is a classical Japanese anthology of one hundred Japanese ''waka'' by one hundred poets. ''Hyakunin isshu'' can be translated to "one hundred people, one poem ach; it can also refer to the card game of ''

uta-garuta is a type of a deck of ''karuta'', Japanese traditional playing cards. A set of ''uta-garuta'' contains two sets of 100 cards, with a '' waka'' poem written on each. ''Uta-garuta'' is also the name of the game in which the deck is used. The st ...

'', which uses a deck composed of cards based on the ''Hyakunin Isshu''. The most famous and standard version was compiled by

Fujiwara no Teika was a Japanese anthologist, calligrapher, literary critic,"The high quality of poetic theory (''karon'') in this age depends chiefly upon the poetic writings of Fujiwara Shunzei and his son Teika. The other theorists of ''tanka'' writing, st ...

(1162–1241) while he lived in the Ogura district of

Kyoto Kyoto ( or ; Japanese language, Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan's largest and most populous island of Honshu. , the city had a population of 1.46 million, making it t ...

. It is therefore also known as .

Compilation

One of Teika's diaries, the ''Meigetsuki'', says that his son Tameie asked him to arrange one hundred poems for Tameie's father-in-law, Utsunomiya Yoritsuna, who was furnishing a residence near

Mount Ogura is a mountain located between Kitaaiki and Minamiaiki Villages, Minamisaku District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. With its summit being 2,112 meters above sea level, it is the tallest mountain in Minamiaiki, Nagano. It is known for the Japane ...

; hence the full name of ''Ogura Hyakunin Isshu''. In order to decorate screens of the residence,

produced the calligraphy poem sheets.

Hishikawa Moronobu Hishikawa Moronobu (; 1618 – 25 July 1694) was a Japanese artist known for popularizing the ukiyo-e genre of woodblock prints and paintings in the late 17th century. He consolidated the works of scattered Japanese art styles and forged ...

(1618–1694) provided woodblock portraits for each of the poets included in the anthology.

Katsukawa Shunshō Shunshō Katsukawa (; 1726 – 19 January 1793) was a Japanese painter and printmaker in the ''ukiyo-e'' style, and the leading artist of the Katsukawa school. Shunshō studied under Miyagawa Shunsui, son and student of Miyagawa Chōshun, bo ...

(1726–1793) designed prints for a full-color edition published in 1775. In his own lifetime, Teika was better known for other work. For example, in 1200 (''

Shōji A is a door, window or room divider used in traditional Japanese architecture, consisting of Transparency and translucency, translucent (or transparent) sheets on a lattice frame. Where light transmission is not needed, the similar but opaq ...

'' 2), he prepared another anthology of one hundred poems for ex-

Emperor Go-Toba was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1183 through 1198. This 12th-century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba, and ''go-'' (後), translates literally as "later"; ...

, called the ''Shōji Hyakushu''.

Poets

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

Poems

Poem number 1

A poem by

Emperor Tenji , known first as and later as until his accession, was the 38th emperor of Japan who reigned from 668 to 671. He was the son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku (Empress Saimei), and his children included Empress Jitō, Empress Genmei, an ...

about the hardships of farmers. Teika chose this poem from the ''

Gosen Wakashū The , often abbreviated as ''Gosenshū'' ("Later Collection"), is the second imperial anthology of Japanese poetry, Japanese Waka (poetry), waka compiled in 951 in poetry, 951 at the behest of Emperor Murakami by the Five Men of the Pear Chamber ...

'':

Poem number 2

A visually-descriptive poem attributed to

Empress Jitō was the 41st emperor of Japan, monarch of Japan,Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'') 持統天皇 (41)/ref> according to the traditional List of Emperors of Japan, order of succession. Jitō's reign spanned the years from Jitō period, 68 ...

. Teika chose this poem from the ''

Shin Kokin Wakashū The , also known in abbreviated form as the or even conversationally as the Shin Kokin, is the eighth imperial anthology of waka poetry compiled by the Japanese court, beginning with the '' Kokin Wakashū'' circa 905 and ending with the '' Shin ...

'': The original was likely based from a poem of the ''

Man'yōshū The is the oldest extant collection of Japanese (poetry in Classical Japanese), compiled sometime after AD 759 during the Nara period. The anthology is one of the most revered of Japan's poetic compilations. The compiler, or the last in ...

