Ibn Ṭufayl

Ibn Ṭufayl ( – 1185) was an Arab Andalusian Muslim polymath: a writer, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, astronomer, and vizier.

As a philosopher and novelist, he is most famous for writing the first philosophical novel, (The Living Son of the Vigilant)'','' considered a major work of Arabic literature emerging from Al-Andalus. As a physician, he was an early supporter of dissection and autopsy, which was expressed in his novel.Jon Mcginnis, ''Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources'', p. 284, Hackett Publishing Company, .

Life

Born in Guadix, near Granada, he was educated by Ibn Bajjah (Avempace). His family were from the Arab Qays tribe. He was a secretary for several leaders, including the rulers of Ceuta and Tangier, in 1154. He also served as a secretary for the ruler of Granada, and later as vizier and physician for Abu Yaqub Yusuf, the Almohad caliph, to whom he recommended Ibn Rushd (Averroës) as his own future successor in 1169. Ibn Rushd later reports this event and describes how Ibn Tufayl then inspired him to write his famous Aristotelian commentaries:

Ibn Rushd became Ibn Tufayl's successor after he retired in 1182; Ibn Tufayl died several years later in Morocco in 1185. The astronomer Nur Ed-Din Al-Bitruji was also a disciple of Ibn Tufayl. Al-Bitruji was influenced by him to follow the Aristotelian system of astronomy, as he had originally followed the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.

His work in astronomy was historically significant as he played a major role in overturning the Ptolemaic ideas on astronomy. This event in history is called the "Andalusian Revolt", where he influenced many, including Al-Bitruji, to desert the Ptolemaic ideas. He was influential in the development of Islamic astronomy. Many later astronomers and scholars built upon his ideas and used his work as a basis for their own research and discoveries.

Many Islamic philosophers, writers, physicians, and astronomers have been influenced by Ibn Tufayl and his work. These people include Nur al-Din al-Bitruji, Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. al-Abbar, Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi, Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, and Ibn al-Khatib.

Ibn Tufayl served as the secretary of the Almohad governor of Granada, and later as the secretary of the Almohad governor of Ceuta and Tangiers (Abū Saʿīd ʿUthmān, one of 'Abd al-Mu'min's sons). Eventually, Ibn Tufayl moved to the service of Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf, who was a prince at the time and later became the second Almohad caliph.

''Hayy ibn Yaqzan''

Ibn Tufayl was the author of ' (), also known as ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' in Latin, a philosophical romance and allegorical novel inspired by Avicennism and Sufism, and which tells the story of an autodidactic feral child, raised by a gazelle and living alone on a desert island, who, without contact with other human beings, discovers ultimate truth through a systematic process of reasoned inquiry. Hayy ultimately comes into contact with civilization and religion when he meets a castaway named Absal (Asāl in some translations). He determines that certain trappings of religion, namely imagery and dependence on material goods, are necessary for the multitude in order that they might have decent lives. However, imagery and material goods are distractions from the truth and ought to be abandoned by those whose reason recognizes that they are. The names of the characters in the novel, Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān, Salamān, and Absāl were borrowed from Ibn Sina's tales. The title of the novel is also the same as Ibn Sina's novel. Ibn Tufayl did this on purpose to use the characters and the title as a small reference to Ibn Sina, as he wanted to touch upon his philosophy.

Ibn Tufayl's ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' was written as a response to al-Ghazali's ''The Incoherence of the Philosophers''. In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis later wrote the ''Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Siera al-Nabawiyyah'' (known as ''Theologus Autodidactus'' in the West) as a response to Ibn Tufayl's ''Philosophus Autodidactus''.

''Hayy ibn Yaqdhan'' had a significant influence on both Arabic literature and European literature, and it went on to become an influential best-seller throughout Western Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.G. A. Russell (1994), ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 228, Brill Publishers, . The work also had a "profound influence" on both classical Islamic philosophy and modern Western philosophy. G. J. Toomer (1996), ''Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 218, Oxford University Press, . It became "one of the most important books that heralded the Scientific Revolution" and European Enlightenment, and the thoughts expressed in the novel can be found "in different variations and to different degrees in the books of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Immanuel Kant." Samar Attar, ''The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought'', Lexington Books, .

