Leptorhynchoididae is a family of parasitic worms from the order

Echinorhynchida Echinorhynchida is an Order (biology), order of parasitic worms in the phylum Acanthocephala. It contains 13 known families: *Arhythmacanthidae Yamaguti, 1935 *Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932 *Diplosentidae Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1937 *Echinorhynchida ...

Species

Leptorhynchoididae contains the following species:

Brentisentis

''Brentisentis'' Leotta, Schmidt & Kuntz, 1982 contains three species: *''Brentisentis chongqingensis'' Wei, 1998Wei Gang. A new species of Brentisentis from fishes of Chongqing,China(Palaeacanthocephala:Echinorhynchida:Rhadinorhynchidae) Dong wu fen lei xue bao = Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 1998 ;23(4):342-345. The species name ''chongqingensis'' was named after the location where the samples were collected:

Chongqing ChongqingPostal Romanization, Previously romanized as Chungking ();. is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China. Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the State Council of the People's Republi ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

. *''Brentisentis uncinus'' Leotta, Schmidt, Kuntz, 1982Leotta, S. H., Schmidt, G. D., & Kuntz, R. E. (1982). Brentisentis uncinus gen. et sp. n. and Gorgorhynchus satoi (Morisita 1937) Yamaguti 1963 from Taiwan. The Journal of Parasitology, 134-137. ''B. uncinus'' was found infesting the small intestines of the Tank goby (''Glossogobius giuris'') and '' Eleotris pisonis'' near the mouth of

Keelung River The Keelung River ( zh, c=基隆河, p=Jīlóng Hé, w=Chi1-lung2 Ho2, poj=Ke-lâng-hô) is a river in northern Taiwan. The Keelung River originates in the mountains west-northwest of the town of Jingtong in Pingxi District, New Taipei City, flo ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

. *''Brentisentis yangtzensis'' Yu and Wu, 1989

Dentitruncus

''Dentitruncus'' Sinzar, 1955 contains one species: *''Dentitruncus truttae'' Sinzar, 1955

Dollfusentis

Golvan, 1969 *''Dollfusentis bravoae'' Salgado-Maldonado, 1976 *''Dollfusentis chandleri'' Golvan, 1969 *''Dollfusentis ctenorhynchus'' (Cable & Linderoth, 1963) Golvan, 1969 *''Dollfusentis heteracanthus'' (Cable and Linderoth, 1963) *''Dollfusentis longispinus'' (Cable & Linderoth, 1963) Golvan, 1969 *''Dollfusentis salgadoi'' Monks, Aleman-Garcia & Pulido-Flores, 2008

Goacanthus

Gupta & Jain, 1980 *''Goacanthus panajiensis'' Gupta and Jain, 1980

Indorhynchus

Golvan, 1969 *''Indorhynchus indicus'' (Tripathi, 1959) Golvan, 1969 *''Indorhynchus pseudobargi'' Wang and Wang, 1988

Koronacantha

Monks & Ponce de Leon, 1996 *''Koronacantha mexicana'' Monks & Ponce de Leon, 1996 *''Koronacantha pectinaria'' (Van Cleave, 1940) Monks & Pérez-Ponce de León, 1996

Metarhadinorhynchus

Yamaguti, 1959 *'' Metarhadinorhynchus cyprini'' Yin, 1961 *'' Metarhadinorhynchus echeneisi'' Gupta & Sinha, 1991 *'' Metarhadinorhynchus laterolabracis'' Yamaguti, 1959 ''M. laterolabracis'' is the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

. *'' Metarhadinorhynchus thapari'' Gupta & Gupta, 1975 *'' Metarhadinorhynchus valiyathurae'' Nadakal, John et Jacob, 1990Nadakal, A. M., John, K. O., & Jacob, A. (1990). Metarhadinorhynchus valiyathurae sp. nov., an acanthocephalid worm parasitic in the marine fish, Caranx melampygus (Cuv. & Val.). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 225(5/6), 377-382.

Paradentitruncus

Moravec & Sey, 1989 *'' Paradentitruncus longireceptaculis'' Moravec & Sey, 1989

Pseudorhadinorhynchus

Achmerow & Dombrowskaja-Achmerova, 1941 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus cinereus'' Gupta & Nagui, 1983 ''P. cinereus'' was found infesting '' Stromateus cinereus'' in

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

.Kazmi, Q. B., & Naushaba, R. (2013). Checklist of marine worms reported from Pakistani marine waters. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 31(2), 187-280. *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus deeghai'' Saxena, 2003 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus dhari'' Kumar, 1992 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus dussamicitatum'' Gupta & Gupta, 1972 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus ernakulensis'' Gupta & Gupta, 1972 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus guptai'' Gupta & Sinha, 1993 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus leuciscus'' (Krotov & Petrochenko, 1956) *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus longicollum'' Gupta & Naqvi, 1986 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus machidai'' Kumar, 1992 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus markewitschi'' Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus mujibi'' Gupta & Nagui, 1983 ''P. mujibi'' was found infesting '' Stromateus sinensis'' in

. *''

Pseudorhadinorhynchus nandai ''Pseudorhadinorhynchus'' is a genus of parasitic worms belonging to the family Illiosentidae Leptorhynchoididae is a family of parasitic worms from the order Echinorhynchida. Species Leptorhynchoididae contains the following species: Brentis ...

'' Gupta and Sinha, 1993 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus orissai'' Gupta & Fatma, 1985 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus pseudaspii'' Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus samegaiensis'' Nakajima & Egusa, 1975 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus srivastavai'' Gupta & Fatma, 1985 *'' Pseudorhadinorhynchus vietnamensis'' Moravec and Sey, 1989

Tegorhynchus

Van Cleve, 1921 *''

Tegorhynchus africanus ''Tegorhynchus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Illiosentidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America. Species: *'' Tegorhynchus africanus'' *'' Tegorhynchus africanus'' *'' Tegorhynchus brevis'' *''Tegorhynchu ...

'' (Golvan, 1955) *''

Tegorhynchus brevis ''Tegorhynchus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Illiosentidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America. Species: *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *'' Tegorhynchus brevis'' *''Tegorhynchus ...

'' Van Cleave, 1921 *''

Tegorhynchus cetratus ''Tegorhynchus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Illiosentidae Leptorhynchoididae is a family of parasitic worms from the order Echinorhynchida. Species Leptorhynchoididae contains the following species: Brentisentis ''Brentisent ...

'' (Van Cleave, 1945) *''

Tegorhynchus edmondsi ''Tegorhynchus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Illiosentidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America. Species: *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *'' Tegorhynchus brevis'' *''Tegorhynchus ...

'' (Golvan, 1960) *''

Tegorhynchus furcatus ''Tegorhynchus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Illiosentidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America. Species: *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *''Tegorhynchus brevis'' *''Tegorhynchus c ...

'' (Van Cleave & Lincicome, 1939) *''

Tegorhynchus holospinus ''Tegorhynchus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Illiosentidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America. Species: *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *''Tegorhynchus brevis'' *''Tegorhynchus c ...

'' Amin & Sey, 1996 *''

Tegorhynchus multacanthus ''Tegorhynchus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Illiosentidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America. Species: *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *''Tegorhynchus africanus'' *''Tegorhynchus brevis'' *''Tegorhynchus c ...

'' (Mamaev, 1970) Amin & Sey, 1996

Telosentis

''Telosentis'' Van Cleve, 1923 is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

acanthocephala Acanthocephala ( Greek , ' 'thorn' + , ' 'head') is a group of parasitic worms known as acanthocephalans, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses t ...

ns. The representatives of the genus are distributed in

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

waters of

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...

Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending on the definition, to Antarctica in the south, and is bounded by the cont ...

coast of

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

and

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

. Consists of five

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

:Kvach Y., Sasal P. (2010) ''Telosentis exiguus'' (von Linstow, 1901) (Palaeacanthocephala: Illiosentidae), a generalist parasite of fishes in the Mediterranean basin. Systematic Parasitology, 76(1): 9-1

/ref> *'' Telosentis australiensis'' Edmonds, 1964 *'' Telosentis exiguus'' (von Linstow, 1901) ''T. exiguus'' is a widespread

intestinal The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The tract is the largest of the body's systems, after the cardiovascular system. T ...

parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The ent ...

worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateria, bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limb (anatomy), limbs, and usually no eyes. Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine ...

