Irving Pichel (June 24, 1891 – July 13, 1954) was an American actor and film director, who won acclaim both as an actor and director in his Hollywood career.

Career

Pichel was born to a

Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

family in Pittsburgh. He attended Pittsburgh Central High School with George S. Kaufman. The two collaborated on a play, ''The Failure''. Pichel graduated from

Harvard University Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...

in 1914 and went immediately into the theater. He had a feature role from January through May 1915 in the Boston production of '' Common Clay'', appearing with

Alfred Lunt Alfred David Lunt (August 12, 1892 – August 3, 1977) was an American actor and director, best known for his long stage partnership with his wife, Lynn Fontanne, from the 1920s to 1960, co-starring in Broadway theatre, Broadway and West End thea ...

and Mary Young. Pichel's first work in

musical theatre Musical theatre is a form of theatre, theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through words, music, ...

was as a

technical director A technical director (TD) is usually a senior technical person within e.g. a software company, engineering firm, film studio, theatre company or television studio. They are responsible for overseeing and coordinating all of the technical aspect ...

for the theater of the San Francisco Bohemian Club; he also helped with the annual summer pageant, held at the elite Bohemian Grove, in which up to 300 of its wealthy, influential members from finance and government participate. With this expertise, he was also hired by Wallace Rice as the main narrator in Rice's ambitious pageant play, ''Primavera, the Masque of Santa Barbara'' in 1920. He founded the Berkeley Playhouse in 1923 and served as its director until 1926.

Actor

Pichel moved to Los Angeles where he studied acting at the Pasadena Playhouse. It was there that Pichel achieved considerable acclaim as the title character in the landmark Pasadena Playhouse production of

Eugene O'Neill Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright. His poetically titled plays were among the first to introduce into the U.S. the drama techniques of Realism (theatre), realism, earlier associated with ...

's play '' Lazarus Laughed'' in 1927. Two years later, when the studios were hiring any theater-trained actors suitable for talkies, he was signed to a contract with

Paramount Paramount (from the word ''paramount'' meaning "above all others") may refer to: Entertainment and music companies * Paramount Global, also known simply as Paramount, an American mass media company formerly known as ViacomCBS. **Paramount Picture ...

. Pichel worked steadily as a character actor throughout the 1930s, including the early version of the

Theodore Dreiser Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser (; August 27, 1871 – December 28, 1945) was an American novelist and journalist of the naturalism (literature), naturalist school. His novels often featured main characters who succeeded at their objectives despi ...

novel, '' An American Tragedy'' (1931), '' Madame Butterfly'' (1932), in a low budget version of ''

Oliver Twist ''Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress'', is the second novel by English author Charles Dickens. It was originally published as a serial from 1837 to 1839 and as a three-volume book in 1838. The story follows the titular orphan, who, ...

'' (1933) as Fagin, in ''

Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (; The name Cleopatra is pronounced , or sometimes in both British and American English, see and respectively. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology). She was ...

'' (1934), alongside

Leslie Howard Leslie Howard Steiner (3 April 18931 June 1943) was an English actor, director, producer and writer.Obituary, '' Variety'', 9 June 1943. He wrote many stories and articles for ''The New York Times'', ''The New Yorker'', and '' Vanity Fair'' an ...

Michael Curtiz Michael Curtiz (; born Manó Kaminer; from 1905 Mihály Kertész; ; December 24, 1886 April 10, 1962) was a Hungarian-American film director, recognized as one of the most prolific directors in history. He directed classic films from the silen ...

's '' British Agent'' (1934), as the servant Sandor in '' Dracula’s Daughter'' (1936), in the

Bette Davis Ruth Elizabeth "Bette" Davis (; April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989) was an American actress of film, television, and theater. Regarded as one of the greatest actresses in Hollywood history, she was noted for her willingness to play unsympatheti ...

film ''

Jezebel Jezebel ()"Jezebel"
(US) and

'' (1938), as the proprietor of a seedy roadhouse in the once scandalous '' The Story of Temple Drake'' (1933) and as a Mexican general in '' Juarez'' (1939). Pichel also performed on radio, played small parts in several of the films that he later directed, often without credit, and was the narrator in the

John Ford John Martin Feeney (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973), better known as John Ford, was an American film director and producer. He is regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers during the Golden Age of Hollywood, and w ...

films '' How Green Was My Valley'' (1941) and the Western, '' She Wore a Yellow Ribbon'' (1949).

Director

Pichel was a friend of the screenwriter George S. Kaufman and joined the circle of those witty and iconoclastic friends who had abandoned the

Algonquin Round Table The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of "The Vicious Circle", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel ...

in New York to make small fortunes in the talkies. Pichel was soon drawn to directing and his character acting dropped off after 1939. He co-directed several B-movies until he signed with

20th Century Fox 20th Century Studios, Inc., formerly 20th Century Fox, is an American film studio, film production and Film distributor, distribution company owned by the Walt Disney Studios (division), Walt Disney Studios, the film studios division of the ...

in 1939 and began directing their established stars. Much of his directing work was in anti-Nazi and pro-British-themed films in the years before the United States entered the war. '' The Man I Married'' (1940), for example, starring Joan Bennett, Francis Lederer, and Otto Kruger, centers on an American wife slowly discovering her German husband is a Nazi, and incorporated 1938 newsreel footage of the rise of Nazism. '' Hudson’s Bay'' (1941) was a highly pro-British, much-fictionalized historical adventure of the British founding of Canada with Paul Muni and

Gene Tierney Gene Eliza Tierney (November 19, 1920November 6, 1991) was an American stage and film actress. Acclaimed for her great beauty, Tierney was a prominent Leading actor, leading lady during the Classical Hollywood cinema, Golden Age of Hollywood. Sh ...

. '' The Pied Piper'' (1942) recounts the story of an aged Englishman trying to get five children out of Nazi-occupied France. Monty Woolley played the lead role, and

Otto Preminger Otto Ludwig Preminger ( ; ; 5 December 1905 – 23 April 1986) was an Austrian Americans, Austrian-American film and theatre director, film producer, and actor. He directed more than 35 feature films in a five-decade career after leaving the the ...

, himself a refugee from occupied Austria, plays a Nazi commandant. The film, with a Nunnally Johnson screenplay, was highly praised and also nominated for an Oscar for Best Picture and for best black-and-white cinematography by Edward Crongjager. "For the most part," wrote

Bosley Crowther Francis Bosley Crowther Jr. (July 13, 1905 – March 7, 1981) was an American journalist, writer, and film critic for ''The New York Times'' for 27 years. His work helped shape the careers of many actors, directors and screenwriters, though some ...

in ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

'', "Irving Pichel, the director, has muted the frightfulness of war and shown it through suggestion instead of displaying it realistically in all its horror...Few films have come out of this war that are as bright, touching and suspenseful as ''The Pied Piper''." '' The Moon Is Down'' (1943) was an adaptation of

John Steinbeck John Ernst Steinbeck ( ; February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American writer. He won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social percep ...

’s novel. The book was based on the Nazi invasion of neutral Norway in 1940, published in March, 1942 and subsequently translated into French and distributed in Europe as an inspiration for local resistance to Nazi occupation. In both film and novel, a small Norwegian village gradually discovers how to organize resistance to Nazi invaders; the film stars Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Henry Travers and also marked

Natalie Wood Natalie Wood (née Zacharenko; July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American actress. She began acting at age four and co-starred at age eight in ''Miracle on 34th Street'' (1947). As a teenager, she was nominated for an Academy Award f ...

’s debut as a child actress (though she was uncredited), whom Pichel had discovered. With a screenplay by future blacklisted writer, Nunnally Johnson, this was named as one of the top ten films of the year by the National Board of Review. It played in Sweden in November of 1944. Pichel also directed

Alan Ladd Alan Walbridge Ladd (September 3, 1913 – January 29, 1964) was an American actor and film producer. Ladd found success in film in the 1940s and early 1950s, particularly in films noir and Westerns. He was often paired with Veronica Lake in ...

in '' O.S.S.'' (1944), written and produced by the later James Bond screenwriter,

Richard Maibaum Richard Maibaum (May 26, 1909 – January 4, 1991) was an American screenwriter, film producer, and playwright, best known for his work on the James Bond films. He wrote 13 of the 16 Eon Productions Bond films produced between 1962 and 1989, be ...

