''Hordeum'' is a genus of

annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year **Yearbook **Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), a ...

and

perennial In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...

plants in the

grass family Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in ...

. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

Eurasia Eurasia ( , ) is a continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. According to some geographers, Physical geography, physiographically, Eurasia is a single supercontinent. The concept of Europe and Asia as distinct continents d ...

, and the

Americas The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. When viewed as a sing ...

Taxonomy

Species

Species include: * ''

Hordeum aegiceras ''Hordeum aegiceras'' (syn. ''Hordeum vulgare'' var. ''trifurcatum''), the grim barley, is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae. It is native to Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai Qinghai is an inland Provinces of China, province in No ...

'' – Mongolia, China including Tibet * ''

Hordeum arizonicum ''Hordeum arizonicum'' is a species of wild barley known by the common name Arizona barley. It is native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, where it grows in wet spots in desert regions, such as irrigation ditches. It can gro ...

'' US (CA AZ NV NM), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Durango) * ''

Hordeum bogdanii ''Hordeum'' is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. Taxonomy Species Species include: * ''Hordeum aegiceras'' – Mongolia ...

'' – from Turkey and European Russia to Mongolia * ''

Hordeum brachyantherum ''Hordeum brachyantherum'', known by the common name meadow barley, is a species of barley. It is native to western North America from Alaska to northern Mexico, coastal areas of easternmost Russia (Kamchatka), and a small area of coastal Newfou ...

'' – Russia (Kuril, Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada including Yukon, US (mostly in the West but also scattered locales in the East), Baja California * '' Hordeum brachyatherum'' – Chile * '' Hordeum brevisubulatum'' – European Russia; temperate and subarctic Asia from Turkey and the Urals to China and Magadan * ''

Hordeum bulbosum ''Hordeum'' is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. Taxonomy Species Species include: * '' Hordeum aegiceras'' – Mongo ...

'' – Mediterranean, Central Asia * ''

Hordeum californicum ''Hordeum'' is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. Taxonomy Species Species include: * ''Hordeum aegiceras'' – Mongolia ...

'' – US (CA; OR; NV) * '' Hordeum capense'' – South Africa, Lesotho * '' Hordeum chilense'' – Argentina, Chile (including Juan Fernández Is) * '' Hordeum comosum'' – Argentina, Chile * '' Hordeum cordobense'' – northern Argentina * '' Hordeum depressum'' – US (CA; OR; WA; ID; NV), British Columbia, Baja California * ''

Hordeum distichon ''Hordeum distichon'', the common barley or two-rowed barley, is a cultigen of barley, family Poaceae. It is native to Iraq, and is widely grown throughout temperate regions of the world. Some authorities consider it a subspecies of six-rowed bar ...

'' – Iraq * ''

Hordeum erectifolium ''Hordeum'' is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. Taxonomy Species Species include: * ''Hordeum aegiceras'' – Mongolia ...

'' – northern Argentina * ''

Hordeum euclaston ''Hordeum'' is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. Taxonomy Species Species include: * ''Hordeum aegiceras'' – Mongolia ...

'' – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina * '' Hordeum flexuosum'' – Uruguay, Argentina * '' Hordeum fuegianum'' – Tierra del Fuego * '' Hordeum guatemalense'' – Guatemala * '' Hordeum halophilum'' – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru * '' Hordeum intercedens'' (bobtail barley) – California, Baja California * '' Hordeum jubatum'' (foxtail barley) – widespread in US and Canada; Asiatic Russia, Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus * '' Hordeum × lagunculciforme'' – Iraq, Turkmenistan, Himalayas, western China * '' Hordeum lechleri'' – Argentina, Chile * '' Hordeum marinum'' (sea barley) – Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia * ''

Hordeum murinum ''Hordeum murinum'' is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, commonly known as wall barley or false barley. It is a close relative of Barley, cultivated barley (''H. vulgare''). Overview ''Hordeum murinum'' complex is the mos ...

'' (wall barley) – Canary Islands, Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia * '' Hordeum muticum'' – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru * ''

Hordeum parodii ''Hordeum parodii'' is a species of barley Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent ar ...

'' – Argentina * '' Hordeum patagonicum'' – Argentina, Chile * ''

Hordeum × pavisii ''Hordeum'' is a genus of Annual plant, annual and perennial plants in the Poaceae, grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. Taxonomy Species Species include: * ''Hordeum a ...

