''Hydnellum joeides'' (the

epithet An epithet (, ), also byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) known for accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, di ...

is sometimes spelled ''ionides'' or ''jonides'') is a species of

tooth fungus The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps (fruit bodies) producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the g ...

in the family ''

Bankeraceae The ''Bankeraceae'' are a family of fungi in the order Thelephorales. Taxa are terrestrial, and ectomycorrhizal with plant species in families such as Pinaceae or Fagaceae. The family was circumscribed by Marinus Anton Donk in 1961. According ...

''.

Taxonomy

It was first described by Italian botanist

Giovanni Passerini Giovanni Passerini was an Italian botanist and entomologist, born on June 16, 1816 in Pieve di Guastalla. He died on April 17, 1893 in Parma . In 1836 he studied medicine at the University of Parma, where from 1844 onward, he was a professor of b ...

in 1872 as ''Hydnum joeides''. Frédéric Bataille transferred it to the genus ''

Sarcodon ''Sarcodon'' is a genus of fungi in the family Bankeraceae, which is part of the order Thelephorales The Thelephorales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes corticioid and hydnoid fungi, together with a few ...

'' in 1924.

Description

The fungus makes

fruit bodies The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cyc ...

with flattened to concave caps measuring in diameter. They initially have a velvety surface texture that later breaks up into reddish-brown scales. The crowded spines on the cap underside are up to 3 mm long, and are decurrent on the stipe. Initially pale pink, they become brownish in age. Spores are tuberculate (covered in warts), and measure 6.3–7.2 by 4–4.7

μm The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Unit ...

. It is reportedly inedible.

Habitat and distribution

The fungus is found in western and central Europe, where it is an

ectomycorrhiza An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ', "outside", μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobi ...

l symbiont of European beech (''Fagus sylvatica''), English oak (''Quercus robur''), and probably

sessile oak ''Quercus petraea'', commonly known as the sessile oak, Cornish oak, Irish Oak or durmast oak, is a species of oak tree native to most of Europe and into Anatolia and Iran. The sessile oak is the national tree of Ireland, and an unofficial embl ...

(''Quercus petraea''). It is on the red lists of several countries: Flandres, France and Norway ( critically endangered); The Netherlands, Germany, Lower Saxony and Switzerland ( endangered); and Sweden (

vulnerable Vulnerable may refer to: General * Vulnerability * Vulnerability (computing) * Vulnerable adult * Vulnerable species Music Albums * ''Vulnerable'' (Marvin Gaye album), 1997 * ''Vulnerable'' (Tricky album), 2003 * ''Vulnerable'' (The Used album) ...

). Because of the continued decline in sightings in Europe, it has been proposed for inclusion on the

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biologi ...

. The species has also been reported from the United States, and New Zealand, although mycologist Eef Arnolds regards these records as doubtful because of discrepancies in the reported sizes of the spores.

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q9333916 Fungi described in 1872 Fungi of Europe joeides Inedible fungi Fungus species