'' (book 1, poem 28) by the same poet.

Poem number 26

A Hundred Verses from Old Japan - poem 026

A quite different poem is attributed to ''

Sadaijin The ''Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary'', Kenkyusha Limited, was a government position in Japan during the Asuka to Meiji era. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the initial appearance of the ''Sadaijin'' in the context of a cent ...

Fujiwara no Tadahira was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician during the Heian period.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Fujiwara no Tadahira" in ; Brinkley, Frank ''et al.'' (1915). He is also known as ''Teishin-Kō'' (貞信公) or ''Ko-ichijō Dono'' ...

in the context of a very specific incident. After abdicating, former

Emperor Uda was the 59th emperor of Japan,Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'') 宇多天皇 (59)/ref> according to the traditional order of succession. Uda's reign spanned the years from 887 through 897. Traditional narrative Name and legacy Befor ...

visited Mount Ogura in

Yamashiro Province was a province of Japan, located in Kinai. It overlaps the southern part of modern Kyoto Prefecture on Honshū. Aliases include , the rare , and . It is classified as an upper province in the '' Engishiki''. Yamashiro Province included Kyoto it ...

. He was so greatly impressed by the beauty of autumn colours of the maples that he ordered Fujiwara no Tadahira to encourage Uda's son and heir,

Emperor Daigo was the 60th emperor of Japan,Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'') 醍醐天皇 (60)/ref> according to the traditional order of succession. Daigo's reign spanned the years from 897 through 930. He is named after his place of burial. Gen ...

, to visit the same area. was Tadahira's posthumous name, and this is the name used in William Porter's translation of the poem which observes that " e maples of Mount Ogura / If they could understand / Would keep their brilliant leaves / until e Ruler of this land / Pass with his Royal band." The accompanying 18th century illustration shows a person of consequence riding an ox in a procession with attendants on foot. The group is passing through an area of maple leaves. Teika chose this poem from the ''

Shūi Wakashū The , often abbreviated as ''Shūishū'', is the third imperial anthology of waka from Heian period The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th empe ...

'' for the hundred poems collection:

Poem number 86

A poem by

Saigyō was a Japanese poet of the late Heian and early Kamakura period. Biography Born in Kyoto to a noble family, he lived during the traumatic transition of power between the old court nobles and the new samurai warriors. After the start of the ag ...

about the pain of love. This poem was chosen from the ''

Senzai Wakashū , often abbreviated as ''Senzaishū'', is an imperial anthology of Japanese waka poetry. Compiled in 1187 by Fujiwara no Shunzei at the request of the Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who ordered it in 1183. It consists of twenty volumes cont ...

'':

