemetery (; ), officially State History and Culture Museum-Reserve "Lychakiv Cemetery" (), is a historic cemetery in Lviv, Ukraine. History Since its creation in 1787 as Łyczakowski Cemetery, it has been the main necropolis of the c ...
in
Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
. In 1927, she graduated in Stanislav
private school A private school or independent school is a school not administered or funded by the government, unlike a State school, public school. Private schools are schools that are not dependent upon national or local government to finance their fina ...
. Expelled from school in 1930 as part of anti-Ukrainian
Pacification Pacification may refer to: The restoration of peace through a declaration or peace treaty: *Pacification of Ghent, an alliance of several provinces of the Netherlands signed on November 8, 1576 *Treaty of Berwick (1639), or ''Pacification of Berwi ...
operation, she nonetheless graduated in 1932 from "University of
John II Casimir John II Casimir Vasa (; ; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1648 to his abdication in 1668 as well as a claimant to the throne of Sweden from 1648 to 1660. He was the first son of Sigis ...
in Lwow" (today
University of Lviv The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (named after Ivan Franko, ) is a state-sponsored university in Lviv, Ukraine. Since 1940 the university is named after Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko. The university is the oldest institution of highe ...
).''М. М. Ільницький'
Вільде Ірина
// Енциклопедія сучасної України
Soon after graduation, due to material deprivation, she was forced to get a job with the magazine ''Zhinocha dolia'' (Women's fate) in
Kolomyia Kolomyia (, ), formerly known as Kolomea, is a city located on the Prut, Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in the west of Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Kolomyia Raion, hosting the administration of Kolomyia urban hromada ...
, where she worked until 1939.


Writing

From 1930 to 1939, she published a number of short stories and novels about the life of the Western Ukrainian intelligentsia, the petty bourgeoisie, and students. The first short story of the young writer ''Povist zyttia'' (Life Story) appeared in print in 1930. In 1935, she published the novel ''Metelyky na shpyl’kakh'' (Pinned Butterflies) under the pseudonym “Iryna Vilde”. During the war period, and after the unification of
Western Ukraine Western Ukraine or West Ukraine (, ) refers to the western territories of Ukraine. There is no universally accepted definition of the territory's boundaries, but the contemporary Ukrainian administrative regions ( oblasts) of Chernivtsi, I ...
with
Ukrainian SSR The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkrSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union, constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. ...
, she continued to describe the familiar themes of family in bourgeois society. Her works contain a huge number of characters — protagonists from all public spheres of Galicia — the
clergy Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the ter ...
,
employees Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any othe ...
, workers,
peasant A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasan ...
ry,
petty bourgeoisie ''Petite bourgeoisie'' (, ; also anglicised as petty bourgeoisie) is a term that refers to a social class composed of small business owners, shopkeepers, small-scale merchants, semi-autonomous peasants, and artisans. They are named as such ...
, as well as information on the activities of various parties and public organizations, the
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Polish people, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken * Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin ...
administration policy, the economy, education and culture. Among them are the anthology of short stories ''Khymerne sertse'' (The Whimsical Heart, 1936), the novelettes ''Metelyky na shpyl’kakh'' (Pinned Butterflies, 1936), the story ''Povnolitni dity'' (Grown-up Children, 1939), ''B’ie vos'ma'' (The Clock Strikes Eight, 1936). Her postwar works include: ''Nashi bat'ky roziishlysia'' (Our Parents Have Separated, 1946), ''Iii portret'' (Her Portrait 1948), ''Stezhynamy zhyttia'' (Along the Paths of Life, 1949), ''Ti z Kowalskoi'' (Those of Kowalska, 1947), ''Iabluni zatsvily vdruhe'' (The Apple Trees Have Blossomed Again, 1949), ''Povisti ta opovidannia'' (Tales and Stories" 1949), ''Zhyttia til’ky pochynaiet’sia'' (Life Is Just Beginning, 1961), ''Troiandy i ternia'' (Roses and Thorns, 1961), the novel ''Sestry Richynski'' (The Richynsky Sisters, 2 vols, 1958, 1964) and many others. ''Richynski Sisters'' is the most celebrated work of the writer.''М. М. Ільницький'
Вільде Ірина
// Енциклопедія сучасної України
She was a member of the Writers' Union.


Awards and honours

Vilde has been laureate of
literary award A literary award or literary prize is an award presented in recognition of a particularly lauded Literature, literary piece or body of work. It is normally presented to an author. Organizations Most literary awards come with a corresponding award c ...
s named after
Ivan Franko Ivan Yakovych Franko (, ; 27 August 1856 – 28 May 1916) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, translator, economist, political activist, doctor of philosophy, ethnographer, and the author of the first d ...
and
Taras Shevchenko Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (; ; 9 March 1814 – 10 March 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, folklorist, and ethnographer. He was a fellow of the Imperial Academy of Arts and a member of the Brotherhood o ...
. In 1965, she was awarded the Order of Badge of Honor.


Death and legacy

Vilde died on 30 October 1982. She was put into the
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...
list of known people of the 20th century.


References


External links


Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vilde, Iryna

«Дика» письменниця Ірина Вільде

Vil’de, Irina

Сторінки пам’яті Володимира Івасюка. Спогади.


* ttp://view-through-ages.webnode.com.ua/news/iryna-vilde-polotniuk-/ Iryna Vilde (Polotniuk)* Ukrainian literature/Iryna Vilde {{DEFAULTSORT:Vilde, Iryna 1907 births 1982 deaths 20th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century Ukrainian women writers Writers from Chernivtsi People from the Duchy of Bukovina Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic University of Lviv alumni Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Shevchenko National Prize Pseudonymous women writers Socialist realism writers Soviet women writers Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery