IEC 61400 is an international standard published by the

International Electrotechnical Commission The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC; ) is an international standards organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronics, electronic and related technologies. IEC standards cover a va ...

(IEC) regarding

wind turbine A wind turbine is a device that wind power, converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. , hundreds of thousands of list of most powerful wind turbines, large turbines, in installations known as wind farms, were generating over ...

Purpose and function

IEC 61400 is a set of design requirements made to ensure that wind turbines are appropriately engineered against damage from hazards within the planned lifetime. The standard concerns most aspects of the turbine life from site conditions before construction, to turbine components being tested,Woebbeking, Mike
"IEC TS 61400-22"
pages 1-2 and 9 ''

Germanischer Lloyd The was a classification society based in Hamburg, Germany. It ceased to exist as an independent entity in September 2013 as a result of its merger with Norway's DNV (Det Norske Veritas) to become DNV GL. Before the merger, as a technical sup ...

'', 2008. Accessed: 12 March 2011
Archive
/ref> assembled and operated. Wind turbines are capital intensive, and are usually purchased before they are being erected and commissioned. Some of these standards provide technical conditions verifiable by an independent, third party, and as such are necessary in order to make business agreements so wind turbines can be financed and erected. IEC started standardizing international certification on the subject in 1995, and the first standard appeared in 2001. The common set of standards sometimes replace the various national standards, forming a basis for global certification.

Small wind turbine Small wind turbines, also known as micro wind turbines or urban wind turbines, are wind turbines that generate electricity for Microgeneration, small-scale use. These turbines are typically smaller than those found in wind farms. Small wind tur ...

s are defined as being of up to 200 m² swept area and a somewhat simplified IEC 61400-2 standard addresses these. It is also possible to use the IEC 61400-1 standard for turbines of less than 200 m² swept area. The standards for loads and noise are used in the development of prototypes at the Østerild Wind Turbine Test Field.

Harmonization

US certification standards for offshore wind turbines

In the U.S., standards are intended to be compatible with IEC standards,Dodge, Darrell M
"Development of Wind Industry Consensus Standards"
''

National Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in the US specializes in the research and development of renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy systems integration, and sustainable transportation. NREL is a federally funded research and ...

'', 27 February 1996. Retrieved: 16 August 2012. Quote: "U.S. standards must be compatible with IEC standards" and some parts of 61400 are required documentation. The U.S.

participates in IEC standards development work, and tests equipment according to these standards. For U.S. offshore turbines however, more standards are needed, and the most important are : *

ISO The International Organization for Standardization (ISO ; ; ) is an independent, non-governmental, international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries. Me ...

19900, General requirements for offshore structures * ISO 19902, Fixed steel offshore structures * ISO 19903, Fixed concrete offshore structures * ISO 19904-1, Floating offshore structures – mono-hulls, semisubmersibles and spars * ISO 19904-2, Floating offshore structures - tension-leg platforms *

API An application programming interface (API) is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how to build ...

RP 2A-WSD, Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore steel platforms - working stress design.Musial, W. D.; Sheppard, R. E.; Dolan, D.; Naughton, B.
Development of Offshore Wind Recommended Practice for U.S. WatersIntro page
''

'', April 2013. Accessed: 20 November 2013. In Canada, the previous national standards were outdated and impeded the wind industry, and they were updated and harmonized with 61400 by the

Canadian Standards Association The CSA Group (formerly the Canadian Standards Association; CSA) is a standards organization which develops standards in 57 areas. CSA publishes standards in print and electronic form, and provides training and advisory services. CSA is composed ...

with several modifications. An update for IEC 61400 is scheduled for 2016. For small wind turbines the global industry has been working towards harmonisation of certification requirements with a "test once, certify everywhere" objective. Considerable co-operation has been taking place between UK, USA, and more recently Japan, Denmark and other countries so that the IEC 61400-2 standard as interpreted within e.g. the MCS certification scheme (of UK origin) is interoperable with the USA (for example where it corresponds to an AWEA small wind turbine standard) and other countries.

Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) classes

Wind turbines are designed for specific conditions. During the construction and design phase assumptions are made about the wind climate that the wind turbines will be exposed to. Turbine wind class is just one of the factors needing consideration during the complex process of planning a

wind power Wind power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work. Historically, wind power was used by sails, windmills and windpumps, but today it is mostly used to generate electricity. This article deals only with wind power for electricity ge ...

plant. Wind classes determine which turbine is suitable for the normal wind conditions of a particular site. Turbine classes are determined by three parameters - the average wind speed, extreme 50-year gust, and turbulence. Turbulence intensity quantifies how much the wind varies typically within 10 minutes. Because the fatigue loads of a number of major components in a wind turbine are mainly caused by turbulence, the knowledge of how turbulent a site is of crucial importance. Normally the wind speed increases with increasing height due to vertical

wind shear Wind shear (; also written windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical ...