Order of arrangement of the collection

File:Hyakuninisshu 001.jpg, 1.
Emperor Tenji
天智天皇 File:Hyakuninisshu 002.jpg, 2.
Empress Jitō
持統天皇 File:Hyakuninisshu 003.jpg, 3.
Kakinomoto no Hitomaro
柿本人麿 File:Hyakuninisshu 004.jpg, 4.
Yamabe no Akahito
山辺赤人 File:Hyakuninisshu 005.jpg, 5.
Sarumaru Dayū
猿丸大夫 File:Hyakuninisshu 006.jpg, 6.
Chūnagon Yakamochi
中納言家持 File:Hyakuninisshu 007.jpg, 7.
Abe no Nakamaro
安倍仲麿 File:Hyakuninisshu 008.jpg, 8.
Kisen Hōshi
喜撰法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 009.jpg, 9.
Ono no Komachi
小野小町 File:Hyakuninisshu 010.jpg, 10.
Semimaru
蝉丸 File:Hyakuninisshu 011.jpg, 11.
Sangi Takamura
参議篁 File:Hyakuninisshu 012.jpg, 12.
Sōjō Henjō
僧正遍昭 File:Hyakuninisshu 013.jpg, 13.
Retired Emperor Yōzei
陽成院 File:Hyakuninisshu 014.jpg, 14.
Minister of the Left of Kawara
河原左大臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 015.jpg, 15.
Emperor Kōkō
光孝天皇 File:Hyakuninisshu 016.jpg, 16.
Chūnagon Yukihira
中納言行平 File:Hyakuninisshu 017.jpg, 17.
Ariwara no Narihira Ason
在原業平朝臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 018.jpg, 18.
Fujiwara no Toshiyuki Ason
藤原敏行朝臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 019.jpg, 19.
Ise
伊勢 File:Hyakuninisshu 020.jpg, 20.
Prince Motoyoshi
元良親王 File:Hyakuninisshu 021.jpg, 21.
Sosei Hōshi
素性法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 022.jpg, 22.
Fun'ya no Yasuhide
文屋康秀 File:Hyakuninisshu 023.jpg, 23.
Ō'e no Chisato
大江千里 File:Hyakuninisshu 024.jpg, 24.
Kanke
菅家 File:Hyakuninisshu 025.jpg, 25.
Minister of the Right of Sanjō
三条右大臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 026.jpg, 26.
Teishin-kō
貞信公 File:Hyakuninisshu 027.jpg, 27.
Chūnagon Kanesuke
中納言兼輔 File:Hyakuninisshu 028.jpg, 28.
Minamoto no Muneyuki Ason
源宗于朝臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 029.jpg, 29.
Ōshikōchi no Mitsune
凡河内躬恒 File:Hyakuninisshu 030.jpg, 30.
Mibu no Tadamine
壬生忠岑 File:Hyakuninisshu 031.jpg, 31.
Sakanoue no Korenori
坂上是則 File:Hyakuninisshu 032.jpg, 32.
Harumichi no Tsuraki
春道列樹 File:Hyakuninisshu 033.jpg, 33.
Ki no Tomonori
紀友則 File:Hyakuninisshu 034.jpg, 34.
Fujiwara no Okikaze
藤原興風 File:Hyakuninisshu 035.jpg, 35.
Ki no Tsurayuki
紀貫之 File:Hyakuninisshu 036.jpg, 36.
Kiyohara no Fukayabu
清原深養父 File:Hyakuninisshu 037.jpg, 37.
Fun'ya no Asayasu
文屋朝康 File:Hyakuninisshu 038.jpg, 38.
Ukon
右近 File:Hyakuninisshu 039.jpg, 39.
Sangi Hitoshi
参議等 File:Hyakuninisshu 040.jpg, 40.
Taira no Kanemori
平兼盛 File:Hyakuninisshu 041.jpg, 41.
Mibu no Tadami
壬生忠見 File:Hyakuninisshu 042.jpg, 42.
Kiyohara no Motosuke
清原元輔 File:Hyakuninisshu 043.jpg, 43.
Acting Chūnagon Atsutada
権中納言敦忠 File:Hyakuninisshu 044.jpg, 44.
Chūnagon Asatada
中納言朝忠 File:Hyakuninisshu 045.jpg, 45.
Kentoku-kō
謙徳公 File:Hyakuninisshu 046.jpg, 46.
Sone no Yoshitada
曽禰好忠 File:Hyakuninisshu 047.jpg, 47.
Egyō Hōshi
恵慶法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 048.jpg, 48.
Minamoto no Shigeyuki
源重之 File:Hyakuninisshu 049.jpg, 49.
Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu Ason
大中臣能宣朝臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 050.jpg, 50.
Fujiwara no Yoshitaka
藤原義孝 File:Hyakuninisshu 051.jpg, 51.
Fujiwara no Sanekata Ason
藤原実方朝臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 052.jpg, 52.
Fujiwara no Michinobu Ason
藤原道信朝臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 053.jpg, 53.
