The NATO Integrated Air Defense System (short: NATINADS) is a command and control network combining radars and other facilities spread throughout the

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ; , OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental Transnationalism, transnational military alliance of 32 Member states of NATO, member s ...

alliance's

air defence Anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) is the counter to aerial warfare and includes "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".AAP-6 It encompasses surface-based, subsurface (Submarine#Armament, submarine-lau ...

forces. It formed in the mid-1950s and became operational in 1962 as NADGE. It has been constantly upgraded since its formation, notably with the integration of Airborne Early Warning aircraft in the 1970s. The

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

maintained its own network, but was fully integrated with the network since the introduction of the

Linesman/Mediator Linesman/Mediator was a dual-purpose civil and military radar network in the United Kingdom between the 1960s and 1984. The military side (Linesman) was replaced by the Improved United Kingdom Air Defence Ground Environment (IUKADGE), while the ...

network in the 1970s. Similarly, the German network maintained an independent nature through GEADGE.

Development

Development was approved by the NATO Military Committee in December 1955. The system was to be based on four air defense regions (ADRs) coordinated by SACEUR (Supreme Allied Commander Europe). Starting from 1956 early warning coverage was extended across

Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's extent varies depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the Western half of the ancient Mediterranean ...

using 18 radar stations. This part of the system was completed by 1962. Linked to existing national radar sites, the coordinated system was called the NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE). From 1960 NATO countries agreed to place all their air defence forces under the command of SACEUR in the event of war. These forces included command & control (C2) systems, radar installations, and Surface-to-Air (SAM) missile units as well as interceptor aircraft. By 1972 NADGE was converted into NATINADS consisting of 84 radar sites and associated Control Reporting Centers (CRC) and in the 1980s the Airborne Early Warning / Ground Environment Integration Segment (AEGIS) upgraded the NATINADS with the possibility to integrate the AWACS radar picture and all of its information into its visual displays. (NOTE: This AEGIS is not to be confused with the U.S.Navy AEGIS, a shipboard fire control radar and weapons system.) AEGIS processed the information through Hughes H5118ME computers, which replaced the H3118M computers installed at NADGE sites in the late 1960s and early 1970s. NATINADS ability to handle data increased with faster clock rates. The H5118M computer had a staggering 1 megabyte of memory and could handle 1.2 million instructions per second while the former model had a memory of only 256 kilobytes and a clock speed of 150,000 instructions per seconds. NATINADS/AEGIS were complemented, in West Germany by the German Air Defence Ground Environment (GEADGE), an updated radar network adding the southern part of Germany to the European system and Coastal Radar Integration System (CRIS), adding data links from Danish coastal radars. In order to counter the hardware obsolescence, during the mid-1990s NATO started the AEGIS Site Emulator (ASE) program allowing the NATINADS/AEGIS sites to replace the proprietary hardware (the 5118ME computer and the various operator consoles IDM-2, HMD-22, IDM-80) with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) servers and workstations. In the first years 2000, the initial ASE capability was expanded with the possibility to run, thanks to the new hardware power, multiple site emulators on the same hardware, so the system was renamed into Multi-AEGIS Site Emulator (MASE). The NATO system designed to replace MASE in the near future is the

Air Command and Control System Air Command and Control System (ACCS) is the NATO project planned to replace the NATO Air Command and Control Systems of the 1990s. At the highest level it comprised the Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC) from which the air battle is run. Bene ...

(ACCS). Because of changing politics, NATO expanding and financial crises most European (NATO) countries are trying to cut defence budgets; as a direct result, many obsolete and outdated NATINADS facilities are phased out earlier. As of 2013, operational NATO radar sites in Europe are as follows:

Allied Air Command

Allied Air Command The Allied Air Command (AIRCOM) is the Staff (military), central command of all NATO air force, air and space forces and the Commander Allied Air Command is the prime air and space advisor to the Alliance. When directed by the Supreme Allied Com ...

(AIRCOM) is the central command of all

air force An air force in the broadest sense is the national military branch that primarily conducts aerial warfare. More specifically, it is the branch of a nation's armed services that is responsible for aerial warfare as distinct from an army aviati ...

s on the European continent. The command is based at

Ramstein Air Base Ramstein Air Base is a United States Air Force installation located in Rhineland-Palatinate, southwestern Germany. It serves as the headquarters for the United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA) and NATO Alli ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

and has two subordinate commands in Germany and Spain. The

Royal Canadian Air Force The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; ) is the air and space force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower". The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Can ...

and United States Air Force fall under command of the Canadian/American

North American Aerospace Defense Command North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD ; , CDAAN), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a Combined operations, combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air ...

. *

, at

, Germany ** CAOC Torrejón, at

Torrejón Air Base Torrejón Air Base (Base Aérea de Torrejón de Ardoz) is both a major Spanish Air and Space Force base and the co-located Madrid–Torrejón Airport, a secondary civilian airport for the city and metropolitan area of Madrid, east-northeast of t ...

, Spain - responsible for the airspace South of the

Alps The Alps () are some of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia. ...

*** Albania: Air Surveillance Centre, at Tirana International Airport *** Bulgaria: Air Sovereignty Operations Centre, in

Sofia Sofia is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Bulgaria, largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain, in the western part of the country. The city is built west of the Is ...

*** Croatia: Airspace Surveillance Centre, in Podvornica *** Greece: Air Operations Centre, at Larissa Air Base *** Italy: National Air and Space Operations Centre, in Poggio Renatico *** Montenegro: Air Surveillance and Reporting Centre, at Podgorica Airport *** Portugal: Control and Reporting Centre, in Monsanto *** Romania: Air Operations Centre, in

Balotești Balotești is a Communes of Romania, commune in the northwestern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Two small rivers flow through this location: Cociovaliștea and Vlăsia. It is composed of three villages: Balotești, Dumbrăveni, and Săft ...

*** Slovenia: Airspace Surveillance and Control Centre, in Brnik *** Spain: Air Operations Centre, in Torrejón **** Central Command and Control Group, at Torrejón Air Base **** Northern Command and Control Group, at

Zaragoza Air Base Zaragoza Air Base is a base of the Spanish Air and Space Force located near Zaragoza, Spain. It is located west of Zaragoza, west of Barcelona, and northeast of Madrid. It shares infrastructure with the Zaragoza Airport. in the past, Zaragoza ...

*** Turkey: Control and Reporting Centre, in Ahlatlıbel ** CAOC Uedem, in Uedem, Germany - responsible for the airspace North of the

***

Baltic Air Surveillance Network Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) is an air defense radar network operated by the Baltic States of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Structure The Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) is one of the commands within the NATO Integr ...

- Regional Airspace Surveillance Coordination Centre, in

Karmėlava Karmėlava is a small town in Kaunas County in central Lithuania. In 2011 it had a population of 1,395. The town of Karmėlava is located north east of Kaunas and near the second-busiest civil airport in Lithuania, Kaunas International Airport ...

**** Estonia: Air Operations Control Centre, at

Ämari Air Base Ämari Air Base is a military airbase in Harjumaa, Estonia, located south of Lake Klooga and southwest of Tallinn. The base was opened in 1945. History Ämari Air Base was built between 1940–1952 under an agreement signed by the Estonia ...

**** Latvia: Air Operations Centre, at Lielvārde Air Base **** Lithuania: Airspace Control Centre, in

*** Belgium: Control and Reporting Centre, at Beauvechain Air Base *** Czech Republic: Control and Reporting Centre, in Hlavenec *** Denmark: Control and Reporting Centre, at Karup Air Base *** France: Control and Reporting Centre, at Mont Verdun Air Base *** Germany: Air Operations Centre, in Uedem **** Control and Reporting Centre 2, in

Erndtebrück Erndtebrück is a municipality in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography Location Erndtebrück situated on the river Eder in the Rothaargebirge, approx. 20 km northeast of Siegen. Neighbouring com ...

