''Hisonotus'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of armored catfishes native to

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

Species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

of ''Hisonotus'' and ''Curculionichthys'' are the only representatives of the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

Otothyrinae having serrae on the posterior edge of the

pectoral fin Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish aquatic locomotion, swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the vertebral column ...

spine. These species are small

fish A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can ...

es, generally found in small fast flowing streams, where they grasp to the branches and leaves of aquatic or subaquatic plants. The species of this genus mostly occur in

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ...

coastal streams of southern

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

and the

Paraguay Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the Argentina–Paraguay border, south and southwest, Brazil to the Brazil–Paraguay border, east and northeast, and Boli ...

Paraná Paraná, Paranã or Parana may refer to: Geology * Paraná Basin, a sedimentary basin in South America Places In Argentina *Paraná, Entre Ríos, a city * Paraná Department, a part of Entre Ríos Province In Brazil *Paraná (state), a state ...

system of southern

. They are also distributed in the

Río de La Plata The Río de la Plata (; ), also called the River Plate or La Plata River in English, is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River at Punta Gorda, Colonia, Punta Gorda. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean and ...

basin and coastal rivers of southeastern Brazil.

Taxonomy

''Hisonotus'' and '' Microlepidogaster'' have, until recently, been considered as

synonymous A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

, although they are now recognized as separate and valid

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and ...

. In the most recent

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

hypotheses, both ''Hisonotus'' and '' Parotocinclus'' are relatively basal taxa within the Otothyrini clade.

Species

There are currently 34 recognized species in this genus: * '' Hisonotus acuen'' G. S. C. Silva, Roxo & C. de Oliveira, 2014Silva, G.S.C., Roxo, F.F. & Oliveira, C. (2014): ''Hisonotus acuen'', a new and phenotypically variable cascudinho (Siluriformes, Loricariidae, Hypoptopomatinae) from the upper rio Xingu basin, Brazil. ''ZooKeys, 442: 105–125.'' * '' Hisonotus aky'' ( Azpelicueta, Casciotta, Almirón & Koerber, 2004) * '' Hisonotus alberti'' Roxo, G. S. C. Silva,

Waltz The waltz ( , meaning "to roll or revolve") is a ballroom dance, ballroom and folk dance, in triple (3/4 time, time), performed primarily in closed position. Along with the ländler and allemande, the waltz was sometimes referred to by the ...

& J. E. García-Melo, 2016Roxo, F.F., Silva, G.S.C., Waltz, B.T. & Melo, J.E.G. (2016): A new species of ''Hisonotus'' (Siluriformes: Otothyrinae) from the upper rio Paraná and rio São Francisco basins, Brazil. ''Zootaxa, 4109 (2): 227–238.'' * '' Hisonotus armatus'' T. P. Carvalho, Lehmann A., E. H. L. Pereira & R. E. dos Reis, 2008 * '' Hisonotus bocaiuva'' Roxo, G. S. C. Silva, C. de Oliveira & Zawadzki, 2013Roxo, F.F., Silva, G.S.C., Oliveira, C. & Zawadzki, C.H. (2013): ''Hisonotus bocaiuva'', a new species from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil (Teleostei: Loricariidae). ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 23 (4): 319-326.'' * '' Hisonotus bockmanni'' M. de Carvalho & Datovo, 2012Carvalho, M. & Datovo, A. (2012): A New Species of Cascudinho of the Genus ''Hisonotus'' (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the Upper Rio Tapajós Basin, Brazil. ''Copeia, 2012 (2): 266-275.'' * '' Hisonotus brunneus'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2011 * '' Hisonotus carreiro'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2011 * '' Hisonotus charrua'' Almirón, Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Litz, 2006 * '' Hisonotus chromodontus'' Britski & Garavello, 2007 * '' Hisonotus depressicauda'' ( A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918) * '' Hisonotus depressinotus'' ( A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918) * '' Hisonotus devidei'' (Roxo, Silva & Melo, 2018) * '' Hisonotus francirochai'' ( Ihering ( pt), 1928) * '' Hisonotus heterogaster'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2011 * '' Hisonotus hungy'' Azpelicueta, Almirón, Casciotta & Koerber, 2007 * '' Hisonotus iota'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2009 * '' Hisonotus laevior''

Cope A cope ( ("rain coat") or ("cape")) is a liturgical long mantle or cloak, open at the front and fastened at the breast with a band or clasp. It may be of any liturgical colour. A cope may be worn by any rank of the Catholic or Anglican clerg ...

, 1894 * '' Hisonotus leucofrenatus'' ( A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908) * '' Hisonotus leucophrys'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2009 * '' Hisonotus maculipinnis'' ( Regan, 1912) * '' Hisonotus megaloplax'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2009 * '' Hisonotus montanus'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2009 * '' Hisonotus nigricauda'' ( Boulenger, 1891) * '' Hisonotus notatus'' C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889 * '' Hisonotus notopagos'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2011 * '' Hisonotus pachysarkos'' Zawadzki, Roxo & da Graça, 2016Zawadzki, C.H., Roxo, F.F. & da Graça, W.J. (2016): ''Hisonotus pachysarkos'', a new species of cascudinho from the rio Ivaí basin, upper rio Paraná system, Brazil (Loricariidae: Otothyrinae). ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 26 (4): 373-384.'' * '' Hisonotus paulinus'' ( Regan, 1908) * '' Hisonotus prata'' T .P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2011 * '' Hisonotus ringueleti'' Aquino, Schaefer & Miquelarena, 2001 * '' Hisonotus taimensis'' ( Buckup, 1981) * '' Hisonotus thayeri'' Martins & Langeani, 2016Martins, F.O. & Langeani, F. (2016): Redescription of ''Hisonotus notatus'' Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae), the type species of the genus, and description of a new species from coastal drainages of southeastern Brazil. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 14 (2): e150100.'' * '' Hisonotus vespuccii'' Roxo, G. S. C. Silva & C. de Oliveira, 2015 * '' Hisonotus vireo'' T. P. Carvalho & R. E. dos Reis, 2011

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1987452 Otothyrinae Fish of South America Catfish genera Taxa named by Rosa Smith Eigenmann Taxa named by Carl H. Eigenmann Freshwater fish genera