A Latin translation of the work, entitled ''Philosophus Autodidactus'', first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger. The first English translation (by Simon Ockley) was published in 1708. These translations later may have inspired Daniel Defoe to write ''Robinson Crusoe'', which also featured a desert island narrative.Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' 43 (4): 357–377 69 The novel is also thought to have inspired the concept of "tabula rasa" developed by John Locke, in ''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'' (1690). Locke's concept of "tabula rasa" refers to a state in which an infant is as formless as a blank slate. "Locke's ''Essay'' went on to become one of the principal sources of empiricism in modern Western philosophy, and influenced many enlightenment philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. Hayy's ideas on materialism in the novel also have some similarities to Karl Marx's historical materialism.Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), ''The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān'', pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, . It also foreshadowed Molyneux's Problem, proposed by William Molyneux to Locke, who included it in the second book of ''An Essay Concerning Human Understanding''.
Other European writers influenced by ''Philosophus Autodidactus'' included Gottfried Leibniz,Martin Wainwright
Desert island scripts
''The Guardian'', 22 March 2003. Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers, Samuel Hartlib, G. J. Toomer (1996), ''Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England'', p. 222, Oxford University Press, . and Voltaire.Tor Eigeland
The Ripening Years
, ''Saudi Aramco World'', September–October 1976. In more recent readings, Nadia Maftouni has coined the term ''Sciart'' for intertwined artistic and scientific activities and has described Ibn Tufayl's ''Hayy ibn Yaqzan'' as a leading instant which touches on issues like human anatomy, autopsy, and vivisection within the confines of his novel.

Works

*'' (''): Is a long poem describing how to diagnose illnesses, and find their cures. The poem is written in the Arabic Rajaz metre. It was only found recently in the capital of Morocco, which is Rabat.
Arabic text of ''Hayy bin Yaqzan''
from Wikisource
Full pdf of French translation of ''Hayy bin Yaqzan''
from Google Books
*English translations of ''Hayy bin Yaqzan'' (in chronological order)
**
The improvement of human reason, exhibited in the life of Hai ebn Yokdhan
', written in Arabic above 500 years ago, by Abu Jaafar ebn Tophail, newly translated from the original Arabic, by Simon Ockley. With an appendix, in which the possibility of man's attaining of the true knowledge of God, and things necessary to salvation, without instruction, is briefly considered. London: Printed and sold by E. Powell, 1708.
**Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail, ''The history of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan'', translated from the Arabic by Simon Ockley, revised, with an introduction by A.S. Fulton. London: Chapman and Hall, 1929
available online
(omits the introductory section)
**''Ibn Tufayl's Hayy ibn Yaqzān: a philosophical tale'', translated with introduction and notes by Lenn Evan Goodman. New York: Twayne, 1972.
**''The journey of the soul: the story of Hai bin Yaqzan'', as told by Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Tufail, a new translation by Riad Kocache. London: Octagon, 1982.
**''Two Andalusian philosophers'', translated from the Arabic with an introduction and notes by Jim Colville. London: Kegan Paul, 1999.
**''Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings'', ed. Muhammad Ali Khalidi. Cambridge University Press, 2005. (omits the introductory section; omits the conclusion beginning with the protagonist's acquaintance with Absal; includes §§1-98 of 121 as numbered in the Ockley-Fulton version)
** Ben-Zaken, Avner, "Taming the Mystic", in Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). .

See also

*List of Arab scientists and scholars
*Early Islamic philosophy
*Arabic literature
*Autodidacticism

Notes

Citations

References

*P. Brönnle, ''The Awakening of the Soul'' (London, 1905)
*Samar Attar, ''The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought'' (Lanham, 2010)
*Ben-Zaken, Avner, "Taming the Mystic", in Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). .
*Mahmud Baroud, ''The Shipwrecked Sailor in Arabic and Western Literature: Ibn Tufayl and His Influence on European'' (London, 2012)

External links

*
PDF version


* ttp://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H030.htm About Ibn Tufaylbr>Ibn Tufayl's view of education implicit in his work ''Hayy Ibn Yaqzan'', by Silvio Sergio Scatolini Apostolo
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibn Tufayl
1105 births
1185 deaths
12th-century Arab people
Physicians from al-Andalus
Astronomers from al-Andalus
Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Medieval Islamic philosophers
12th-century Spanish philosophers
12th-century novelists
12th-century writers from al-Andalus
Scholars from the Almohad Caliphate
Qays
Philosophers from al-Andalus
People from Guadix
People from the Almohad Caliphate