The Immortal Game was a
chess
Chess is a board game for two players. It is an abstract strategy game that involves Perfect information, no hidden information and no elements of game of chance, chance. It is played on a square chessboard, board consisting of 64 squares arran ...
game played in 1851 between
Adolf Anderssen
Karl Ernst Adolf Anderssen (6 July 1818 – 13 March 1879)"Anderssen, Adolf" in ''Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 385. was a German chess master. ...
and
Lionel Kieseritzky during the
London 1851 chess tournament, an event in which both players participated. It was itself a game, however, not played as part of the tournament. Anderssen won the game by
sacrificing all of his while developing a
mating attack with his remaining . Despite losing the game, Kieseritzky was impressed with Anderssen's performance. Kieseritzky published the game shortly thereafer in , a French chess journal which he helped to edit.
Ernst Falkbeer published an analysis of the game in 1855, describing it for the first time with its sobriquet "immortal".
The Immortal Game is among the
most famous chess games ever played. As a game, it is frequently reproduced in chess literature to teach simple themes of gameplay. Although Kieseritzsky himself indicated that the game ended before checkmate, the Immortal Game is frequently reproduced with a brief involving a
queen sacrifice—a further loss of material—leading to checkmate. This continuation is commonly presented as part of the complete game, as if the final moves were actually played as part of the real historical game. Some authors also
permute certain moves, deviating from Kieseritzky's report, although such permutations typically
transpose
In linear algebra, the transpose of a Matrix (mathematics), matrix is an operator which flips a matrix over its diagonal;
that is, it switches the row and column indices of the matrix by producing another matrix, often denoted by (among other ...
to distinct lines of play that eventually return to the moves and positions reported by Kieseritzky.
Although both players made moves that are regarded as by modern players, the game is appreciated as an example of the
Romantic school of chess, a style of play that prized bold attacks and sacrifices over deep strategy. The game—especially its mating continuation—is also appreciated for its
aesthetic
Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and taste, which in a broad sense incorporates the philosophy of art.Slater, B. H.Aesthetics ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,'' , acces ...
value, as a plausible example of how a player with a significant material deficit but having an advantageous position can give mate. The continuation's mating position is a
model mate, a strong form of
pure mate (i.e. all of the attacker's remaining pieces contribute to the checkmate, while the mated king is prevented from moving to any other square for exactly one reason per square). In 1996,
Bill Hartston called the game an achievement "perhaps unparalleled in chess literature".
Overview

Anderssen was one of the strongest players of his time, and many consider him to have been the world's strongest player after his victory in the
London 1851 chess tournament. Kieseritzky lived in France much of his life, where he gave chess lessons and played games for five
francs an hour at the
Café de la Régence
The Café de la Régence in Paris was an important European centre of chess in the 18th and 19th centuries. All important chess masters of the time played there.
The Café's masters included, but are not limited to:
* Paul Morphy
* Françoi ...
in Paris. His strength was shown most favourably when giving substantial
odds
In probability theory, odds provide a measure of the probability of a particular outcome. Odds are commonly used in gambling and statistics. For example for an event that is 40% probable, one could say that the odds are or
When gambling, o ...
to weak players; against masters, he was less convincing.
The Immortal Game was an informal one, played during a break in a formal tournament in London; the exact venue is uncertain.
Kieseritzky was very impressed with Anderssen's performance; after the game was over, Kieseritzky
telegraphed the moves of the game to his Parisian
chess club. The French chess magazine published the game in July 1851. The Austrian
Ernst Falkbeer nicknamed it "The Immortal Game" in 1855.
This game is acclaimed as an exemplar of the 19th-century
Romantic style of chess, where rapid and attack were considered the most effective way to win, many
gambits and countergambits were offered (and not accepting them would be considered slightly ungentlemanly), and was often held in contempt. These games, with their rapid attacks and counterattacks, are often entertaining to review, even if some of the moves are no longer considered optimal.
In this game, Anderssen won despite sacrificing a
bishop
A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of Episcopal polity, authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance and administration of di ...
(on move 11), both rooks (starting on move 18), and the queen (on move 22) to produce
checkmate
Checkmate (often shortened to mate) is any game position in chess and other chess-like games in which a player's king is in check (threatened with ) and there is no possible escape. Checkmating the opponent wins the game.
In chess, the king is ...
against Kieseritzky, who lost only three pawns. Anderssen later demonstrated the same kind of approach in the
Evergreen Game.
Some published versions of the game have errors, as described in the annotations below.
Publication
Shortly after the game was played, Kieseritzky is believed to have telegraphed a report of the game to ''La Régence'', a French chess journal which he helped to edit. The game was reported in an 1851 issue of the journal, with the piece attributed to Kieseritzky himself. ''La Régence'' used an "obscure" and prototypical form of algebraic notation to record chess games. Pawns were denoted using lowercase letters indicating their starting files (a–h), while pieces were denoted using uppercase letters to indicate same (A–H). Squares were described beginning with their rank, then file, e.g. the square "e4" was instead described as "45".