Mother of the Right Captain Michitsuna
右大将道綱母 File:Hyakuninisshu 054.jpg, 54.
Mother of the Honorary Grand Minister
儀同三司母 File:Hyakuninisshu 055.jpg, 55.
Dainagon Kintō
大納言公任 File:Hyakuninisshu 056.jpg, 56.
Izumi Shikibu
和泉式部 File:Hyakuninisshu 057.jpg, 57.
Murasaki Shikibu
紫式部 File:Hyakuninisshu 058.jpg, 58.
Daini no San'mi
大弐三位 File:Hyakuninisshu 059.jpg, 59.
Akazome Emon
赤染衛門 File:Hyakuninisshu 060.jpg, 60.
Ko Shikibu no Naishi
小式部内侍 File:Hyakuninisshu 061.jpg, 61.
Ise no Taifu
伊勢大輔 File:Hyakuninisshu 062.jpg, 62.
Sei Shōnagon
清少納言 File:Hyakuninisshu 063.jpg, 63.
Sakyō no Daibu Michimasa
左京大夫道雅 File:Hyakuninisshu 064.jpg, 64.
Acting Chūnagon Sadayori
権中納言定頼 File:Hyakuninisshu 065.jpg, 65.
Sagami
相模 File:Hyakuninisshu 066.jpg, 66.
Dai Sōjō Gyōson
大僧正行尊 File:Hyakuninisshu 067.jpg, 67.
Suō no Naishi
周防内侍 File:Hyakuninisshu 068.jpg, 68.
Retired Emperor Sanjō
三条院 File:Hyakuninisshu 069.jpg, 69.
Nō'in Hōshi
能因法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 070.jpg, 70.
Ryōsen Hōshi
良暹法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 071.jpg, 71.
Dainagon Tsunenobu
大納言経信 File:Hyakuninisshu 072.jpg, 72.
Kii of Princess Yūshi's Household
祐子内親王家紀伊 File:Hyakuninisshu 073.jpg, 73.
Acting Chūnagon Masafusa
権中納言匡房 File:Hyakuninisshu 074.jpg, 74.
Minamoto no Toshiyori Ason
源俊頼朝臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 075.jpg, 75.
Fujiwara no Mototoshi
藤原基俊 File:Hyakuninisshu 076.jpg, 76.
Lay Novice of Hosshō-ji Temple, former Kampaku and Chancellor of the Realm
法性寺入道前関白太政大臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 077.jpg, 77.
Retired Emperor Sutoku
崇徳院 File:Hyakuninisshu 078.jpg, 78.
Minamoto no Kanemasa
源兼昌 File:Hyakuninisshu 079.jpg, 79.
Sakyō no Daibu Akisuke
左京大夫顕輔 File:Hyakuninisshu 080.jpg, 80.
Taikenmon In no Horikawa
待賢門院堀河 File:Hyakuninisshu 081.jpg, 81.
Go-Tokudaiji Sa-daijin
後徳大寺左大臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 082.jpg, 82.
Dōin Hōshi
道因法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 083.jpg, 83.
Master of the Empress Dowager's Household Toshinari
皇太后宮大夫俊成 File:Hyakuninisshu 084.jpg, 84.
Fujiwara no Kiyosuke Ason
藤原清輔朝臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 085.jpg, 85.
Shun'e Hōshi
俊恵法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 086.jpg, 86.
Saigyō Hōshi
西行法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 087.jpg, 87.
Jakuren Hōshi
寂蓮法師 File:Hyakuninisshu 088.jpg, 88.
Attendant to Empress Kōka
皇嘉門院別当 File:Hyakuninisshu 089.jpg, 89.
Princess Shokushi
式子内親王 File:Hyakuninisshu 090.jpg, 90.
Attendant to Empress Inpu
殷富門院大輔 File:Hyakuninisshu 091.jpg, 91.
Gokyōgoku Regent and former Chancellor of the Realm
後京極摂政前太政大臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 092.jpg, 92.
Nijō In no Sanuki
二条院讃岐 File:Hyakuninisshu 093.jpg, 93.
Kamakura U-daijin
鎌倉右大臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 094.jpg, 94.
Sangi Masatsune
参議雅経 File:Hyakuninisshu 095.jpg, 95.
Saki no Daisōjō Jien
前大僧正慈円 File:Hyakuninisshu 096.jpg, 96.
Lay Novice and former Chancellor of the Realm
入道前太政大臣 File:Hyakuninisshu 097.jpg, 97.
Acting Chūnagon Sadaie
権中納言定家 File:Hyakuninisshu 098.jpg, 98.
Ju-nii Ietaka
従二位家隆 File:Hyakuninisshu 099.jpg, 99.
Retired Emperor Go-Toba
後鳥羽院 File:Hyakuninisshu 100.jpg, 100.
Retired Emperor Juntoku
順徳院

