Daryna Dmytrivna Polotniuk (

née A birth name is the name of a person given upon birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name, or the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth ...

Makohon; uk, Дарина Дмитрівна Полотнюк (Макогон); 5 May 1907 – 30 October 1982), better known by her

pen name A pen name, also called a ''nom de plume'' or a literary double, is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name. A pen na ...

Iryna Vilde ( uk, Ірина Вільде), was a Ukrainian and Soviet writer and correspondent. Vilde's works are now considered classics of

Ukrainian literature Ukrainian literature is literature written in the Ukrainian language. Ukrainian literature mostly developed under foreign domination over Ukrainian territories, foreign rule by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland, the Russian Empire, t ...

Childhood and education

Vilde was born on May 5, 1907 in

Chernivtsi Chernivtsi ( uk, Чернівці́}, ; ro, Cernăuți, ; see also #Names, other names) is a city in the historical region of Bukovina, which is now divided along the Romania–Ukraine border, borders of Romania and Ukraine, including this ...

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

. Her father was Dmytro Makohon, a schoolteacher and writer, her mother, Adolphina Janiszewska, was a teacher. Vilde was married to Yevhen Polotniuk who in 1943 was executed by the

Gestapo The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one or ...

. With Polotniuk she had two children. She died after a long illness October 30, 1982 and was buried at the

Lychakiv Cemetery Lychakiv Cemetery ( uk, Личаківський цвинтар, translit=Lychakivs’kyi tsvyntar; pl, Cmentarz Łyczakowski we Lwowie), officially State History and Culture Museum-Preserve "Lychakiv Cemetery" ( uk, Державний істор ...

Lviv Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukra ...

. In 1927, she graduated in Stanislav

private school Private or privates may refer to: Music * "In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album ''Reputation'' * Private (band), a Denmark-based band * Private (Ryōko Hirosue song), "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album ''Private ...

. Expelled from school in 1930 as part of anti-Ukrainian

Pacification Pacification may refer to: The restoration of peace through a declaration or peace treaty: * Pacification of Ghent, an alliance of several provinces of the Netherlands signed on November 8, 1576 * Treaty of Berwick (1639), or ''Pacification of Ber ...

operation, she nonetheless graduated in 1932 from "University of

John II Casimir John II Casimir ( pl, Jan II Kazimierz Waza; lt, Jonas Kazimieras Vaza; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1648 until his abdication in 1668 as well as titular King of Sweden from 1648 ...

in Lwow" (today

University of Lviv The University of Lviv ( uk, Львівський університет, Lvivskyi universytet; pl, Uniwersytet Lwowski; german: Universität Lemberg, briefly known as the ''Theresianum'' in the early 19th century), presently the Ivan Franko Na ...

). Soon after graduation, due to material deprivation, she was forced to get a job in the magazine ''Zhinocha dolia'' (Women's fate) in

Kolomyia Kolomyia, formerly known as Kolomea ( ua, Коломия, Kolomyja, ; pl, Kołomyja; german: Kolomea; ro, Colomeea; yi, ), is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), in western Ukraine. It serves as the admin ...

, where she worked until 1939.

Literary creativity

From 1930 to 1939, she published a number of short stories and novels about the life of the

Western Ukrainian Western Ukraine or West Ukraine ( uk, Західна Україна, Zakhidna Ukraina or , ) is the territory of Ukraine linked to the former Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian ...

intelligentsia, the petty bourgeoisie, and students. The first short story of the young writer ''Povist zyttia'' (Life Story) appeared in print in 1930. In 1935 she published the novel ''Metelyky na shpyl’kakh'' (Pinned Butterflies) under the pseudonym “Iryna Vilde”. The collection of works of Iryna Vilde

During the war period, and after the unification of

Western Ukraine Western Ukraine or West Ukraine ( uk, Західна Україна, Zakhidna Ukraina or , ) is the territory of Ukraine linked to the former Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austri ...

with

Ukrainian SSR The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...

, she continued to describe the familiar themes of family in bourgeois society. Her works contain a huge number of characters — protagonists from all public spheres of

Galicia Galicia may refer to: Geographic regions * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain ** Gallaecia, a Roman province ** The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia ** The medieval King ...

— the

clergy Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the t ...

employees Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any ot ...

, workers,

peasant A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasan ...

ry,

petty bourgeoisie ''Petite bourgeoisie'' (, literally 'small bourgeoisie'; also anglicised as petty bourgeoisie) is a French term that refers to a social class composed of semi-autonomous peasants and small-scale merchants whose politico-economic ideological ...

, as well as information on the activities of various parties and public organizations, the

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...

administration policy, the economy, education and culture. Among them are the anthology of short stories ''Khymerne sertse'' (The Whimsical Heart, 1936), the novelettes ''Metelyky na shpyl’kakh'' (Pinned Butterflies, 1936), the story ''Povnolitni dity'' (Grown-up Children, 1939), ''B’ie vos'ma'' (The Clock Strikes Eight, 1936). Her postwar works include: ''Nashi bat'ky roziishlysia'' (Our Parents Have Separated, 1946), ''Iii portret'' (Her Portrait 1948), ''Stezhynamy zhyttia'' (Along the Paths of Life, 1949), ''Ti z Kowalskoi'' (Those of Kowalska, 1947), ''Iabluni zatsvily vdruhe'' (The Apple Trees Have Blossomed Again, 1949), ''Povisti ta opovidannia'' (Tales and Stories" 1949 ), ''Zhyttia til’ky pochynaiet’sia'' (Life Is Just Beginning, 1961), ''Troiandy i ternia'' (Roses and Thorns, 1961), the novel ''Sestry Richynski'' (The Richynsky Sisters, 2 vols, 1958, 1964) and many others. ''Richynski Sisters'' is the most celebrated work of the writer. She was a member of the Writers' Union. Vilde wrote: "In order to achieve immortality a person must pass two exams: one in front of one's contemporaries, the second — before history."

Awards and honours

Vilde has been laureate of

literary award A literary award or literary prize is an award presented in recognition of a particularly lauded literary piece or body of work. It is normally presented to an author. Organizations Most literary awards come with a corresponding award ceremony. ...

s named after

Ivan Franko Ivan Yakovych Franko ( Ukrainian: Іван Якович Франко, pronounced ˈwɑn ˈjɑkowɪtʃ frɐnˈkɔ 27 August 1856 – 28 May 1916) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, interpreter, economist, ...

and

Taras Shevchenko Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko ( uk, Тарас Григорович Шевченко , pronounced without the middle name; – ), also known as Kobzar Taras, or simply Kobzar (a kobzar is a bard in Ukrainian culture), was a Ukrainian poet, writ ...

. In 1965, she was awarded the Order of Badge of Honor.

Death and legacy

Vilde died October 30, 1982. She was put into the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. I ...

list of known people of the 20th century.

References

External links

Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vilde, Iryna

«Дика» письменниця Ірина Вільде

Vil’de, Irina

Сторінки пам’яті Володимира Івасюка. Спогади.

* ttp://view-through-ages.webnode.com.ua/news/iryna-vilde-polotniuk-/ Iryna Vilde (Polotniuk)* Ukrainian literature/Iryna Vilde {{DEFAULTSORT:Vilde, Iryna 1907 births 1982 deaths 20th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century Ukrainian women writers Writers from Chernivtsi People from the Duchy of Bukovina Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic University of Lviv alumni Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Shevchenko National Prize Pseudonymous women writers Socialist realism writers Soviet women writers Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery