Bundesarchiv Bild 102-16108A, Vereidigung von Reichswehr-Soldaten auf Hitler

The Hitler Oath (German: or Führer Oath)—also referred in English as the Soldier's Oath—refers to the oaths of allegiance sworn by the officers and soldiers of the German Armed Forces and civil servants of

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

between the years 1934 and 1945. The oath pledged personal loyalty to

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...

in place of loyalty to the

constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these princip ...

of the country. Historians view the personal oath of the Third Reich as an important psychological element to obey orders for committing war crimes, atrocities, and genocide. During the Nuremberg trials, many German officers unsuccessfully attempted to use the oath as a defense against charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Background

During the

Weimar Weimar is a city in the state (Germany), state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located in Central Germany (cultural area), Central Germany between Erfurt in the west and Jena in the east, approximately southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg an ...

era, the oath of allegiance, sworn by the Reichswehr, required soldiers to swear loyalty to the Reich Constitution and its lawful institutions. Following Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933, the military oath changed, the troops now swearing loyalty to people and country. On the day of the death of German President Paul von Hindenburg, the oath was changed again, as part of the Nazification of the country; it was no longer one of allegiance to the Constitution or its institutions, but one of binding loyalty to the Führer Adolf Hitler himself. Although the popular view is that Hitler drafted the oath himself and imposed it on the military, the oath was the initiative of Defence Minister General Werner von Blomberg and General Walther von Reichenau, the chief of the Ministerial Office. The intention of Blomberg and Reichenau in having the military swear an oath to Hitler was to create a personal special bond between him and the military, which was intended to tie Hitler more tightly towards the military and away from the NSDAP. Years later, Blomberg admitted that he did not think through the full implications of the oath at the time. On 20 August 1934, the cabinet decreed the "Law On The Allegiance of Civil Servants and Soldiers of the Armed Forces", which superseded the original oaths. The new law decreed that both members of the armed forces and civil servants had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler personally.

Previous oaths

Reichswehr oath

From 1919 until 1935, the Weimar Republic's armed forces were called the '' Reichswehr'' ("Realm Defence"). The Original Oath called the came into effect on 14 August 1919, shortly after Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert had signed the

Weimar Constitution The Constitution of the German Reich (german: Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs), usually known as the Weimar Constitution (''Weimarer Verfassung''), was the constitution that governed Germany during the Weimar Republic era (1919–1933). The c ...

for the

German Reich German ''Reich'' (lit. German Realm, German Empire, from german: Deutsches Reich, ) was the constitutional name for the German nation state that existed from 1871 to 1945. The ''Reich'' became understood as deriving its authority and sovereignty ...

(the so-called Weimar Republic). The

Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles (french: Traité de Versailles; german: Versailler Vertrag, ) was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1 ...

limited the Reichswehr to a total of 100,000 men. From 1919 to December 1933:

"I swear loyalty to the Reich's constitution and pledge,
that I as a courageous soldier always want to protect the German Reich and its legal institutions,
(and) be obedient to the Reich President and to my superiors." In January 1933, when Adolf Hitler was appointed Reichskanzler and the Enabling Act and

Gleichschaltung The Nazi term () or "coordination" was the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society and societies occupied b ...

came into effect, the military oath changed again. From 2 December 1933 to 2 August 1934:

"I swear by God this holy oath,
that I want to ever loyally and sincerely serve my people and fatherland
and be prepared as a brave and obedient soldier
to risk my life for this oath at any time."''Reichsgesetzblatt'' 14 August 1919, page 1419. After the death of German President Paul von Hindenburg on 2 August 1934, Hitler merged the offices of Reichspräsident and Reichskanzler, and declared himself '' Führer and Reichskanzler''. War Minister Werner von Blomberg issued a new wording which became known as (Hitler oath). From that point on, all military personnel swore an oath of allegiance and binding loyalty to Adolf Hitler himself.

''Führer'' oath

Wehrmacht oath

On 16 March 1935 the German government renamed the Reichswehr, it became the (defence force)

Wehrmacht Oath of Loyalty to Adolf Hitler "I swear to God this holy oath
that I shall render unconditional obedience
to the Leader of the

and people,
Adolf Hitler, supreme commander of the armed forces,
and that as a brave soldier I shall at all times be prepared
to give my life for this oath." When the oath became law in July 1935, civilian officials would swear a similar oath.

Civil servant oath

Public servants Oath to Adolf Hitler "I swear: I will be faithful and obedient
to the leader of the German Reich and people, Adolf Hitler,
to observe the law, and to conscientiously fulfil my official duties, so help me God!" Oathtakers then sang both '' Deutschland Über Alles'' and the Nazi anthem '' Horst-Wessel-Lied''.

Public figures who refused to take the oath

Thousands of military officers reportedly claimed to be ill to avoid taking the oath but were forced to do so after returning to duty. *

Karl Barth Karl Barth (; ; – ) was a Swiss Calvinist theologian. Barth is best known for his commentary '' The Epistle to the Romans'', his involvement in the Confessing Church, including his authorship (except for a single phrase) of the Barmen Declara ...

(Swiss theologian); Consequences: loss of professorship * Martin Gauger (probationary judge as a state prosecutor in Wuppertal); Consequences: forced retirement of his position as a state prosecutor * Franz Jägerstätter (Austrian conscientious objector); Consequences: execution in 1943; beatified in 2007 *

Josef Mayr-Nusser Josef Mayr-Nusser (27 December 1910 – 24 February 1945) was an Italian Roman Catholic who served as the President of the Saint Vincent de Paul Conference of the Bolzano division as well as a member of Catholic Action. He is known best for refus ...

(from Bozen), after call-up for duty in the Waffen-SS; Consequences: Death penalty, died on the way to the Dachau concentration camp * Joseph Ruf ("Brother Maurus" of the Christkönigsgesellschaft) Consequences: Death penalty *

Franz Reinisch Franz Reinisch SAC (February 1, 1903 – August 21, 1942) was an Austrian Catholic priest who refused to take the oath of allegiance to Hitler, for which he was executed. He was a member of the Schoenstatt Movement. Life Early life Franz Rein ...

( Pallottines padre from Austria), after call-up for duty in the German Wehrmacht; Consequences: execution by beheading in 1942

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