, and featuring an introduction by

Office of Strategic Services The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the first intelligence agency of the United States, formed during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines ...

(O.S.S.) founder, Wild Bill Donovan. The film showed Ladd finding love in occupied France under the auspices of the nascent O.S.S., which was the precursor to the

Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and ...

. Bosley Crowther of ''The New York Times'' termed it "tense, tightly written and swiftly paced," and credited the film as the very first on the O.S.S. Several more war-themed films followed, including the sentimental '' A Medal for Benny'' (1945) which led to J. Carrol Naish gaining a Best Supporting Actor nomination. '' Tomorrow Is Forever'', (1946) starred

Orson Welles George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American director, actor, writer, producer, and magician who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre. He is among the greatest and most influential film ...

as an American soldier who is presumed killed in WW1 only to return to America and

Claudette Colbert Claudette Colbert (koʊlˈbɛər/ kohl-BAIR, born Émilie "Lily" Claudette Chauchoin (ʃoʃwɛ̃/ show-shwan); September 13, 1903 – July 30, 1996) was an American actress. Colbert began her career in Broadway theater, Broadway productions dur ...

as his wife who remarries; Natalie Wood, in her first credited role, plays an Austrian child with a German accent. '' Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid'' (1948), another film from a Nunnally Johnson script in which a married man, played by William Powell, accidentally catches a mermaid on his fishing line. Made about the same time was ''

The Miracle of the Bells ''The Miracle of the Bells'' is a 1948 American drama film directed by Irving Pichel, written by Quentin Reynolds and Ben Hecht, and produced by RKO. It stars Fred MacMurray, Alida Valli, Frank Sinatra and Lee J. Cobb. The film is based on the 1 ...

'' (also 1948), a big budget film which failed at the box office about an impoverished coal town with

Frank Sinatra Francis Albert Sinatra (; December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and actor. Honorific nicknames in popular music, Nicknamed the "Chairman of the Board" and "Ol' Blue Eyes", he is regarded as one of the Time 100: The Most I ...

miscast as a priest. "St. Michael ought to sue", wrote the reviewer in ''

Time Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequ ...

'' magazine. Despite his patriotic war oeuvre, Pichel soon came under scrutiny by the House Committee on Un-American Activities, cofounded and steered by Mississippi Congressman John E. Rankin who routinely and specifically attacked Jews in the Congressional Record and had bitterly resisted America entering World War II. Like many of those who came under HUAC investigation by the late 1940s, Pichel moved into

film noir Film noir (; ) is a style of Cinema of the United States, Hollywood Crime film, crime dramas that emphasizes cynicism (contemporary), cynical attitudes and motivations. The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the "classic period" of Ameri ...

, in '' They Won't Believe Me'' (1947). Here, Pichel had the benefit of longtime Hitchcock collaborator and screenwriter, Joan Harrison, as his producer, who would go on to produce the television series ''

Alfred Hitchcock Presents ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' is an American television anthology series created, hosted and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, airing on CBS and NBC, alternately, between 1955 and 1965. It features dramas, thrillers, and mysteries. Between 1962 ...

''.

Susan Hayward Susan Hayward (born Edythe Marrener; June 30, 1917 – March 14, 1975) was an American actress best known for her film portrayals of women that were based on true stories. After working as a fashion model for the Walter Clarence Thornton, Walt ...

Jane Greer Jane Greer (born Bettejane Greer; September 9, 1924 – August 24, 2001) was an American film and television actress best known for her role as ''femme fatale'' Kathie Moffat in the 1947 film noir ''Out of the Past''. In 2009, ''The Guardian'' ...

, and Robert Young starred, with the added skills of cinematographer Harry J. Wild, who worked on such key films noir as '' Murder My Sweet'' (1944) and '' Johnny Angel'' (1945). The low-budget, black-and-white ''

Quicksand Quicksand (also known as sinking sand) is a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. It forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it crea ...