The game has been republished many times, often with inconsistencies about the order of moves.
Annotated game
White: Adolf Anderssen Black: Lionel Kieseritzky
Opening:
King's Gambit Accepted: Bishop's Gambit, Bryan Countergambit (''
ECO'' C33)
1. e4 e5 2. f4
: This is the
King's Gambit: Anderssen offers his
pawn in exchange for faster development. This was one of the most popular openings of the 19th century and is still occasionally seen, though defensive techniques have improved since Anderssen's time.
2... exf4 3. Bc4
: The
Bishop's Gambit; this line allows 3...Qh4+, depriving White of the right to
castle
A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...
, and is less popular than 3.Nf3. This check, however, also exposes Black's queen to attack with a gain of
tempo
In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for 'time'; plural 'tempos', or from the Italian plural), measured in beats per minute, is the speed or pace of a given musical composition, composition, and is often also an indication of the composition ...
on the eventual Ng1–f3.
3... Qh4+ 4. Kf1 b5 (diagram)
: This is the Bryan Countergambit, deeply analysed by Kieseritzky, and which sometimes bears his name. It is not considered a move by most players today.
5. Bxb5 Nf6 6. Nf3
: This is a common developing move, but in addition the
knight
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of a knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church, or the country, especially in a military capacity.
The concept of a knighthood ...
attacks Black's queen, forcing Black to move it instead of developing his other pieces.
6... Qh6 7. d3
: With this move, White solidifies control of the critical of the board. German grandmaster
Robert Hübner recommends 7.Nc3 instead.
7... Nh5
: This move threatens ...Ng3+, and protects the pawn on f4, but also sidelines the knight to a poor position at the edge of the board, where knights are the least powerful, and does not develop a new piece.
8. Nh4 Qg5
: Better was 8...g6, according to Kieseritzky.
9. Nf5 c6
: This simultaneously
unpins the and attacks the bishop. Modern
chess engines suggest 9...g6 would be better, to deal with a very troublesome knight.
10. g4 Nf6 11. Rg1 (diagram)
: This is an advantageous . If Black accepts, his queen will be boxed in, giving White a lead in development.
11... cxb5?
: Hübner believes this was Black's critical mistake; this gains but lacks in development, at a point where White's strong development is able to quickly mount an offensive. Hübner recommends 11...h5 instead.
12. h4!
: White's knight at f5 protects the pawn, which attacks Black's queen.
12... Qg6 13. h5 Qg5 14. Qf3
: White now has two threats:
:* Bxf4, trapping Black's queen (the queen having no safe place to go);
:* e5, attacking Black's knight at f6 while simultaneously exposing an attack by White's queen on the unprotected black rook on a8.
14... Ng8
: This deals with the threats, but undevelops Black even further—now the only black piece not on its starting square is the queen, which is about to be put on the run, while White has control over a great deal of the board.
15. Bxf4 Qf6 16. Nc3 Bc5
: An ordinary developing move by Black, which also attacks the rook at g1.
17. Nd5
: White responds to the attack with a counterattack. This move threatens the black queen and also Nc7+,
forking the king and rook.
Richard Réti recommends 17.d4 followed by 18.Nd5, with advantage to White, although if 17.d4 Bf8 then 18.Be5 would be a stronger move.
17... Qxb2 (diagram)
: Black gains a pawn, and threatens to gain the rook on a1 with
check.
18. Bd6!
: With this move White offers to sacrifice both of his rooks. Hübner comments that, from this position, there are actually many ways to win, and he believes there are at least three better moves than 18.Bd6: 18.d4, 18.Be3, or 18.Re1, which lead to strong positions or checkmate without needing to sacrifice so much material. The ''
Chessmaster'' computer program annotation says "the main point
f 18. Bd6is to divert the black queen from the a1–h8 diagonal. Now Black cannot play 18...Bxd6? 19.Nxd6+ Kd8 20.Nxf7+ Ke8 21.Nd6+ Kd8 22.Qf8#."
Garry Kasparov
Garry Kimovich Kasparov (born Garik Kimovich Weinstein on 13 April 1963) is a Russian Grandmaster (chess), chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion (1985–2000), political activist and writer. His peak FIDE chess Elo rating system, ra ...
comments that the world of chess would have lost one of its "crown jewels" if the game had continued in such an unspectacular fashion. 18. Bd6! is surprising, because White is willing to give up so much material.
18... Bxg1?