'' – France * '' Hordeum procerum'' – Argentina * '' Hordeum pubiflorum'' – Argentina, Chile * '' Hordeum pusillum'' (little barley) – widespread in Canada and US; northern Mexico, Bermuda, Argentina * '' Hordeum roshevitzii'' – China, Korea, Primorye, Mongolia, Siberia, Kazakhstan * ''

Hordeum secalinum ''Hordeum secalinum'', false rye barley or meadow barley (a name it shares with '' Hordeum brachyantherum''), is a species of wild barley native to Europe, including the Madeiras, Crimea and the north Caucasus, northwest Africa, and the Levant. I ...

'' – Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus * ''

Hordeum spontaneum ''Hordeum spontaneum'', commonly known as wild barley or spontaneous barley, is the wild form of the grass in the family Poaceae that gave rise to the cereal barley (''Hordeum vulgare''). Domestication is thought to have occurred on two occasion ...

'' – from Greece and Egypt to central China * '' Hordeum stenostachys'' – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa * '' Hordeum tetraploidum'' – Argentina, Chile * ''

Hordeum vulgare Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikelets ...

'' (barley) – native to the Middle East, now cultivated in many countries

Formerly included species

Botanists now regard many species as better suited to other genera: ''

Arrhenatherum ''Arrhenatherum'', commonly called oat-grass or button-grass, is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the Poaceae, grass family. Description Wild forms can resemble avena, wild oat (''Avena'') or festuca, fescue (''Festuca''). Oat-gra ...

'', ''

Crithopsis ''Crithopsis'' is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to the Mediterranean and nearby areas. ;Species The only known species is ''Crithopsis delileana'', native to Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Crete, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, ...

'', ''

Dasypyrum ''Dasypyrum'' is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family, native to the basins of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas. Species Species include: * '' Dasypyrum hordeaceum'' (Hack.) P.Candargy - Greece, Morocco, Alg ...

'', '' Elymus'', ''

Eremopyrum ''Eremopyrum'' is a genus Eurasian and North African plants in the Poaceae, grass family. One species, ''Eremopyrum triticeum'' has become widely established as a weed in parts of North America. All the species are annuals with a dense, 2-sided, ...

'', '' Hordelymus'', ''

Leymus ''Leymus'' is a genus of plants in the grass family Poaceae (Gramineae). It is widespread across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. * '' Leymus aemulans'' - Xinjiang, Central Asia * '' Leymus ajanensis'' - Siberia, Russian Far East, Alaska * '' L ...

'', ''

Psathyrostachys ''Psathyrostachys'' is a genus of Eurasian plants in the grass family Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal gra ...

'', and '' Taeniatherum''.

Etymology

The name ''

Hordeum ''Hordeum'' is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas. Taxonomy Species Species include: * '' Hordeum aegiceras'' – Mongo ...

'' comes from the

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

word for "to bristle" (''horreō'', ''horrēre''), and is akin to the word " horror".

Distribution

The species are native throughout the temperate regions of

, and the

Ecology

''Hordeum'' species are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...

e of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...

species, including the flame, rustic shoulder-knot and

setaceous Hebrew character The setaceous Hebrew character (''Xestia c-nigrum'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. It is found in the Palearctic realm. It is a common specie ...

. Some species have become

weed A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, growing where it conflicts with human preferences, needs, or goals.Harlan, J. R., & deWet, J. M. (1965). Some thoughts about weeds. ''Economic botany'', ''19''(1), 16-24. Pla ...

s introduced worldwide by human activities, others have become endangered due to habitat loss.

Uses

One species, ''H. vulgare'' (

barley Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikele ...

), has become of major commercial importance as a

cereal A cereal is a grass cultivated for its edible grain. Cereals are the world's largest crops, and are therefore staple foods. They include rice, wheat, rye, oats, barley, millet, and maize ( Corn). Edible grains from other plant families, ...

grain, used as

fodder Fodder (), also called provender (), is any agriculture, agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, domestic rabbit, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. "Fodder" refers particularly to food ...

crop and for

malting Malting is the process of steeping, germinating, and drying grain to convert it into malt. Germination and sprouting involve a number of enzymes to produce the changes from seed to seedling and the malt producer stops this stage of the process w ...

in the production of

beer Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches from cereal grain—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), rice, and oats are also used. The grain is mashed to convert starch in the ...

and

whiskey Whisky or whiskey is a type of liquor made from Fermentation in food processing, fermented grain mashing, mash. Various grains (which may be Malting, malted) are used for different varieties, including barley, Maize, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky ...

References

* * * * * * *

External links

* species of Hordeum in "Wildflowers of Israel"
Spntaneous BarleyBulbous BarleyWall Barley Hordeum marinum

Hordeum hystrixHordeum vulgare
{{Authority control Poaceae genera