'' (1950) featured one of

Mickey Rooney Mickey Rooney (born Ninnian Joseph Yule Jr.; other pseudonym Mickey Maguire; September 23, 1920 – April 6, 2014) was an American actor. In a career spanning nearly nine decades, he appeared in more than 300 films and was among the last survivi ...

's finest performances as a desperate good kid going bad, and emigre Peter Lorre as an unforgiving arcade operator. Rooney and Peter Lorre put their own money together to finance it, and thus gave Pichel, the blacklist already looming over him, one of his last Hollywood films. Striking out in another nascent genre, Pichel pioneered scientific authenticity in an early

Technicolor Technicolor is a family of Color motion picture film, color motion picture processes. The first version, Process 1, was introduced in 1916, and improved versions followed over several decades. Definitive Technicolor movies using three black-and ...

science fiction film '' Destination Moon'' (1950), produced by

George Pal George Pal (born György Pál Marczincsak; ; February 1, 1908 – May 2, 1980) was a Hungarian-American animator, film director and producer, principally associated with the fantasy and science-fiction genres. He became an American citizen after ...

. It won the Oscar for Special Visual Effects, for effects director, Lee Zavitz. The film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction, for Ernst Fegte and George Sawley. At the 1st Berlin International Film Festival it won the Bronze Berlin Bear Award, for "Thrillers and Adventure Films." Pichel chose as collaborators Robert A. Heinlein, who did uncredited work on the script, and astronomical illustrator Chesley Bonestell, who contributed the painted lunar backdrops. Pichel's last Hollywood film was for

Randolph Scott George Randolph Scott (January 23, 1898 – March 2, 1987) was an American film actor, whose Hollywood career spanned from 1928 to 1962. As a leading man for all but the first three years of his cinematic career, Scott appeared in dramas, come ...

in an unexceptional, though profitable, Columbia western, '' Santa Fe'' (1951), but his Hollywood career ground to a halt in the face of the blacklist. His last films as a director were independent European productions: ''

Martin Luther Martin Luther ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, Theology, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and former Order of Saint Augustine, Augustinian friar. Luther was the seminal figure of the Reformation, Pr ...

'' (1953), funded by the Lutheran Church, in one of its rare forays into film production, and
Day of Triumph
' (1954), about the life of Christ. Shot on location in Wiesbaden, Germany, ''Martin Luther'' was nominated for Oscars for both its black-and-white cinematography by Joseph C. Brun, and its art direction and set design recreating the early 1500s by Fritz Maurischat and Paul Markwitz. It was named as fourth in the top ten films of the year by the National Board of Review. Pichel, a lifelong Christian Socialist, died one week after ''Day of Triumph'' was completed and before the premiere.

Blacklist

In 1947, Pichel was one of 19 members of the Hollywood community who were subpoenaed by the

House Un-American Activities Committee The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative United States Congressional committee, committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 19 ...

during the United States' second Red Scare. This group became known as the "Hollywood Nineteen" and the "Unfriendly Nineteen" because they refused to name suspected Communist agents to the committee. Though it was not clear that Pichel had ever been a Communist, the committee assumed he had communist sympathies because he had directed the anti-Nazi film, '' The Man I Married'' (1940), and investigated him as a case of "premature antifascism." Pichel was cleared, but soon after developed a chronic heart condition which was treated until his death in 1954. While Pichel was ultimately not called to testify, he was

blacklisted Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considere ...

, forcing him eventually to leave the United States in order to direct his final pictures. Pichel's friend Joseph C. Youngerman, a prop handler and assistant director in Hollywood, later confirmed that Pichel had in fact been a member of the Communist Party.

Personal life

Irving Pichel married Violette Wilson, daughter of Jackson Stitt Wilson, a Methodist minister and Socialist mayor of

Berkeley, California Berkeley ( ) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland, Cali ...

. Her sister was actress Viola Barry. Irving and Violette had three sons: Julian Irving Pichel, Marlowe Agnew Pichel, and Pichel Wilson Pichel.