:
Wilhelm Steinitz
William Steinitz (born Wilhelm Steinitz; May 14, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was a Bohemian-Austrian, and later American, chess player. From 1886 to 1894, he was the first World Chess Champion. He was also a highly influential writer and c ...
suggested in 1879 that a better move would be 18...Qxa1+; likely moves to follow are 19.Ke2 Qb2 20.Kd2 Bxg1. The continuation played is still winning for White, however, despite having many complications. The variation continues 21.e5! Ba6 22.Bb4! Qxe5 (22...Be3+ 23.Qxe3 +/−; 22...Nh6 23.Nd6+ Kf8 24.g5 +−) 23.Nd6+ Qxd6 24.Bxd6 +/−.
19. e5!
: This sacrifices yet another white rook. More importantly, this move blocks the queen from participating in the defense of the king, and threatens mate in two: 20.Nxg7+ Kd8 21.Bc7.
19... Qxa1+ 20. Ke2
: At this point, Black's attack has run out of steam; Black has a queen and bishop on White's , but cannot effectively mount an immediate attack on White, while White can storm forward. According to Kieseritzky, he at this point. Hübner notes that an article by
Friedrich Amelung in the journal ''Baltische Schachblaetter'', 1893, reported that Kiesertizky probably played 20...Na6, but Anderssen then announced the mating moves. ''
The Oxford Companion to Chess
''The Oxford Companion to Chess'' is a reference book on the game of chess written by David Vincent Hooper and Kenneth Whyld. The book is written in an encyclopedia format. The book belongs to the Oxford Companions series.
Details
The first ed ...
'' also says that Black resigned at this point, citing an 1851 publication. In any case, it is suspected that the last few moves were not actually played on the board in the original game.
20... Na6
: The black knight covers c7 as White was threatening 21.Nxg7+ Kd8 22.Bc7#. Another attempt to defend is 20...Ba6, allowing the black king to flee via c8 and b7, although White has enough with the continuation 21.Nc7+ Kd8 and 22.Nxa6, where if now 22...Qxa2 (to defend f7 against Bc7+, Nd6+ and Qxf7#) White can play 23.Bc7+ Ke8 24.Nb4, winning; or, if 22...Bb6 (stopping Bc7+), 23.Qxa8 Qc3 24.Qxb8+ Qc8 25.Qxc8+ Kxc8 26.Bf8 h6 27.Nd6+ Kd8 28.Nxf7+ Ke8 29.Nxh8 Kxf8, with a winning
endgame for White.
21. Nxg7+ Kd8 22. Qf6+! (diagram)
: This
queen sacrifice forces Black to give up his defense of e7.
22... Nxf6 23. Be7
: At the end, Black is ahead in material by a considerable margin: a queen, two rooks, and a bishop. But the material does not help Black. White has been able to use his remaining pieces—two knights and a bishop—to force mate.
In popular culture
* In
Maya Deren's 1944 short film
''At Land''.
* In
Poul Anderson's 1954 short story of the same name,
computer chess
Computer chess includes both hardware (dedicated computers) and software capable of playing chess. Computer chess provides opportunities for players to practice even in the absence of human opponents, and also provides opportunities for analysi ...
programs reproduce the Immortal Game's moves.
* In the 1982 film ''
Blade Runner'', Sebastian checkmates Tyrell. The game is recognized as The Immortal Game.
* The game is referenced in Season 2 Episode 5 of British spy thriller series
Slow Horses, based on the ''Slough House'' series of novels by
Mick Herron.
* In
Lily King's 2020 novel
Writers & Lovers.
See also
*
Evergreen Game – also won by Anderssen
*
Kasparov's Immortal
*
List of chess games
This is a list of notable chess games sorted chronologically.
Pre-1800
* 1475: Francesc de Castellví vs. Narcís de Vinyoles, Valencia 1475. The first documented chess game played with the modern queen and bishop moves; the moves were des ...
Notes
References
Bibliography
* Chernev, Irving. ''The Chess Companion''. 1968. .
* Eade, James. ''Chess for Dummies''. 1996. Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. .
*
* Hübner, Robert. "The Immortal Game." ''American Chess Journal'', 3 (1995), p. 14-35.
*
* Kavalek, Lubomir. Chess (newspaper column). ''Washington Post''. July 2003.
* Savielly Tartakower and J. du Mont. ''500 Master Games of Chess''. Dover Publications, June 1, 1975, .
*
External links
Lionel Kieseritzky: ''La Régence'', July 1851The Immortal Gameimport at
Lichess (a popular variation with incorrect 18...Qxa1+, not 18...Bxg1)
Adolf Anderssen vs Lionel Adalbert Bagration Felix Kieseritzky ChessGames.com
Anderssen's ImmortalGame Analysis at IslandOfGames.com
{{Authority control
1851 in London
1851 in chess
June 1851
Chess games
Chess in the United Kingdom
Nicknamed sporting events