. Its

hosts A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it. Host may also refer to: Places * Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County * Host Island, in the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica People * ...

are

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine current power * Marine debris * Marine energy * Marine habitats * Mari ...

and

brackish water Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuary ...

fish A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can ...

of the

basin. This species is found in the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern Eur ...

(near the coasts of

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

and

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

), in the

Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Se ...

(Italy,

Montenegro , image_flag = Flag of Montenegro.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg , coa_size = 80 , national_motto = , national_anthem = () , image_map = Europe-Mont ...

), the

Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, is a small inland sea entirely within the borders of Turkey. It links the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea via the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, separating Turkey's E ...

, the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

and the

Sea of Azov The Sea of Azov is an inland Continental shelf#Shelf seas, shelf sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch, and sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded by Ru ...

(near the coasts of

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

). ''T. exiguus'' is able to thrive in a variety hosts. It has been found as an intestinal parasite in

anchovies An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water. More than 140 species are placed in 1 ...

, sand-smelts, shads,

garfish The garfish (''Belone belone''), also known as the garpike, needlefish or sea needle, is a pelagic, oceanodromous needlefish found in brackish and marine waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, Caribbean, Black, and Baltic Seas. De ...

es,

eels Eels are ray-finned fish belonging to the order (biology), order Anguilliformes (), which consists of eight suborders, 20 Family (biology), families, 164 genus, genera, and about 1000 species. Eels undergo considerable development from the earl ...

sticklebacks The sticklebacks are a family of ray-finned fishes, the Gasterosteidae which have a Holarctic distribution in fresh, brackish and marine waters. They were thought to be related to the pipefish and seahorses but are now thought to be more closel ...

, pipe-fishes, grass gobies, some other

gobies Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising over 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than in length, and the fam ...

blennies Blennies (from the Greek and , mucus, slime) are a diverse clade of ray-finned fish in the suborder Blennioidei of the percomorph order Blenniiformes. They inhabit marine, brackish, and occasionally freshwater habitats, and generally share simi ...

, and

wrasse The wrasses are a family, Labridae, of marine ray-finned fish, many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 81 genera, which are divided into nine subgroups or tribes. They are typically small, ...

s. ''T. exiguus

tegument Tegument may refer to: * Integumentary system, a protective organ system forming the outermost layer of an animal's body * Tegument (helminth), an outer covering characteristic of flatworms * Viral tegument A viral tegument or tegument, more ...

is covered with spines in anterior and posterior parts. Its cerebral

ganglion A ganglion (: ganglia) is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, this includes dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others. In the autonomic nervous system, there are ...

located in central part of the proboscis sac, sometime moved to anterior region. Its

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular arthropod mouthparts, mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a pr ...

is cylindrical or club-shaped, armed with 12 longitudinal rows of hooks of same type; the smaller hooks are in the posterior region of proboscis, larger is in its central part. The roots of the hooks have long forward-facing appendixes. In the

the

intermediate host In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include ...

s of this acanthocephalan is the

amphipod Amphipoda () is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods () range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 10,700 amphipod species cur ...

'' Apherusa bispinosa'',Belofastova I.P., Grintsov V.A. (2003) On the Find of Acantellae of the Acanthocephalan ''Telosentis exiguus'' in ''Apherusa bispinosa'' (Amphipoda, Calliopiidae) in the

. Vestnik Zoologii, 37(4): 57–59. (in Russia

/ref> in the

coelom The coelom (or celom) is the main body cavity in many animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs. In some animals, it is lined with mesothelium. In other animals, such as molluscs, i ...

of which the cystacanthes are located.

Fish A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can ...

are infested by feeding on

amphipods Amphipoda () is an order (biology), order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods () range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 10,700 amphip ...

infected with

larvae A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect developmental biology, development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typical ...

. *''Telosentis lutianusi'' Gupta & Gupta, 1990 *''Telosentis mizellei'' Gupta & Fatma, 1988 *''Telosentis molini'' Van Cleave, 1923

Hosts

Notes

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2466705 Echinorhynchida Acanthocephala families