**** Control and Reporting Centre 3, in

Schönewalde Schönewalde is a town in the Elbe-Elster district, in southwestern Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated in the Fläming Heath, 30 km south of Luckenwalde, and 40 km east of Wittenberg. History From 1815 to 1944, Schönewalde was par ...

*** Hungary: Air Operations Centre, in

Veszprém Veszprém (; , , , ) is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. It lies approximately north of the Lake Balaton. It is the administrative center of the county of the same name. Etymology The city's name derives ...

*** Iceland: Control and Reporting Centre, at

Keflavik Air Base Naval Air Station Keflavik (NASKEF) was a United States Navy air station at Keflavík International Airport, Iceland, located on the Reykjanes peninsula on the south-west portion of the island. NASKEF was closed on 8 September 2006 and its faci ...

*** Luxembourg: airspace controlled by Belgium's Control and Reporting Centre, at Beauvechain Air Base *** Netherlands: Control and Reporting Centre, in Nieuw-Milligen *** Norway: Control and Reporting Centre, in Sørreisa *** Poland: Air Operations Centre, in Warsaw- Pyry **** 22nd Command and Control Centre, in Osówiec **** 32nd Command and Control Centre, in Balice *** Slovakia: Air Operations Centre, at Sliač Air Base *** United Kingdom: Control and Reporting Centre, at

RAF Boulmer Royal Air Force Boulmer or more simply RAF Boulmer is a Royal Air Force station near Alnwick in Northumberland, England, and is home to Aerospace Surveillance and Control System (ASACS) Force Command, Control and Reporting Centre (CRC) Boulmer ...

Radar stations

Albania

The Albanian Air Force's Air Surveillance Centre is based in Rinas and the Air Force operates a

Lockheed Martin The Lockheed Martin Corporation is an American Arms industry, defense and aerospace manufacturer with worldwide interests. It was formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta on March 15, 1995. It is headquartered in North ...

AN/TPS-77 radar on top of Mida mountain near Pukë.

Belgium

The

Belgian Air Component The Belgian Air and Space Component (, ) is the Air force, air arm of the Belgian Armed Forces, and until January 2002 it was officially known as the Belgian Air Force (; ). It was founded in 1909 and is one of the world's oldest air services. ...

's Control and Reporting Centre was based at Glons, where also its main radar was located. The radar was deactivated in 2015 and the Centre moved to Beauvechain Air Base in 2020. The Belgian Control and Reporting Centre reports to CAOC Uedem in Germany and is also responsible for guarding the airspace of

Luxembourg Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembour ...

. At the new location the Control and Reporting Centre uses digital radar data of the civilian radars of Belgocontrol and the Marconi S-723 radar of the Air Component's Air Traffic Control Centre in Semmerzake.

Bulgaria

The

Bulgarian Air Force The Bulgarian Air Force () is one of the three branches of the Military of Bulgaria, the other two being the Bulgarian Navy and Bulgarian land forces. Its mission is to guard and protect the sovereignty of Bulgarian airspace, and jointly with ...

's Air Sovereignty Operations Centre is located in

and reports to CAOC Torrejón. The Bulgarian Air Force fields three control and surveillance zones, which operate obsolete Soviet-era radars. The Bulgarian Air Force intends to replace these radars with fewer, but more capable Western 3-D radars as soon as possible. The future locations of the new radars are as of 2018 unknown. * Joint Forces Command, in

** Air Sovereignty Operational Center (ASOC), in Sofia *** Base Operative Center (part of 3rd Air Base), Graf Ignatievo Air Base, operational control of fighter aviation *** Command, Control and Surveillance Base, in Sofia **** 1st Control and Surveillance Zone, in Bozhurishte,

Sofia Province Sofia Province () is a province (''oblast'') of Bulgaria. The province does not include Sofia in its territories, but Sofia remains the seat of its administration. The province borders on the provinces of Pernik, Kyustendil, Blagoevgrad, Paz ...

**** 2nd Control and Surveillance Zone, in Trud,

Plovdiv Province Plovdiv Province (: ''Oblast Plovdiv'', former name okrug, Plovdiv okrug) is a provinces of Bulgaria, province in central southern Bulgaria. It comprises 18 municipalities (общини, ''obshtini'', sing. общинa, ''obshtina'') on a territ ...

**** 3rd Control and Surveillance Zone, in Bratovo,

Burgas Province Burgas (, formerly the Burgas okrug) is a province in southeastern Bulgaria on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. The province is named after its administrative and industrial centre, the city of Burgas, the fourth biggest town in the countr ...

Canada

The Royal Canadian Air Force's control centres and radar stations are part of the

(NORAD).

Croatia

The Croatian Air Force and Air Defense's Airspace Surveillance Centre is headquartered in Podvornica and reports to CAOC Torrejón. * Air Force and Air Defense Command ** Airspace Surveillance and Control Battalion, at 91st Air Force Base (

Zagreb Zagreb ( ) is the capital (political), capital and List of cities and towns in Croatia#List of cities and towns, largest city of Croatia. It is in the Northern Croatia, north of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the ...

- Pleso) *** Airspace Surveillance Centre, in Podvornica *** Sector Operational Centre, in Split *** Mount Sljeme Radar Post, with AN/FPS-117(E)1T *** Borinci Radar Post, with AN/FPS-117(E)1T ***

Papuk Papuk is the largest mountain in the Slavonia region in eastern Croatia, near the city of Požega, Croatia, Požega. It extends between Bilogora to the northwest, Krndija to the east, and Ravna Gora (Slavonia), Ravna gora and Psunj to the south ...

Radar Post, with AN/FPS-117(E)1T ***

Učka The Učka (, ) is a mountain range in western Croatia. It rises behind the Opatija riviera, on the eastern side of the Istrian peninsula. It forms a single morphological unit together with the Ćićarija range which stretches from the Bay of T ...

Radar Post, with AN/FPS-117(E)1T *** Mount Rota, with AN/FPS-117(E)1T

Czech Republic

The

Czech Air Force The Czech Air Force () is the air force branch of the Army of the Czech Republic, Army of Czechia. Along with the Czech Land Forces, Land Forces, the Air Force is the major Czech military force. With traditions of military aviation dating back to ...

's Control and Reporting Centre is located in Hlavenec and reports to CAOC Uedem. * Air Force Command, in

Prague Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...

** 26th Air Command, Control and Surveillance Regiment, in Stará Boleslav *** 261st

Control and Reporting Centre A Control and Reporting Centre (CRC) is according to the Joint Chiefs of Staff publication 1.02 defined as: "A subordinated air control element of the tactical air control centre for which radar control and warning operations are conducted within ...

(CRC), in Hlavenec *** 262nd Radio-technical Battalion, in Hlavenec **** 1st Radio-technical Company, in Nepolisy, with RAT-31DL **** 2nd Radio-technical Company, in Pomezí, with RL-5M **** 4th Radio-technical Company, in Sokolnice, with RAT-31DL **** 6th Radio-technical Company, in Planá, with RL-5M *** 263nd Support Battalion, in Hlavenec **** Reserve Control and Reporting Centre, in Větrušice

Denmark

The

Royal Danish Air Force The Royal Danish Air Force () (RDAF) is the aerial warfare force of the Kingdom of Denmark and one of the four branches of the Danish Armed Forces. Initially being components of the Army and the Navy, it was made a separate service in 1950. I ...

's Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC 1) in Finderup was deactivated in 2008 and replaced at the same location by the Combined Air Operations Centre Finderup (CAOC F), which had responsibility for the airspaces of

Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...

Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...

and the

. CAOC F was deactivated in 2013 and its responsibilities were transferred to CAOC Uedem in Germany. The national Danish Control and Reporting Centre is located at Karup Air Base and it reports to CAOC Uedem. The

Pituffik Space Base Pituffik Space Base ( ; ; ), formerly Thule Air Base (), is a United States Space Force base located on the northwest coast of Greenland in the Kingdom of Denmark under a defense agreement between Denmark and the United States. 150 United Stat ...

Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...

is a

United States Space Force The United States Space Force (USSF) is the space force branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is one of the six United States Armed Forces, armed forces of the United States and one of the eight uniformed services of the Unite ...

installation and its radars are part of the

and

United States Space Command United States Space Command (USSPACECOM or SPACECOM) is a unified combatant command of the United States Department of Defense, responsible for military operations in outer space, specifically all operations 100 kilometers (62 miles) and greater ...

. * Air Force Tactical Command, at Karup Air Base ** Air Control Wing, at Karup Air Base *** Control and Reporting Centre, at Karup Air Base *** Radar Station Skagen, in

Skagen Skagen () is the northernmost town in Denmark, on the east coast of the Skagen Odde peninsula in the far north of Jutland, part of Frederikshavn Municipality in North Denmark Region, Nordjylland, north of Frederikshavn and northeast of Aalbo ...

, with RAT-31DL *** Radar Station Skrydstrup, at Skrydstrup Air Base, with AN/TPS-77 *** Radar Station

Bornholm Bornholm () is a List of islands of Denmark, Danish island in the Baltic Sea, to the east of the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and north of Poland. Strategically located, Bornholm has been fought over for centuries. I ...

, in

Almindingen Almindingen ("the common") is one of the List of forests in Denmark, largest forests in Denmark. It is located in the centre of the island of Bornholm. The forest covers , making it Denmark's third largest. Though it was at one time common grazi ...

, with Marconi S-723

Estonia

The

Estonian Air Force The Estonian Air Force (, ) is the aviation branch of the Estonian Defence Forces. The air force traces its history to 1918, and was re-established in its current form in 1991. As of 2025, the Estonian Air Force has a strength of ~1,600 personn ...

's Air Operations Control Centre is located at

and reports to the Baltic Air Surveillance Network's Regional Airspace Surveillance Coordination Centre (RASCC) in

, Lithuania, which in turn reports to CAOC Uedem. * Air Force Command, in

Tallinn Tallinn is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Estonia, most populous city of Estonia. Situated on a Tallinn Bay, bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, it has a population of (as of 2025) and ...

** Air Surveillance Wing, at

*** Air Operations Control Centre, at Ämari Air Base *** Engineering and Technical Group, at Ämari Air Base **** Radar Station, in Levalõpme, with GM 403 **** Radar Station, in

Otepää Otepää (formerly Nuustaku) is a town in Valga County, southern Estonia. It is the administrative centre of Otepää Parish. Otepää is a popular skiing resort, popularly known as the "winter capital" of Estonia (in contrast to the "summer ca ...

, with GM 403 **** Radar Station, in Kellavere, with AN/TPS-77(V) **** Airport Surveillance Radar at

, with ASR-8

Finland

The

Finnish Air Force The Finnish Air Force (FAF or FiAF; ; ) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces. Its peacetime tasks are airspace surveillance, identification flights, and production of readiness formations for wartime conditions. The Finnish Air ...

's Air Operations Centre is located at

Jyväskylä Airport Jyväskylä Airport (; ) is an airport in Jyväskylä, Finland. It is in the center of the Finnish Lake District, about north of the center of Jyväskylä. The airport terminal was renovated in the fall of 2004. The Air Force Academy operations ...

, while the air force's control reporting centres are co-located with the Lapland Air Wing (5th Control and Reporting Centre) at

Rovaniemi Airport Rovaniemi Airport () is the second busiest airport in Finland after Helsinki-Vantaa, as measured by the number of passengers and landings. It is located in Rovaniemi, Finland, about north of Rovaniemi city centre. The Arctic Circle crosses t ...

and the Karelia Air Wing (7th Control and Reporting Centre) at Kuopio Airport. Finland operates five fixed radar sites with Thomson TRS 2215D (KAVA) radars and 13 mobile 13 GM 403 radars (KEVA 2010). * Air Operations Centre, at

** 5th Control and Reporting Centre, at

** 7th Control and Reporting Centre, at Kuopio Airport

France

The

French Air and Space Force The French Air and Space Force (, , ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. Formed in 1909 as the ("Aeronautical Service"), a service arm of the French Army, it became an independent military branch in 1934 as the French Air F ...

's Air Operations Centre is located at Mont Verdun Air Base and reports to CAOC Uedem. Most French radar sites use the PALMIER radar, which is being taken out of service. By 2022 all PALMIER radars were replaced with GM 403 radar. * Air Defense and Air Operations Command ** Air Operations Brigade, at Mont Verdun Air Base *** Air Operations Centre, at Mont Verdun Air Base *** Control and Reporting Centre, at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base *** Control and Reporting Centre, in Cinq-Mars-la-Pile *** Mont Verdun Air Base radar, with GM GM 406 *** Élément Air Rattaché (EAR) 943, on

Mont Agel Mont Agel is a mountain in the Maritime Alps on the border between France and Monaco. The summit of this mount, at above sea level, is on the French side, but the highpoint of Monaco, lying on a pathway named Chemin des Révoires, is on its slo ...

, with GM 406 Additionally the French Air and Space Force fields a GM 406 radar at the Cayenne-Rochambeau Air Base in

French Guiana French Guiana, or Guyane in French, is an Overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies. Bordered by Suriname to the west ...

to protect the

Guiana Space Centre The Guiana Space Centre (; CSG), also called Europe's Spaceport, is a spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, an Overseas departments and regions of France, overseas region of France in South America. Kourou is located approxim ...

Kourou Kourou (; ) is a commune in French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France in South America. Kourou is famous for being the location of the Guiana Space Centre, the main spaceport of France and the European Space Agency (ESA). It ...

Germany

The

German Air Force The German Air Force (, ) is the aerial warfare branch of the , the armed forces of Germany. The German Air Force (as part of the ) was founded in 1956 during the era of the Cold War as the aerial warfare branch of the armed forces of West Ger ...

's Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC 2) in

Uedem Uedem is a municipality in the district of Cleves, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands. Division of the town Uedem consists of 4 districts * Uedem * Uedemerfeld * Keppeln * Uedemerbruch Histor ...

was deactivated in 2008 and reactivated as CAOC Uedem in 2013. CAOC Uedem is responsible for the NATO airspace North of the Alps. The HADR radars are a variant of the HR-3000 radar, while the RRP-117 radars are a variant of the AN/FPS-117. * Air Operations Centre (Zentrum Luftoperationen der Luftwaffe) (NATO CAOC Uedem), in

** Control and Reporting Centre 2 (Einsatzführungsbereich 2), in

*** Operations Squadron 21, in Erndtebrück *** Operations Support Squadron 22, in Erndtebrück **** Sensor Platoon I, in Lauda ***** Remote Radar Post 240 "Loneship", in Erndtebrück with GM 406F ***** Remote Radar Post 246 "Hardwheel", on Erbeskopf with HADR ***** Remote Radar Post 247 "Batman", in Lauda with GM 406F ***** Remote Radar Post 248 "Coldtrack", in