Posthumous awards

A special 1951 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation was retroactively awarded by the 59th World Science Fiction Convention 50 years later, in 2001, to ''Destination Moon'' for being one of the science fiction films eligible during calendar year 1950. (50 years, 75 years, or 100 years prior is the eligibility requirement governing the awarding of Retro Hugos.) The film was also nominated for AFI's Top 10 Science Fiction Films list. ''Martin Luther'' was given a special 50th anniversary re-release on DVD by Gateway Films, including a book that is a biography of the film itself.

Filmography

Actor

* '' The Right to Love'' (1930) as Caleb Evans (film debut) * '' Murder by the Clock'' (1931) as Philip Endicott * '' An American Tragedy'' (1931) as District Attorney Orville Mason * '' The Road to Reno'' (1931) as Robert Millet * '' The Cheat'' (1931) as Hardy Livingstone * '' Two Kinds of Women'' (1932) as Senator Krull * '' The Miracle Man'' (1932) as Henry Holmes * '' Forgotten Commandments'' (1932) as Prof. Marinoff * ''

Westward Passage ''Westward Passage'' is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by Robert Milton and starring Ann Harding, Laurence Olivier, ZaSu Pitts and Irving Pichel. The screenplay concerns a woman who falls in love and marries, but soon discovers ...

'' (1932) as Harry Ottendorf * '' The Painted Woman'' (1932) as Robert Dunn, Lawyer * '' Strange Justice'' (1932) as Waters * '' Wild Girl'' (1932) as Rufe Waters * '' Madame Butterfly'' (1932) as Yomadori * '' The Billion Dollar Scandal'' (1933) as Albert Griswold * '' The Mysterious Rider'' (1933) as Cliff Harkness * '' The Woman Accused'' (1933) as District Attorney Clark * ''

'' (1933) as Fagin * '' King of the Jungle'' (1933) as Corey * '' The Story of Temple Drake'' (1933) as Lee Goodwin * '' I'm No Angel'' (1933) as Bob – Clayton's Attorney (uncredited) * '' The Right to Romance'' (1933) as Dr. Beck * '' Fog Over Frisco'' (1934) as Jake Bello * '' Return of the Terror'' (1934) as Daniel Burke * '' British Agent'' (1934) as Sergei Pavlov * ''

'' (1934) as Apollodorus * '' I Am a Thief'' (1934) as Count Trentini * '' The Silver Streak'' (1934) as Captain Herman Bronte * ''

Special Agent In the United States, a special agent is an official title used to refer to certain investigators or detectives of federal, military, tribal, or state agencies who primarily serve in criminal investigatory positions. Additionally, some special ...

'' (1935) as U.S. District Attorney * '' Three Kids and a Queen'' (1935) as Kraft * '' Don't Gamble with Love'' (1936) as Rick Collins * '' The House of a Thousand Candles'' (1936) as Anton Sebastian * '' Special Agent K-7'' (1936) as Lester Owens * '' Dracula's Daughter'' (1936) as Sandor * ''

Hearts in Bondage ''Hearts in Bondage'' is a 1936 American black-and-white war drama film directed by Lew Ayres for Republic Pictures. Set during the American Civil War, the film depicts the Union Navy's deliberate sinking of , the Confederate States Navy's sa ...

'' (1936) as Secretary of War Sumner Gideon Welles * '' Down to the Sea'' (1936) as Alex Fotakis * '' General Spanky'' (1936) as Simmons * '' Join the Marines'' (1937) as Colonel Leonard * '' High, Wide, and Handsome'' (1937) as Mr. Stark * '' The Sheik Steps Out'' (1937) * ''