. In flat terrain the wind speed increases

logarithmically In mathematics, the logarithm of a number is the exponent by which another fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number. For example, the logarithm of to base is , because is to the rd power: . More generally, if , then ...

with height. In complex terrain the wind profile is not a simple increase and additionally a separation of the flow might occur, leading to heavily increased turbulence. The extreme wind speeds are based on the 3 second average wind speed. Turbulence is measured at 15 m/s wind speed. This is the definition in IEC 61400-1 edition 2. For U.S. waters however, several

hurricane A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure area, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its ...

s have already exceeded wind class Ia with speeds above the 70 m/s (156 mph), and efforts are being made to provide suitable standards. In 2021,

TÜV SÜD TÜVs (; short for , ) are internationally active, independent service companies from Germany and Austria that test, inspect and certify technical systems, facilities and objects of all kinds in order to minimize hazards and prevent damages. T ...

developed a standard to simulate a new wind class T1 for tropical cyclones.

List of IEC 61400 parts

*IEC 61400-1:2005+AMD1:2010 Design requirements *IEC 61400-1:2019 RLV Design requirements (Redline Version) *IEC 61400-2:2013 Small wind turbines *IEC 61400-3-1:2019 Design requirements for fixed offshore wind turbines *IEC TS 61400-3-2:2019 Design requirements for floating offshore wind turbines *IEC 61400-4:2012 Design requirements for wind turbine gearboxes *IEC 61400-5:2020 Wind turbine blades *IEC 61400-6:2020 Tower and foundation design requirements *IEC 61400-8:2024 Design of wind turbine structural components *IEC 61400-11:2012+AMD1:2018 CSV Acoustic noise measurement techniques (Consolidated Version) *IEC TS 61400-11-2:2024 Acoustic noise measurement techniques - Measurement of wind turbine sound characteristics in receptor position *IEC 61400-12:2022 Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines - Overview *IEC 61400-12-1:2022 Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines *IEC 61400-12-2:2022 Power performance of electricity producing wind turbines based on nacelle anemometry *IEC 61400-12-3:2022 Power performance - Measurement based site calibration *IEC TR 61400-12-4:2020 Numerical site calibration for power performance testing of wind turbines *IEC 61400-12-5:2022 Power performance - Assessment of obstacles and terrain *IEC 61400-12-6:2022 Measurement based nacelle transfer function of electricity producing wind turbines *IEC 61400-13:2015+AMD1:2021 CSV Measurement of mechanical loads (Consolidated Version) *IEC TS 61400-14:2005 Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values *IEC 61400-21-1:2019 Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics - Wind turbines *IEC 61400-21-2:2023 Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics - Wind power plants *IEC TR 61400-21-3:2019 Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics - Wind turbine harmonic model and its application *IEC 61400-23:2014 Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades *IEC 61400-24:2019 Lightning protection *IEC 61400-25-1:2017 RLV Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants - Overall description of principles and models (Redline Version) *IEC 61400-25-2:2015 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants - Information models *IEC 61400-25-3:2015 RLV Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants - Information exchange models (Redline Version) *IEC 61400-25-4:2016 RLV Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants - Mapping to communication profile (Redline Version) *IEC 61400-25-5:2017 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants - Conformance testing *IEC 61400-25-6:2016 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants - Logical node classes and data classes for condition monitoring *IEC TS 61400-25-71:2019 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants - Configuration description language *IEC TS 61400-26-1:2019 Availability for wind energy generation systems *IEC TS 61400-26-4:2024 Reliability for wind energy generation systems *IEC 61400-27-1:2020 Electrical simulation models - Generic models *IEC 61400-27-2:2020 Electrical simulation models - Model validation *IEC TS 61400-29:2023 Marking and lighting of wind turbines *IEC TS 61400-30:2023 Safety of wind turbine generators - General principles for design *IEC TS 61400-31:2023 Siting risk assessment *IEC 61400-50:2022 Wind measurement - Overview *IEC 61400-50-1:2022 Wind measurement - Application of meteorological mast, nacelle and spinner mounted instruments *IEC 61400-50-2:2022 Wind measurement - Application of ground-mounted

remote sensing Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an physical object, object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object, in contrast to in situ or on-site observation. The term is applied especially to acquiring inform ...

technology *IEC 61400-50-3:2022 Use of nacelle-mounted lidars for wind measurements

References

External links

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IEC 61400 Wind turbines - All parts
{{List of IEC standards #61400 Electric power transmission systems Electric power distribution Wind turbines