Freising Freising () is a university town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the Freising (district), with a population of about 50,000. Location Freising is the oldest town between Regensburg and Bolzano, and is located on the Isar river in ...

with GM 406F ***** Remote Radar Post 249 "Sweet Apple", in

Meßstetten Meßstetten () is a town in the Zollernalbkreis district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, which is situated in the Swabian Jura, 24 km southeast of Balingen. At an altitude of , Meßstetten is the highest city (of more than 10,000 inhabitan ...

with HADR **** Sensor Platoon II, in Auenhausen ***** Remote Radar Post 241 "Crabtree", in

Marienbaum Xanten (, Low Rhenish: ''Santen'') is a town in the States of Germany, state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the Districts of Germany, district of Wesel (district), Wesel. Xanten is known for the Archaeological site, Arch ...

with HADR ***** Remote Radar Post 242 "Backwash", in Auenhausen with GM 406F ***** Remote Radar Post 243 "Silver Cork", in

Visselhövede Visselhövede () is a town in the district of Rotenburg (district), Rotenburg in Lower Saxony, Germany. Nearby towns include the district capital Rotenburg an der Wümme, Rotenburg, Walsrode and Verden, Germany, Verden. Larger cities within a 100&n ...

with GM 406F ***** Remote Radar Post 244 "Round up", in Brockzetel with HADR ***** Remote Radar Post 245 "Bugle", in Brekendorf with GM 406F *** Control and Reporting Training Inspection 23, in Erndtebrück **** Education and Training Centre, in Erndtebrück **** Education, Test and Training Group, in Erndtebrück ** Control and Reporting Centre 3 (Einsatzführungsbereich 3), in Schönewalde *** Operations Squadron 31, in Schönewalde *** Operations Support Squadron 32, in Schönewalde **** Sensor Platoon III, in Cölpin ***** Remote Radar Post 351 "Matchpoint", in

Putgarten Putgarten is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The municipality is managed by the '' Amt'' of Nord-Rügen with its seat in Sagard. Putgarten is the northernmost municipality in the state of Me ...

with RRP-117 ***** Remote Radar Post 352 "Mindreader", in Cölpin with RRP-117 ***** Remote Radar Post 353 "Teddy Bear", in Tempelhof with RRP-117 ***** Remote Radar Post 356 "", in Elmenhorst with RRP-117 **** Sensor Platoon IV, in

Regen Regen (; Northern Bavarian: ''Reng'') is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the district town of the district of Regen. Geography Regen is situated on the great Regen River, located in the Bavarian Forest. Divisions Originally the town consiste ...

***** Remote Radar Post 354 "Blackmoor", in Döbern with RRP-117 ***** Remote Radar Post 355 "Royal Flash", in Gleina with RRP-117 ***** Remote Radar Post 357 "", on

Döbraberg Döbraberg () is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen St ...

with RRP-117 ***** Remote Radar Post 358 "Snow Cap", on

Großer Arber The Großer Arber (); , "Great Maple") or Great Arber, is the highest peak of the Bavarian Forest, Bavarian/Bohemian Forest mountain range and in Lower Bavaria, with an elevation of . As a result, it is known in the Lower Bavarian county of Regen ...

with RRP-117

Greece

1st Area Control Centre, inside Mount Chortiatis, with Marconi S-743D 2nd Area Control Centre, inside Mount Parnitha, with Marconi S-743D 9th Control and Warning Station Squadron, on Mount Pelion, with Marconi S-743D 10th Control and Warning Station Squadron, on Mount Chortiatis, with Marconi S-743D The

Hellenic Air Force The Hellenic Air Force (HAF; , sometimes abbreviated as ΠΑ) is the air force of Greece (''Hellenic'' being the endonym for ''Greek'' in the Greek language). It is considered to be one of the largest air forces in NATO, and is globally placed 1 ...

's Combined Air Operations Centre ( CAOC 7) at Larissa Air Base was deactivated in 2013 and its responsibilities transferred to the CAOC Torrejón in Spain. The Hellenic Air Force fields two HR-3000, four AR-327 and six Marconi S-743D radar systems, however as of 2018 the air force is in the process of replacing some of its older systems with three RAT-31DL radars. * Air Force Tactical Command, at Larissa Air Base ** Air Operations Centre, at Larissa Air Base *** 1st Area Control Centre, inside Mount Chortiatis *** 2nd Area Control Centre, inside Mount Parnitha *** 1st Control and Warning Station Squadron, in

Didymoteicho Didymoteicho ( ) is a town located on the eastern edge of the Evros (regional unit), Evros regional unit of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, in northeastern Greece. It is the seat of the municipality of the same name. The town (pop. 8,681 in 2021 ...

, with AR-327 *** 2nd Control and Warning Station Squadron, on Mount Ismaros, with HR-3000 *** 3rd Control and Warning Station Squadron, on Mount Vitsi, with Marconi S-743D *** 4th Control and Warning Station Squadron, on Mount Elati, with RAT-31DL *** 5th Control and Warning Station Squadron, in

Kissamos Kissamos () is a town and a municipality in the west of the island of Crete, Greece. It is part of the Chania regional unit and of the former Kissamos Province which covers the northwest corner of the island. The town of Kissamos is also known as ...

, with Marconi S-743D *** 6th Control and Warning Station Squadron, on

Mykonos Mykonos (, ; ) is a Greek island, part of the Cyclades, lying between Tinos, Syros, Paros and Naxos. The island has an area of and rises to an elevation of at its highest point. At the 2021 census, there were 10,704 inhabitants, most of ...

, with AR-327 *** 7th Control and Warning Station Squadron, on Mount Mela, with AR-327 *** 8th Control and Warning Station Squadron, on

Lemnos Lemnos ( ) or Limnos ( ) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Lemnos (regional unit), Lemnos regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean modern regions of Greece ...

, with AR-327 *** 9th Control and Warning Station Squadron, on Mount Pelion, with Marconi S-743D *** 10th Control and Warning Station Squadron, on Mount Chortiatis, with Marconi S-743D *** 11th Control and Warning Station Squadron, in Ziros, with HR-3000

Hungary

The Hungarian Air Force's Air Operations Centre is located in Veszprém and reports to CAOC Uedem. There are additional three radar companies with Soviet-era equipment subordinate to the 54th Radar Regiment ''"Veszprém"'', however it is unclear if they will remain in service once Hungary's newest radar at Medina reaches full operational capability. * Air Force Command, in

Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...

** Air Operations Centre, in Veszprém ** 54th Radar Regiment ''"Veszprém"'', in Veszprém *** 1st Radar Data Centre, in

Békéscsaba Békéscsaba (; ; see also #Name, other alternative names) is a city with county rights in southeast Hungary, the capital of Békés County. Geography Békéscsaba is located in the Great Hungarian Plain, southeast from Budapest. Highway 44, 47 ...

, with RAT-31DL *** 2nd Radar Data Centre, in Medina, with RAT-31DL *** 3rd Radar Data Centre, in Bánkút, with RAT-31DL

Iceland

The Iceland Air Defense System, which is part of the Icelandic Coast Guard, monitors Iceland's airspace. Air Defense is provided by fighter jets from NATO allies, which rotate units for the

Icelandic Air Policing Icelandic Air Policing is a NATO operation conducted to patrol Iceland's airspace. As Iceland does not have an air force, in 2006 it requested that its NATO allies periodically deploy fighter aircraft to Keflavik Air Base to provide protection ...

mission to Keflavik Air Base. The Iceland Air Defense System's Control and Reporting Centre is at Keflavik Air Base and reports to CAOC Uedem in Germany. * Iceland Air Defense System, at Keflavik Air Base ** Control and Reporting Centre, at Keflavik Air Base ** H1 Radar Station, at Miðnesheiði, with AN/FPS-117(V)5 ** H2 Radar Station, on Mount Gunnolfsvík, with AN/FPS-117(V)5 ** H3 Radar Station, at

Stokksnes Stokksnes () is a headland on the southeastern Icelandic coast, near Hofn and Hornafjördur. Stokksnes is located south of Kastarárfjall mountain, and includes Vestrahorn mountain, which was featured in the Bollywood film ''Dilwale (2015 film), D ...