Jezebel Jezebel ()"Jezebel"
(US) and

'' (1938) as Huger * '' There Goes My Heart'' (1938) as Mr. Gorman * '' Newsboys' Home'' (1938) as Tom Davenport * '' Topper Takes a Trip'' (1938) as Prosecutor * '' Juarez'' (1939) as Gen. Carbajal * '' Exile Express'' (1939) as Victor * '' Dick Tracy's G-Men'' (1939) as Nicolas Zarnoff * '' Rio'' (1939) as Rocco * '' The Great Commandment'' (1939) as Jesus Christ (voice, uncredited) * '' Torture Ship'' (1939) as Dr. Herbert Stander * '' How Green Was My Valley'' (1941) as adult Huw Morgan (the unseen narrator) * '' The Moon Is Down'' (1943) as Peder, Inn Keeper (uncredited) * '' December 7th'' (1943) as Narrator (voice, uncredited) * '' Tomorrow Is Forever'' (1946) as Radio Commentator (voice, uncredited) * '' The Bride Wore Boots'' (1946) as Steeplechase Announcer (uncredited) * '' They Won't Believe Me'' (1947) as Courtroom Extra (uncredited) * '' Something in the Wind'' (1947) as Dynamo Dan (voice, uncredited) * '' She Wore a Yellow Ribbon'' (1949) as Narrator (voice, uncredited) * '' The Great Rupert'' (1950) as Puzzled Pedestrian (uncredited) * ''

'' (1950) as Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited) * '' Destination Moon'' (1950) as Off Screen Narrator of Woody Woodpecker Cartoon (uncredited) * '' Santa Fe'' (1951) as Harned * ''

'' (1953) as Brueck

Director

* '' The Most Dangerous Game'' (1932) (directorial debut) * '' Before Dawn'' (1933) * '' She'' (1935) * '' The Gentleman from Louisiana'' (1936) * '' The Duke Comes Back'' (1937) * '' The Sheik Steps Out'' (1937) * '' Beware of Ladies'' (1937) * '' Larceny on the Air'' (1937) * '' The Great Commandment'' (1939) * ''

Earthbound ''EarthBound'', originally released in Japan as is a 1994 role-playing video game, role-playing video game developed by Ape, Inc., Ape Inc. and HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System as the second e ...

'' (1940) * '' The Man I Married'' (1940) * '' Hudson's Bay'' (1941) * ''

Dance Hall Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for Dance, dancing, but usually refers to a specific type of twentieth-century venue, with dance clubs (nightclubs) becoming more popular towards the end of the century. The palais de danse was a term ap ...

'' (1941) * '' Secret Agent of Japan'' (1942) * '' The Pied Piper'' (1942) * '' Life Begins at Eight-Thirty'' (1942) * '' The Moon Is Down'' (1943) * '' Happy Land'' (1943) * '' And Now Tomorrow'' (1944) * '' A Medal for Benny'' (1945) * '' Colonel Effingham's Raid'' (1946) * '' Tomorrow Is Forever'' (1946) * '' The Bride Wore Boots'' (1946) * '' O.S.S.'' (1946) * ''

Temptation Temptation is a desire to engage in short-term urges for enjoyment that threatens long-term goals.Webb, J.R. (Sep 2014). Incorporating Spirituality into Psychology of temptation: Conceptualization, measurement, and clinical implications. Sp ...

'' (1946) * '' They Won't Believe Me'' (1947) * '' Something in the Wind'' (1947) * ''

'' (1948) * '' Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid'' (1948) * '' Without Honor'' (1949) * '' The Great Rupert'' (1950) * ''

'' (1950) * '' Destination Moon'' (1950) * '' Santa Fe'' (1951) * ''

'' (1953) * '' Day of Triumph'' (1954) (final film)

Notes

References

* Buhle, Paul and Dave Wagner (2002). ''A Very Dangerous Citizen: Abraham Lincoln Polonsky and the Hollywood Left''. University of California Press. . * McBride, Joseph (2003). ''Searching for John Ford: A Life''. Macmillan. . * Pells, Richard H. (1989). ''The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s''. Wesleyan University Press. .

External links

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Pichel, Irving 1891 births 1954 deaths 20th-century American Jews 20th-century American male actors American Christian socialists Film directors from Pennsylvania American male film actors Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California) Harvard University alumni Hollywood blacklist Hugo Award winners Jewish American male actors Male actors from Pittsburgh Members of the Communist Party USA