English translations

The ''Ogura Hyakunin Isshu'' has been translated into many languages and into English many times. English translations include: * F. V. Dickins, ''Hyaku-Nin-Isshu, or Stanzas by a Century of Poets'' (1866) * Clay MacCauley, ''Hyakunin-isshu (Single Songs of a Hundred Poets)'', ''TASJ, 27''(4), 1–152 (1899) *

Yone Noguchi was an influential Japanese writer of poetry, fiction, essays and literary criticism in both English and Japanese. He is known in the west as Yone Noguchi. He was the father of noted sculptor Isamu Noguchi. Biography Early life in Japan Nog ...

, ' (1907) * William N. Porter, ' (1909) * Tom Galt, ''The Little Treasury of One Hundred People, One Poem Each'' (1982) * Joshua S. Mostow, ''Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image'' (1996) * Peter MacMillan, ''One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each: A Treasury of Classical Japanese Verse'' (2008;

Penguin Classics Penguin Classics is an imprint (trade name), imprint of Penguin Books under which classic works of literature are published in English language, English, Spanish language, Spanish, Portuguese language, Portuguese, and Korean language, Korean amon ...

, revised edition 2018) * Emiko Miyashita and Michael Dylan Welch, ''100 Poets: Passions of the Imperial Court'' (2008) * Hideaki Nakano, ''WAKA WAKA 100 - Hyakunin Isshu'' (2023)

Other Hyakunin Isshu anthologies

Many other anthologies compiled along the same criteria—one hundred poems by one hundred poets—include the words ''hyakunin isshu'', notably the

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

-era , or ''One Hundred Patriotic Poems by One Hundred Poets''. Also important is , a series of parodies of the original ''Ogura'' collection.

Card game

Teika's anthology is the basis for the card game of ''

karuta are Culture of Japan, Japanese playing cards. Playing cards were introduced to Japan by Portuguese traders during the mid-16th century. These early decks were used for trick-taking games. The earliest indigenous ''karuta'' was invented in the ...

'', which has been popular since the

Edo period The , also known as the , is the period between 1600 or 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when the country was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and some 300 regional ''daimyo'', or feudal lords. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengok ...

. Honan, William H.br> "Why Millions in Japan Read All About Poetry,"
''New York Times.'' March 6, 2000. Many forms of playing games with ''Hyakunin Isshu'' exist in Japan, such as ''

Uta-garuta is a type of a deck of ''karuta'', Japanese traditional playing cards. A set of ''uta-garuta'' contains two sets of 100 cards, with a '' waka'' poem written on each. ''Uta-garuta'' is also the name of the game in which the deck is used. The st ...

'', the basis for

competitive karuta is an official Japanese card game that uses a deck of ''uta-garuta'' cards to play karuta, within the format and rules set by the All Japan Karuta Association. Overview Competitive karuta has been around since the start of the 19th century b ...

(''kyōgi karuta'').

Notes

References

* Fujiwara no Sadaie, Thomas Galt. (1982)
''The Little Treasury of One Hundred People, One Poem Each.''
Princeton:

Princeton University Press Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large. The press was founded by Whitney Darrow, with the financial ...

. * Fujiwara no Sadaie, Yoritsuna Utsunomiya, William Ninnis Porter. (1979
''A Hundred Verses from Old Japan, Being a Translation of the Hyaku-nin-isshiu: Being a Translation of the Hyaku-nin-isshiu.''
Tokyo:

Tuttle Publishing Tuttle Publishing, originally the Charles E. Tuttle Company, is a book publishing company that includes Tuttle, Periplus Editions, and Journey Editions.

. * Mostow, Joshua S., ed. (1996)
''Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image.''
Honolulu:

University of Hawaii Press A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Uni ...

.
OCLC 645187818
* 新総合図説国語新訂版, 東京書籍株式会社, (2016), 池内輝雄・三角洋一・吉原英夫, SINSOUGOU ZUSETSUKOKUGO revised edition, TOKYO SHOSEKI CO., LTD.(2016), Teruo Ikeuchi・Youichi Misumi・Hideo Yosiwara. * 古語辞典第十版, 旺文社, (2008), 松村明・山口明穂・和田利政, KOGOZITEN 10th edition, OBUNSHA(2008), Akari Matsumura・Akiho Yamaguchi・Toshimasa Wada. * 全訳古語辞典第四版, 旺文社, (2011), 宮腰賢・石井正己・小田勝, ZENYAKU KOGOZITEN 4th edition, OBUNSYA(2011), Masaru Miyakoshi・Masami Ishii・Masaru Oda

External links

* , with English translations of each poem * , with links to published English translations
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu

at

University of Virginia The University of Virginia (UVA) is a Public university#United States, public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. It was founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson and contains his The Lawn, Academical Village, a World H ...

Library Japanese Text Initiative * {{Authority control Japanese literature Japanese poetry anthologies Articles containing Japanese poems Fujiwara no Teika Waka (poetry)