, with AN/FPS-117(V)5 ** H4 Radar Station, on Mount Bolafjalli, with AN/FPS-117(V)5

Italy

The

Italian Air Force The Italian Air Force (; AM, ) is the air force of the Italy, Italian Republic. The Italian Air Force was founded as an independent service arm on 28 March 1923 by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, King Victor Emmanuel III as the ("Royal Air Force ...

's Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC 5) in Poggio Renatico was deactivated in 2013 and replaced with the Mobile Command and Control Regiment (RMCC) at Bari Air Base, while the Centre's responsibilities were transferred to the CAOC Torrejón in Spain. * Air Operations Command (COA), in Poggio Renatico ** Air Operations Centre, in Poggio Renatico ** Integrated Missile Air-defense Regiment (Rep. DAMI), in Poggio Renatico *** 11th Integrated Missile Air-defense Squadron, in Poggio Renatico *** 22nd Air Force Radar Squadron (GrRAM), in Licola, with AN/FPS-117(V) *** 112th Remote Radar Station Flight, in Mortara, with RAT-31DL *** 113th Remote Radar Station Flight, in Lame di Concordia, with RAT-31DL *** 114th Remote Radar Station Flight, in Potenza Picena, with RAT-31DL *** 115th Remote Radar Station Flight, in Capo Mele, with RAT-31DL *** 121st Remote Radar Station Flight, in

Poggio Ballone Poggio Ballone is a hilly massif in southern Tuscany, near the northern-central coast of the Maremma region. It forms the southwestern extension of the Colline Metallifere, separating the Pecora River plain from the Grosseto plain, crossed by the ...

, with AN/FPS-117(V) *** 123rd Remote Radar Station Flight, in Capo Frasca, with AN/FPS-117(V) *** 131st Remote Radar Station Flight, in

Jacotenente Vico del Gargano is a village and ''comune'' in the province of Foggia in the Apulia region of southeast Italy. Called the "Village of Love", it is part of the Gargano National Park and the Mountain Community of Gargano. The town is bordered by C ...

, with RAT-31DL *** 132nd Remote Radar Station Flight, in Capo Rizzuto, with RAT-31DL *** 133rd Remote Radar Station Flight, in

San Giovanni Teatino San Giovanni Teatino is a ''comune'' and town in the Province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Until 1894 this comune was known as Forcabobolina. Situated on a hill overlooking the valley of the river Pescara (Aterno-Pescara), in recent y ...

, with AN/FPS-117(V) *** 134th Remote Radar Station Flight, in

Lampedusa Lampedusa ( , , ; ; ) is the largest island of the Italian Pelagie Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The ''comune'' of Lampedusa e Linosa is part of the Sicilian province of Agrigento which also includes the smaller islands of Linosa and Lamp ...

, with RAT-31DL *** 135th Remote Radar Station Flight, in

Marsala Marsala (, ; ) is an Italian comune located in the Province of Trapani in the westernmost part of Sicily. Marsala is the most populated town in its province and the fifth largest in Sicily.The town is famous for the docking of Giuseppe Garibal ...

, with RAT-31DL *** 136th Remote Radar Station Flight, in

Otranto Otranto (, , ; ; ; ; ) is a coastal town, port and ''comune'' in the province of Lecce (Apulia, Italy), in a fertile region once famous for its breed of horses. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). ...

, with RAT-31DL *** 137th Remote Radar Station Flight, in Mezzogregorio, with RAT-31DL

Latvia

The

Latvian Air Force Latvian Air Force () is the aviation branch of the Military of Latvia, National Armed Forces. The first air force (AF) units were established in 1919 and re-established in 1992. It has no air combat capability, thus the defense of Latvian air spa ...

's Air Operations Centre is located at Lielvārde Air Base and reports to the Baltic Air Surveillance Network's Regional Airspace Surveillance Coordination Centre (RASCC) in Karmėlava, Lithuania, which in turn reports to CAOC Uedem. * Air Force Headquarters, at Lielvārde Air Base ** Air Surveillance Squadron, at Lielvārde Air Base *** Air Operations Centre, at Lielvārde Air Base *** 1st Radiotechnical (Radar) Post, at Lielvārde Air Base, with AN/TPS-77(V) *** 2nd Radiotechnical (Radar) Post, in

Audriņi Audriņi (also Audreņi, ) is a village and the center of Audriņi Parish, Rēzekne Municipality of the Latgale region of eastern Latvia, 245 km east of Riga. It is situated on the banks of the Liužonka River along route P36. The parish c ...

, with AN/TPS-77(V) *** 3rd Radiotechnical (Radar) Post, in Čalas, with AN/TPS-77(V) *** Mobile Radar Section, with TPS-77 MRR

Lithuania

The Lithuanian Air Force's Air Operations Control Centre is located in Karmėlava and reports to the Baltic Air Surveillance Network's Regional Airspace Surveillance Coordination Centre (RASCC) co-located in Karmėlava, which in turn reports to CAOC Uedem. * Lithuanian Air Force Headquarters, in

Kaunas Kaunas (; ) is the second-largest city in Lithuania after Vilnius, the fourth largest List of cities in the Baltic states by population, city in the Baltic States and an important centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. Kaun ...

** Airspace Surveillance and Control Command, in Kaunas *** Airspace Control Centre, in

*** 1st Radar Post, in Antaveršis *** 3rd Radar Post, in Degučiai *** 4th Radar Post, in Ceikiškės

Luxembourg

Luxembourg's airspace is monitored and guarded by the Belgian Air Component's Control and Reporting Centre at Beauvechain Air Base.

Montenegro

The

Armed Forces of Montenegro The Armed Forces of Montenegro () are the military forces of Montenegro. The Armed Forces consists of an Montenegrin Ground Army, army, Montenegrin Navy, navy and Montenegrin Air Force, air force. The military currently maintains a force of 2, ...

do not possess a modern air defense radar and the country's airspace is monitored by Italian Air Force radar sites. The Armed Forces Air Surveillance and Reporting Centre is located at Podgorica Airport in

Golubovci Golubovci (, ) is a small town in the new Zeta Municipality of Montenegro. Until 2022, it was part of Podgorica Municipality. Golubovci is the seat of the new municipality. The town has 3,110 residents according to 2011 census, while the surroun ...

and reports to CAOC Torrejón in Spain.

Netherlands

The

Royal Netherlands Air Force The Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF; , "Royal Air Force") is the military aviation branch of the Netherlands Armed Forces. It was created in 1953 to succeed its predecessor, the ''Luchtvaartafdeling'' () of the Dutch Army, which was founded ...

's Air Operations Centre is located at Nieuw-Milligen and reports to CAOC Uedem. The air force's main radars are being replaced with two modern SMART-L GB radars. * Air Force Command, in

Breda Breda ( , , , ) is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands, located in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant. ...

** Air Operations Control Station, in Nieuw-Milligen *** Control and Reporting Centre, in Nieuw-Milligen *** Radar Station South, in Nieuw-Milligen, with SMART-L GB *** Radar Station North, at Wier, with SMART-L GB

Norway

The

Royal Norwegian Air Force The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) () is the air force of Norway. It was established as a separate arm of the Norwegian Armed Forces on 10 November 1944. The RNoAF's peacetime establishment is approximately 2,430 employees (officers, enlisted ...

's Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC 3) in Reitan was deactivated in 2008 and its responsibilities were transferred to the Combined Air Operations Centre Finderup (CAOC F). After CAOC F was deactivated in 2013 the responsibility for the air defense of Norway was transferred to CAOC Uedem in Germany and the Royal Norwegian Air Force's Control and Reporting Centre in Sørreisa reports to it. Until 2016 the Royal Norwegian Air Force's radar installations were distributed between two CRCs. That year the CRC Mågerø was disbanded. In its place a wartime mobilization back-up CRC has been formed with a reduction in personnel from the around active 170 duty to about 50 air force home guardsmen. The SINDRE I radars are a variant of the HR-3000 radar, which is also used in the German HADR radars. The newer RAT-31SL/N radars are sometimes designated SINDRE II. * Armed Forces Operational Headquarters, Reitan near

Bodø Main Air Station Bodø Air Station is a military air base of the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) located in the Bodø (town), town of Bodø in Bodø Municipality, Nordland county, Norway. The base is home for a detachment of AgustaWestland AW101#Royal Norweg ...

** 131 Air Wing, in

Sørreisa Municipality Sørreisa () is a List of municipalities of Norway, municipality in Troms Counties of Norway, county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Sørreisa (village), Sørreisa. Other villages include Grunnreisa, Skø ...

*** Control and Reporting Centre Sørreisa **** Radar Station Njunis, with RAT-31SL/N **** Radar Station Senja, with RAT-31SL/N **** Radar Station

Honningsvåg Honningsvåg is the northernmost cities and towns, northernmost city/town in mainland Norway. It is located in Nordkapp Municipality in Finnmark county. Honningsvåg was declared a city in 1996, despite its small population. The town has a po ...

, with RAT-31SL/N **** Radar Station Vestvågøy, with SINDRE I **** Radar Station Vågsøy, with SINDRE I **** Radar Station Skykula, with SINDRE I

Poland

The Polish Armed Forces Operational Command's Air Operations Centre is located in the Warsaw-Pyry neighborhood and reports to CAOC Uedem. The 3rd ''Wrocław'' Radiotechnical Brigade is responsible for the operation of the Armed Forces radar equipment. As of 2021, the Polish Air Force possesses three NUR-12M and three RAT-31DL long-range radars making up BACKBONE system, which are listed below. * Armed Forces Operational Command, in

Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...

** Air Operations Centre - Air Component Command, in Warsaw-Pyry *** Mobile Air Operations Command Unit, in Babki *** 22nd Command and Control Centre, in Osówiec *** 32nd Command and Control Centre, at Kraków-Balice Air Base *** 1st Air Operations Coordination Centre, in

Gdynia Gdynia is a city in northern Poland and a seaport on the Baltic Sea coast. With an estimated population of 257,000, it is the List of cities in Poland, 12th-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in the Pomeranian Voivodeship after Gdańsk ...

*** 2nd Air Operations Coordination Centre, in

Kraków , officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...

*** 4th Air Operations Coordination Centre, in

Szczecin Szczecin ( , , ; ; ; or ) is the capital city, capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the Poland-Germany border, German border, it is a major port, seaport, the la ...

*** 3rd Radiotechnical Brigade, in

Wrocław Wrocław is a city in southwestern Poland, and the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It is the largest city and historical capital of the region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder River in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Eu ...

(Air space surveillance) **** 3rd Radiotechnical Battalion "Sandomierz", in

Sandomierz Sandomierz (pronounced: ; , ) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (), situated on the Vistula River near its confluence with the San, in the Sandomierz Basin. It has been part of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy ...

***** 110th Long Range Radiolocating Post, in

Łabunie Łabunie () is a village in Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in southeastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Łabunie. It lies some southeast of Zamość and southeast of the regional capital, Lublin ...

, with RAT-31DL ***** 360th Long Range Radiolocating Post, in Brzoskwinia, with NUR-12M ***** 2× Air base area control stations, with AVIA-W radars ***** 3× Radiotechnical companies, with mobile radars **** 8th Radiotechnical Battalion "Szczytno", in Lipowiec ***** 144th Long Range Radiolocating Post, in Roskosz, with NUR-12M ***** 184th Long Range Radiolocating Post, in

Szypliszki Szypliszki (; , ) is a village in Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Szypliszki. It lies approximately north-east ...

, with RAT-31DL ***** 211th Long Range Radiolocating Post, in

Chruściel Chruściel is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płoskinia, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately west of Płoskinia, south of Braniewo, and north-west of the regional ...

, with RAT-31DL ***** 5× Radiotechnical companies, with mobile radars **** 31st Radiotechnical Battalion "Dolnośląskie", in

***** 170th Long Range Radiolocating Post, in Wronowice, with NUR-12M ***** 4× Radiotechnical companies, with mobile radars ***** 3× Air base area control stations, with AVIA-W radars **** 34th Radiotechnical Battalion "Chojnice", in

Chojnice Chojnice (; or ; or ) is a town in northern Poland with 38,789 inhabitants, as of June 2023, near the Tuchola Forest. It is the capital of the Chojnice County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. Founded in , Chojnice is a former royal city of Poland ...

***** 5× Radiotechnical companies, with mobile radars ***** 2× Air base area control stations, with AVIA-W radars

Portugal

The

Portuguese Air Force The Portuguese Air Force () is the air force, aerial warfare force of Portugal. Locally it is referred to by the acronym FAP but internationally is often referred to by the acronym PRTAF. It is the youngest of the three branches of the Portuguese ...

's Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC 10) in

Lisbon Lisbon ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131, as of 2023, within its administrative limits and 3,028,000 within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, metropolis, as of 2025. Lisbon is mainlan ...

was deactivated in 2013 and its responsibilities were transferred to CAOC Torrejón in Spain. * Air Command, in

** Control and Reporting Centre, in Monsanto ** Radar Station 1, on Monte Fóia, with HR-3000 ** Radar Station 2, on Monte Pilar in

Paços de Ferreira Paços de Ferreira () is a city in the Porto District, in the north of Portugal. The population of the city in 2011 was 7491, while its municipality had 56,340 inhabitants, in an area of 70.99 km². Sometimes referred to as the ''Capital do ...

, with HR-3000 ** Radar Station 3, at Montejunto, with HR-3000 ** Radar Station 4, on

Pico do Arieiro Pico do Areeiro (), at high is a mountain located on the Portugal, Portuguese island and autonomous region of Madeira, the third highest on the island. Situated within the mountainous interior of the island roughly halfway between the northern an ...

, on the island of

Madeira Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...

, with LANZA 3-D

Romania

The

Romanian Air Force The Romanian Air Force (RoAF) () is the air force branch of the Romanian Armed Forces. It has an air force headquarters, an operational command, five air bases, a logistics base, an air defense brigade, an air defense regiment and an ISR (Intel ...

's Air Operations Centre is headquartered in

and reports to CAOC Torrejón. Additionally, the WSR-98D radar stations in Bârnova, Medgidia, Bobohalma, Timișoara, and Oradea are officially designated and operated as a civilian radar stations by the National Meteorological Administration, however their data is fed into the military air surveillance system as well. * Air Component Command ''"General comandant aviator Ermil Gheorghiu"'', in

** Air Operations Centre, in

*** Radar Station, in

Ovidiu Ovidiu (, historical name: ''Canara'', ) is a town situated a few kilometres north of Constanța in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. Ovidiu is quite small, with a population of 13,968 as of 2021, and many wealthy inhabitants of Consta ...

