''Hydriastele'' is a diverse and widespread

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

in the

palm Palm most commonly refers to: * Palm of the hand, the central region of the front of the hand * Palm plants, of family Arecaceae ** List of Arecaceae genera **Palm oil * Several other plants known as "palm" Palm or Palms may also refer to: Music ...

family found throughout northern

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

Melanesia Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from New Guinea in the west to the Fiji Islands in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea. The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Vanu ...

Polynesia Polynesia ( , ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of more than 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are called Polynesians. They have many things in ...

, and

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

. It consisted of just nine

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

until 2004, when molecular research, supported by morphologic similarities, led taxonomists to include the members of the ''Gulubia'', ''Gronophyllum'', and ''Siphokentia'' genera. About 40 species are now recognized.

Description

The palms now classified in this genus have uniting traits but are nonetheless diverse. Pleonanthy, monoecy,

crownshaft An elongated circumferential leaf base formation present on some species of palm is called a crownshaft. The leaf bases of some pinnate leaved palms (most notable being ''Roystonea regia'' or the royal palm but also including the genera ''Areca' ...

s, peduncular bracts, and the lack of armament characterize all members. The trunks may be solitary or suckering and may be diminutive to robust, spanning a range of heights. The leaves are

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and ...

and widely varied. The

inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

s are branched to three orders with both male and female

flower Flowers, also known as blooms and blossoms, are the reproductive structures of flowering plants ( angiosperms). Typically, they are structured in four circular levels, called whorls, around the end of a stalk. These whorls include: calyx, m ...

s, some of which are

beetle Beetles are insects that form the Taxonomic rank, order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Holometabola. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 40 ...

-pollinated.Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) ''Genera Palmarum - A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore''. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press. / The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...

may be ellipsoidal or spherical and colored yellow, orange, red, purple, or black when ripe, each with a single

seed In botany, a seed is a plant structure containing an embryo and stored nutrients in a protective coat called a ''testa''. More generally, the term "seed" means anything that can be Sowing, sown, which may include seed and husk or tuber. Seeds ...

Taxonomy

The genus ''Hydriastele'' was first formally described in 1875 by

Hermann Wendland Hermann Wendland (October 11, 1825 in Herrenhausen – January 12, 1903 in Hanover) was a German botanist and gardener. He was a noted authority on the family Arecaceae The Arecaceae () is a family (biology), family of perennial plant, peren ...

and

Carl Georg Oscar Drude Carl Georg Oscar Drude (5 June 1852 in Braunschweig – 1 February 1933 in Dresden) was a German botanist. From 1870 he studied science and chemistry at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig, relocating to the University of Göttingen the fol ...

in the journal ''

Linnaea ''Linnaea borealis'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae (the honeysuckle family). It is the only species in the genus ''Linnaea''. It is a boreal to subarctic woodland subshrub, commonly known as twinflower (sometimes ...

'' and the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

is ''

Hydriastele wendlandiana ''Hydriastele wendlandiana'', commonly known as Wendland's palm, cat o' nine tails, creek palm or kentia palm, is a tall, multi-stemmed tree in the palm family Arecaceae. It is native to New Guinea and the Australian states of Queensland and t ...

''. The genus name is derived from

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

, combining " hydriad", a water nymph in mythology, and "column".Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) ''An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms''. Portland: Timber Press. /

Species list

The following is a list of ''Hydriastele'' species accepted by

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...

as at December 2022: * ''

Hydriastele apetiolata ''Hydriastele'' is a diverse and widespread genus of flowering plant in the palm family found throughout northern Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Southeast Asia. It consisted of just nine species until 2004, when molecular research, suppor ...

'' Petoe & W.J.Baker (

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

) * '' Hydriastele aprica'' ( B.E.Young) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele beguinii'' ( Burret) W.J.Baker & Loo (

Maluku Maluku may refer to: Places * Maluku Islands, an archipelago that is part of Indonesia ** List of the Maluku Islands * Maluku (province), a province of Indonesia comprising the central and southern parts of the archipelago * North Maluku, a provin ...

) * '' Hydriastele biakensis'' W.J.Baker & Heatubun (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele bournae'' W.J.Baker & D.Watling (

Fiji Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about ...

) * '' Hydriastele calcicola'' W.J.Baker & Petoe (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele costata''

F.M.Bailey Frederick Manson Bailey (8 March 1827 – 25 June 1915) was a botanist active in Australia, who made valuable contributions to the characterisation of the flora of Queensland. He was known by his middle name, Manson. Early life Bailey was bo ...

(

Bismarck Archipelago The Bismarck Archipelago (, ) is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and is part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea. Its area is about . History The first inhabitants of the archipela ...

, New Guinea,

Queensland Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...

) * '' Hydriastele cylindrocarpa'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (

Santa Cruz Islands The Santa Cruz Islands form an archipelago in Temotu Province, Solomon Islands. They lie approximately to the southeast of the Solomon Islands (archipelago), Solomon Islands archipelago, just north of the archipelago of Vanuatu and are con ...

