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In Mandaean cosmology
Mandaean cosmology is the Gnostic conception of the universe in the religion of Mandaeism.
Mandaean cosmology is strongly influenced by ancient near eastern cosmology broadly and Jewish, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Manichaean and other Near ...
, Hiṭfun (written Mandaic: Hiṭpun) or Hiṭfon (Hiṭpon) () is a great dividing river separating the World of Darkness
''World of Darkness'' is a series of tabletop role-playing games, originally created by Mark Rein-Hagen for White Wolf Publishing. It began as an annual line of five games in 1991–1995, with ''Vampire: The Masquerade'', ''Werewolf: The Apocaly ...
from the World of Light
In Mandaeism, the World of Light or Lightworld () is the primeval, transcendental world from which Tibil and the World of Darkness emerged.
Description
*The Great Life ('' Hayyi Rabbi'' or Supreme God/ Monad) is the ruler of the World of Ligh ...
. It is mentioned in Hymn 25 of the third book of the '' Left Ginza''. The river of Hiṭfun is analogous to the river Styx
In Greek mythology, Styx (; ; lit. "Shuddering"), also called the River Styx, is a goddess and one of the rivers of the Greek Underworld. Her parents were the Titans Oceanus and Tethys, and she was the wife of the Titan Pallas and the moth ...
in Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. These stories conc ...
and Hubur
Hubur (, Hu-bur) is a Sumerian term meaning "river", "watercourse" or "netherworld." It is usually the "river of the netherworld".
Usage and meaning
A connection to Tiamat has been suggested with parallels to her description as "Ummu-Hubur". ...
in Mesopotamian mythology
Mesopotamian mythology refers to the myths, religious texts, and other literature that comes from the region of ancient Mesopotamia which is a historical region of Western Asia, situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system that occupie ...
.
It is also known as ''hapiqia mia'' or ''hafiqia mia'' (), which means "streams/springs of water" or "outflowing water." The water is fresh, and is located in a realm that is situated between Abatur's and Yushamin
In Mandaeism, Yushamin () and also known as the 'Second Life', is the primal uthra (angel or guardian) and a subservient emanation who was created by the Mandaean God 'The Great Life' (''Hayyi Rabbi'' or 'The First Life'), hence beginning the cre ...
's realms.
In Mandaean scriptures
The '' Scroll of Abatur'' has many illustrations of boats ferrying souls across this river. According to the '' 1012 Questions'',masiqta
The masiqta () is a mass or ritual practiced in the Mandaean religion in order to help guide the soul ('' nišimta'') towards the World of Light in Mandaean cosmology. They are typically performed as funerary rites for Mandaeans who have just di ...
rituals are needed to guide departed souls across the river and into the World of Light.
In chapters 36, 51, and 55 of the ''Mandaean Book of John
In Mandaeism, the Book of John () is a Mandaean holy book in Mandaic Aramaic which Mandaeans attribute to their prophet John the Baptist.
The book contains accounts of John's life and miracles, as well as a number of polemical conversations w ...
'', the river Kšaš is the river that the souls of the dead must cross in order to reach the World of Light
In Mandaeism, the World of Light or Lightworld () is the primeval, transcendental world from which Tibil and the World of Darkness emerged.
Description
*The Great Life ('' Hayyi Rabbi'' or Supreme God/ Monad) is the ruler of the World of Ligh ...
.
See also
*'' Shahrat'' *Piriawis
In Mandaean cosmology, Piriawis (; sometimes also spelled Biriawiš Lidzbarski, Mark. 1920. ''Mandäische Liturgien''. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse, NF 17.1. Berlin.), also known a ...
*Hubur
Hubur (, Hu-bur) is a Sumerian term meaning "river", "watercourse" or "netherworld." It is usually the "river of the netherworld".
Usage and meaning
A connection to Tiamat has been suggested with parallels to her description as "Ummu-Hubur". ...
in Mesopotamian mythology
*Styx
In Greek mythology, Styx (; ; lit. "Shuddering"), also called the River Styx, is a goddess and one of the rivers of the Greek Underworld. Her parents were the Titans Oceanus and Tethys, and she was the wife of the Titan Pallas and the moth ...
in Greek mythology
*Gjöll
Gjöll (Old Norse: ''Gjǫll'' ) is the river that separates the living from the dead in Norse mythology. It is one of the eleven rivers traditionally associated with the Élivágar, rivers that existed in Ginnungagap at the beginning of the world ...
in Norse mythology
*Vaitarna River (mythological)
The Vaitarani (), also called the Vaitarana, is a river in Indian religions. Described in the Garuda Purana and various other Hindu religious texts, the Vaitarani lies between the Earth and the infernal Naraka, the realm of Yama, the Hindu go ...
in Hinduism
* Yomotsu Hirasaka in Shinto cosmology
*Sanzu River
The is a mythological river in Buddhism in Japan, Japanese Buddhist tradition similar to the Chinese mythology, Chinese concept of Diyu, Huang Quan (Yellow Springs), Indian religions, Indian concept of the Vaitarani (mythology), Vaitarani and G ...
in Japanese Buddhist mythology
* Kalunga line in Kongo mythology
*Liminality
In anthropology, liminality () is the quality of ambiguity or disorientation that occurs in the middle stage of a rite of passage, when participants no longer hold their pre-ritual status but have not yet begun the transition to the status they ...
References
{{Mandaeism footer Mythological rivers Mandaean cosmology Ginza Rabba