, with AN/FPS-117(V) *** Radar Station, at Giarmata Airport, with AN/FPS-117(V) *** Radar Station, in

Suceava Suceava () is a Municipiu, city in northeastern Romania. The seat of Suceava County, it is situated in the Historical regions of Romania, historical regions of Bukovina and Western Moldavia, Moldavia, northeastern Romania. It is the largest urban ...

, with AN/FPS-117(V) *** Radar Station, in

Craiova Craiova (, also , ) is the largest city in southwestern Romania, List of Romanian cities, the seventh largest city in the country and the capital of Dolj County, situated near the east bank of the river Jiu River, Jiu in central Oltenia. It i ...

( Cârcea), with AN/FPS-117(V) *** Radar Station, on , with AN/FPS-117(V) * 76th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade ''"Dacia"'', in Moara Vlăsiei ** 1st Airspace Surveillance Group ''"General Neculai Iordache"'', at 86th Air Base, in

Fetești Fetești () is a city in Ialomița County, Muntenia, Romania. It is located in the Bărăgan Plain, on the of the Danube. Fetești has the second largest population in Ialomița County, after Slobozia. In 1895, the King Carol I railway bridge ...

** 2nd Airspace Surveillance Group ''"General Pompiliu Ionescu"'', at 95th Air Base, in

Bacău Bacău ( ; , ; ; ) is the main city in Bacău County, Romania. With a population of 136,087 (as of 2021 census), Bacău is the 14th largest city in Romania. The city is situated in the historical region of Moldavia, at the foothills of the ...

** 3rd Airspace Surveillance Group ''"General Vasile Mihalache"'', at 71st Air Base, in

Câmpia Turzii Câmpia Turzii (; ; ) is a municipality in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, which was formed in 1925 by the union of two villages, Ghiriș (''Aranyosgyéres'') and Sâncrai (''Szentkirály''). It was declared a town in 1950 and a city in 1998. ...

** 4th Electronic Warfare Group ''"Locotenent-colonel Mihai Cană"'', in Domnești

Slovakia

The

Slovak Air Force The Slovak Air Force, known since 2002 as the Air Force of the Armed Forces of the Slovakia, Slovak Republic (), is the aviation and air defense branch of the Military of Slovakia, Slovak Armed Forces. Operating 15 aircraft and 18 helicopters fro ...

's Air Operations Centre is located at

Zvolen Zvolen (; ; ) is a city in central Slovakia, situated on the confluence of Hron and Slatina rivers. It is famous for several historical and cultural attractions. It is surrounded by Poľana mountain from the East, by Kremnické vrchy from the ...

and reports to CAOC Uedem. * Air Force Command, in

** 2nd Air Force Brigade, in Zvolen *** Air Operations Center, in Zvolen *** Radar Surveillance Battalion, in Zvolen (6× EL/M-2084M-MMR radars) **** Command and Support Company, in Zvolen **** 1st Radar Surveillance Company, in

Michalovce Michalovce (; , , Romani language, Romani: ''Mihalya'', Yiddish language, Yiddish: מיכאלאָווצע ''Mikhaylovets'' or ''Mykhaylovyts''; ) is a town on the Laborec river in eastern Slovakia. Originally named after the Archangel St Michael ...

**** 2nd Radar Surveillance Company, in Veľká Ida **** 3rd Radar Surveillance Company, in Ožďany **** 4th Radar Surveillance Company, in Močiar **** 5th Radar Surveillance Company, in

Hlohovec Hlohovec (, Hungarian ''Galgóc''), is a town in southwestern Slovakia, with a population of 21,508. Name The name comes from ''*Glogovec'', the Old Slavic name for a place densely overgrown by hawthorn. The Hungarian form ''Galgóc'' was ado ...

**** 6th Radar Surveillance Company, in Mierovo **** 7th Radar Surveillance Company, in

Prešov Prešov () is a city in eastern Slovakia. It is the seat of administrative Prešov Region () and Šariš. With a population of approximately 85,000 for the city, and in total more than 100,000 with the urban area, it is the second-largest city i ...

**** 8th Radar Surveillance Company, in Voderady

Slovenia

The Slovenian Air Force and Air Defense's Airspace Surveillance and Control Centre is headquartered in Brnik and reports to CAOC Torrejón. The Italian Air Force's 4th Wing at Grosseto Air Base and 36th Wing at Gioia del Colle Air Base rotate a QRA flight of

Eurofighter Typhoon The Eurofighter Typhoon is a European multinational twin-engine, supersonic, canard delta wing, multirole fighter. The Typhoon was designed originally as an air-superiority fighter and is manufactured by a consortium of Airbus, BAE Syste ...

s to Istrana Air Base, which are responsible for the air defense of Northern Italy and Slovenia. * Forces Command, in

Vrhnika Vrhnika (; ;''Leksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru,'' vol. 6: ''Kranjsko''. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 120. ) is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Vrhnika. It is locat ...

** 15th Military Aviation Regiment, at Cerklje ob Krki Air Base *** 16th Airspace Surveillance and Control Battalion in Brnik **** Airspace Surveillance and Control Centre, in Brnik **** 1st Radar Station, in

, with GM 403 **** 2nd Radar Station, in

Hočko Pohorje Hočko Pohorje () is a settlement in the Municipality of Hoče-Slivnica in northeastern Slovenia. It lies in the eastern Pohorje Hills south of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Styria, Styria. The municipality is now inc ...

, with GM 403

Spain

The

Spanish Air Force The Spanish Air and Space Force () is the aerial and space warfare branch of the Spanish Armed Forces. History Early stages Hot air balloons have been used with military purposes in Spain as far back as 1896. In 1905, with the help of Al ...

's Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC 8) at Torrejón Air Base was deactivated in 2013 and replaced at same location by CAOC Torrejon, which took over the functions of CAOC 5, CAOC 7, CAOC 8 and CAOC 10. CAOC Torrejón is responsible for the NATO airspace South of the Alps. * Combat Air Command, at Torrejón Air Base ** Combat Air Command Headquarter (CGMACOM), at Torrejón Air Base *** Air Operations Centre / NATO CAOC Torrejón ** Command and Control Systems Headquarter (JSMC), at Torrejón Air Base *** Central Command and Control Group (GRUCEMAC), at Torrejón Air Base *** Northern Command and Control Group (GRUNOMAC), at

*** Mobile Air Control Group (GRUMOCA) at Tablada Air Base *** 1st Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 1) radar station, at Air Station El Frasno, with LANZA 3-D *** 2nd Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 2) radar station, at Air Station Villatobas, with RAT-31SL/T *** 3rd Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 3) radar station, at Air Station Constantina, with LANZA 3-D *** 4th Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 4) radar station, at Air Station Roses, with LANZA 3-D *** 5th Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 5) radar station, at Air Station Aitana, with RAT-31SL/T *** 7th Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 7) radar station, at Air Station

Puig Major Puig Major is the highest peak on the Spanish island of Majorca. With an elevation of above sea level. It is situated in the Serra de Tramuntana mountains. As the mountain is located in a military zone, the neighbouring peak Puig de Massanell ...

, with LANZA 3-D *** 9th Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 9) radar station, at Air Station Motril, with RAT-31SL/T *** 10th Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 10) radar station, at Air Station Barbanza, with LANZA 3-D *** 11th Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 11) radar station, at Air Station Alcalá de los Gazules, with LANZA 3-D *** 12th Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 12) radar station, at Air Station Espinosa de los Monteros, with RAT-31SL/T *** 13th Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 13) radar station, at Air Station

Sierra Espuña The Sierra Espuña is a mountain range in the Region of Murcia, Spain. It is part of the Penibaetic System. The Sierra Espuña Regional Park protects 17,804 ha of the mountain range in the municipalities of Alhama de Murcia, Totana and Mula, Spai ...