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (; ), is an island country in Melanesia located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, east o ...

) * '' Hydriastele divaricata'' Heatubun, Petoe & W.J.Baker (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele dransfieldii'' (

Hambali Riduan Isamuddin, also known by the ''nom de guerre'' Hambali (born April 4, 1964), is the former military leader of the Indonesian terrorist organization Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He is currently in American custody at Guantanamo Bay detainment ...

, Maturb., Wanggai & W.J.Baker) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele flabellata'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele gibbsiana'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele hombronii'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons,John Prados, ''Islands of Destiny'', Dutton Caliber, 2012, p,20 and passim is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 1000 smaller islands in Melanesia, part of Oceania, t ...

) * '' Hydriastele kasesa'' (Lauterb.) Burret (Bismarck Archipelago) * '' Hydriastele kjellbergii'' (Burret) W.J.Baker & Loo (

Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...

) * '' Hydriastele lanata'' W.J.Baker & Petoe (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele ledermanniana'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele longispatha'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele lurida'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele macrospadix'' (Burret) W.J.Baker & Loo (Solomon Islands) * '' Hydriastele manusii'' ( Essig) W.J.Baker & Loo (Bismarck Archipelago) * '' Hydriastele microcarpa'' (Scheff.) W.J.Baker & Loo (Maluku Islands) * '' Hydriastele moluccana'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (Maluku Islands) * '' Hydriastele montana'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele nannostachys'' W.J.Baker & Loo (Sulawesi) * '' Hydriastele oxypetala'' Burret) W.J.Baker & Loo (Maluku Islands) * '' Hydriastele palauensis'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (

Caroline Islands The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically, they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the cen ...

) * ''

Hydriastele pinangoides ''Hydriastele'' is a diverse and widespread genus of flowering plant in the arecaceae, palm family found throughout northern Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Southeast Asia. It consisted of just nine species until 2004, when molecular resea ...

'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele procera'' (Blume) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * ''

Hydriastele ramsayi ''Hydriastele'' is a diverse and widespread genus of flowering plant in the arecaceae, palm family found throughout northern Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Southeast Asia. It consisted of just nine species until 2004, when molecular resea ...

'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (

Northern Territory The Northern Territory (abbreviated as NT; known formally as the Northern Territory of Australia and informally as the Territory) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian internal territory in the central and central-northern regi ...

) * '' Hydriastele rheophytica'' Dowe & M.D.Ferrero * '' Hydriastele sarasinorum'' (Burret) W.J.Baker & Loo (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele selebica'' (Becc.) W.J.Baker & Loo (Sulawesi) * '' Hydriastele simbiakii'' Heatubun, Petoe & W.J.Baker (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele splendida'' Heatubun, Petoe & W.J.Baker (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele variabilis'' (Becc.) Burret (New Guinea) * '' Hydriastele vitiensis'' W.J.Baker & Loo (Fiji) * ''

'' (F.Muell.) H.Wendl. &

Drude In German folklore, a drude (, , pl. ''Druden'') is a kind of malevolent nocturnal spirit (an alp, kobold or hag) associated with nightmares, prevalent especially in Southern Germany. Druden were said to participate in the Wild Hunt and we ...

(New Guinea, Northern Territory, Queensland) * '' Hydriastele wosimiensis'' W.J.Baker & Petoe (New Guinea)

Distribution and habitat

Their known natural range includes a number of tropical settings in

, the

Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands ( ; , ) or the Moluccas ( ; ) are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia. Tectonics, Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located in West ...

, the

New Hebrides New Hebrides, officially the New Hebrides Condominium () and named after the Hebrides in Scotland, was the colonial name for the island group in the South Pacific Ocean that is now Vanuatu. Native people had inhabited the islands for three th ...

, and

Palau Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an island country in the Micronesia subregion of Oceania in the western Pacific Ocean. The Republic of Palau consists of approximately 340 islands and is the western part of the Caroline Islands ...

. Very often they are found in

rain forest Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree Canopy (biology), canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforests can be generally classified as tropi ...

s of the

montane Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures lapse rate, fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is ...

and low lying varieties or upon

ultrabasic Ultramafic rocks (also referred to as ultrabasic rocks, although the terms are not wholly equivalent) are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with a very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are usual ...

rock,

limestone Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...

ridges and serpentine faces.

Cultivation and uses

Several of these palms are cultivated and typically require conditions resembling those of their range. The trunks of some species are used as wall and floorboard components in house construction or split and fashioned into

spear A spear is a polearm consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a pointed head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with Fire hardening, fire hardened spears, or it may be made of a more durable materia ...

References

External links

''Hydriastele'' on NPGS/GRIN

GBIF portal

Fairchild Guide to Palms: ''Hydriastele''

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Notes

:The original website at palmguide.org has been usurped and its full content is no longer available. This link is an incomplete archive of the original. {{Taxonbar, from=Q2711792 Areceae Arecaceae genera Taxa named by Carl Georg Oscar Drude