, with LANZA 3-D *** 21st Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 21) radar station, at Vega de San Mateo on

Gran Canaria Gran Canaria (, ; ), also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, a Spain, Spanish archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa. the island had a population of that constitut ...

, with LANZA 3-D *** 22nd Air Surveillance Squadron (EVA 22) radar station, in Haría on

Lanzarote Lanzarote (, , ) is a Spanish island, the easternmost of the Canary Islands, off the north coast of Africa and from the Iberian Peninsula. Covering , Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago. With 163,230 inhabi ...

, with RAT-31SL/T

Sweden

The

Swedish Air Force The Swedish Air Force ( or just ) is the air force Military branch, branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. History The Swedish Air Force was created on 1 July 1926 when the aircraft units of the Army and Navy were merged. Because of the escalatin ...

's Air Operations Centre is located at Ärna Air Base, while the air force's control reporting centres are located in underground bunkers in Bålsta and

Hästveda Hästveda is a locality situated in Hässleholm Municipality, Scania County, Sweden with 1,623 inhabitants in 2010. The etymology of Hästveda indicates that the name originally signified a wood, or forest where horses were kept. Hästveda Ch ...

. Sweden operates fixed radar sites, which between 2025 and 2028 will be upgraded with Thales

SMART-L SMART-L (Signaal Multibeam Acquisition Radar for Tracking, L band) is a long-range naval search radar introduced in 2002 by Thales Nederland, formerly Hollandse Signaalapparaten (Signaal). Design The digital antenna array has 24 elements; all a ...

radars . * Combat Control and Air Surveillance Command, at Ärna Air Base in

Uppsala Uppsala ( ; ; archaically spelled ''Upsala'') is the capital of Uppsala County and the List of urban areas in Sweden by population, fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 177,074 inhabitants in 2019. Loc ...

** Combat Control Centre Grizzly (StriC Grizzly), in Bålsta ** Combat Control Centre Cobra (StriC Cobra), in

Turkey

The

Turkish Air Force The Turkish Air Force () is the Air force, air and space force of the Turkish Armed Forces. It traces its origins to 1 June 1911 when it was founded as the Ottoman Aviation Squadrons, Aviation Squadrons by the Ottoman Empire. It was composed ...

's Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC 6) in

Eskişehir Eskişehir ( , ; from 'old' and 'city') is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. The urban population of the city is 821 315 (Odunpazari + Tebebasi), with a metropolitan population of 921 630. The city is l ...

was deactivated in 2013 and its responsibilities were transferred to CAOC Torrejón in Spain. Turkey's Air Force fields a mix of HR-3000, AN/FPS-117,

AN/TPY-2 The AN/TPY-2 Surveillance Transportable Radar, also called the Forward Based X-Band Transportable (FBX-T) is a long-range, very high-altitude active digital antenna array X band surveillance radar designed to add a tier to existing missile and a ...

, RAT-31SL, RAT-31DL and local-made Aselsan EIRS radars, however the exact number of each of these radar and their location in the Turkish radar system is unknown. * Air Force Command (COA), in ** Control and Reporting Centre, in Ahlatlıbel *** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in Ahlatlıbel *** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in Körfez *** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in Karabelen *** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in

Çanakkale Çanakkale is a city and seaport in Turkey on the southern shore of the Dardanelles at their narrowest point. It is the seat of Çanakkale Province and Çanakkale District.Erzurum Erzurum (; ) is a List of cities in Turkey, city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of an ...

*** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in

Datça Datça is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Muğla Province, Turkey. Its area is 436 km2, and its population is 25,029 (2022). The town center is situated midway through the peninsula which carries the same name as the distri ...

*** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in İnebolu *** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in Kisecik Radar Station *** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in

Kürecik Radar Station Kürecik Radar Station () is a military installation located in the town of in Malatya Province, southeastern Turkey. It was established in 2012 for use by NATO as an early-warning radar against ballistic missile attacks. Background At the NA ...

*** Aerial Surveillance Radar Post, in Pazar

United Kingdom

The

Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the Air force, air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. It was formed towards the end of the World War I, First World War on 1 April 1918, on the merger of t ...

's Air Surveillance and Control System is located at

, and reports to CAOC Uedem. The RAF operates seven Remote Radar Heads (RRHs) across the UK, which feed back to the

. Under Project Guardian, all of the UK's radar stations and systems are being upgraded and strengthened. The UK is also unique in Europe in possessing a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) which is based at

RAF Fylingdales Royal Air Force Fylingdales (RAF Fylingdales) is a Royal Air Force List of Royal Air Force stations, station on Snod Hill in the North York Moors, England. Its motto is ''Vigilamus'' ("We are watching"). It is a radar Military base, base and i ...

. * National Air and Space Operations Centre (NASOC), at RAF High Wycombe **

, at

*** RRH Benbecula, in

North Uist North Uist (; ) is an island and community in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Etymology In Donald Munro's ''A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland Called Hybrides'' of 1549, North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist are described as one isla ...

, with Type 92 radar *** RRH Brizlee Wood, in Shipley, with Type 92 radar *** RRH Buchan, in Boddam, with Type 92 radar *** RRH Saxa Vord, in

Unst Unst (; ) is one of the North Isles of the Shetland Islands, Scotland. It is the northernmost of the inhabited British Isles and is the third-largest island in Shetland after Shetland Mainland, Mainland and Yell (island), Yell. It has an area o ...

, with Type 92 radar *** RRH Neatishead, in

Neatishead Neatishead ( ) is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is situated some north-east of the city of Norwich, within The Norfolk Broads and to the west of Barton Broad. Access to Neatishead from the broad is by ...

, with Type 92 radar *** RRH Staxton Wold, in Scarborough, with Type 92 radar *** RRH Portreath, in

Portreath Portreath ( or ) is a civil parishes in England, civil parish, village and fishing port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The village is about three miles (5 km) west-north-west of Redruth. The village extends along ...

, with Type 101 radar **

Ballistic Missile Early Warning System The RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS, 474L System, Project 474L) was a United States Air Force Cold War early warning radar, computer, and communications system, for ballistic missile detection. The network of twelve rada ...

, at

with AN/FPS-126

United States

The

United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Air force, air service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is one of the six United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Tracing its ori ...

's control centres and radar stations are part of the

(NORAD).

Non-NATO European air defense systems

Austria

Austrian Air Force The Austrian Air Force () is a component part of the Austrian Armed Forces. Aircraft Current inventory History The Austrian Air Force in its current form was created in May 1955 by the victorious Allies of World War II, Allied powers ...

- GOLDHAUBE system: ** Command and Control Center ''"Basisraum"'', in St Johann im Pongau *** Kolomansberg Radar Station *** Großer Speikkogel Radar Station *** Steinmandl Radar Station

Switzerland

Swiss Air Force The Swiss Air Force (; ; ; ) is the air component of the Swiss Armed Forces, established on 31 July 1914, three days after the outbreak of World War I, as a part of the Swiss Army, army and in October 1936 as an independent service. In peaceti ...

- FLORAKO system: ** Air Defence & Direction Center, at

Dübendorf Air Base Dübendorf Air Base () was a military airfield of the Swiss Air Force northeast of Dübendorf in Switzerland, located east of Zürich. It includes the Flieger-Flab-Museum. History The search for a suitable site for an airfield started in 190 ...

*** Pilatus Radar Station *** Scopi Radar Station *** Weisshorn Radar Station *** Weissfluh Radar Station

References

{{Reflist Integrated Air Defense System Air defence radar networks