Haplogroup Q-M3 (Y-DNA) is a
Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup Q-M3 is a
subclade of
Haplogroup Q-L54. Haplogroup Q-M3 was previously known as Haplogroup Q3; currently Q-M3 is Q1b1a1a below
Q1b-M346.
In 1996 the research group at
Stanford University
Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...
headed by Dr. Peter Underhill first discovered the SNP that was to become known as M3. At the time, it was called DYS191. Later studies completed the genetic bridge by determining that Q-M3 was related to Q-M242-bearing populations who traveled through Central Asia to East Asia.
Origin and distribution
Haplogroup Q-M3 is one of the
Y-Chromosome haplogroups linked to the indigenous peoples of the Americas (over 90% of indigenous people in Meso & South America). Today, such lineages also include other Q-M242 branches (
Q-M346,
Q-L54,
Q-P89.1,
Q-NWT01, and
Q-Z780), haplogroup C-M130 branches (
C-M217 and
C-P39), and
R-M207, which are almost exclusively found in North America. Haplogroup Q-M3 is defined by the presence of the (M3)
single-nucleotide polymorphism
In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the substitution to be present in a ...
(SNP). Q-M3 occurred on the Q-L54 lineage roughly 10-15 thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
The Americas
Populations carrying Q-M3 are widespread throughout the Americas. Since the discovery of Q-M3, several subclades of Q-M3 bearing populations have been discovered in the Americas as well. An example is in South America where some populations have a high prevalence of SNP M19 which defines subclade Q-M19. M19 has been detected in 59% of Amazonian
Ticuna men and in 10% of
Wayuu men.
Subclades Q-M19 and Q-M199 appear to be unique to South American populations and suggests that population isolation and perhaps even the establishment of tribes began soon after migration into the Americas.
The
Kennewick Man
Kennewick Man or Ancient One was a Native American man who lived during the early Holocene, whose skeletal remains were found in 1996 washed out on a bank of the Columbia River near Kennewick, Washington. Radiocarbon tests show the man lived a ...
has a Y chromosome that belongs to the most common sub-clade Q1b1a1a-M3 while the Anzick's Y chromosome belongs to the minor Q1b1a2-M971 lineage.
Asia
Q-M3 is present in some
Siberian populations in Asia. It is unclear whether these are remnants of the founding lineage or evidence of back-migrations from Beringia to East Asia.
Europe
The Q-M3 lineage has not been detected in the European population.
Subclade distribution
Q-M19 M19 This lineage is found among
Indigenous South Americans, such as the
Ticuna and the
Wayuu.
[ Origin: South America approximately 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.
Q-M194 It has only been found in South American populations.][(2003]
"Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas,"
(pdf) Maria-Catira Bortolini, Francisco M. Salzano
Q-M199 This lineage has only been found in South American populations.
Q-PAGES104 This lineage was discovered by the research group at the Whitehead Institute headed by Dr. David C. Page. Only limited demographic information is known.
Q-PAGES131 This lineage was discovered by the research group at the Whitehead Institute headed by Dr. David C. Page. Only limited demographic information is known.
Q-L663 This lineage was discovered by citizen scientists. It is linked to indigenous populations in Central Mexico and has been associated with the Otomies (''Hñähñús,'' as they self-identify) from Hidalgo, Mexico (Gómez et al, 2021). Q-L663's paternal line was formed around 550 BCE. The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 1250 CE. Extensive research on this haplogroup is being conducted by members of the New Mexico Genealogical Society, with at least 16 NGS Y-DNA tests as of 2023. The earliest known genealogical records for a Q-L663 descendant were for a man named Nicolás de Espinosa, a native of the Villa de los Lagos, Nueva Galicia, Mexico, ''who was born circa 1673.''
Gómez, R., Vilar, M.G., Meraz-Ríos, M.A., Véliz, D., Zúñiga, G., Hernández-Tobías, E.A., Figueroa-Corona, M., Owings, A.C., Gaieski, J.B., Schurr, T.G., (2021). Y chromosome diversity in Aztlan descendants and its implications for the history of Central Mexico, ''iScience, 24'' (5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102487
Q-SA01 This lineage was discovered by the research group headed by Dr. Theodore G. Schurr.
Associated SNPs
Q-M3 is defined by the SNPs M3 and L341.2.
Q-M3 Phylogeny and Subgroups
Current status of the polygentic tree for Q-M3 is published by pinotti et al. in the article ''Y Chromosome Sequences Reveal a Short Beringian Standstill, Rapid Expansion, and early Population structure of Native American Founders'' (2018). Calibrated phylogeny of Y haplogroup for Q-M3 and its relation to the branches within Q-L54.
Proposed Tree
for haplogroup Q-M3.
* L54
** M3, L341.2
*** M19
*** M194
*** M199, P106, P292
*** PAGES104, PAGES126
*** PAGES131
*** L663
*** SA01
*** L766, L767
*** L883, L884, L885, L886, L887
*** L888, L889, L890, L891
Popular culture
American actress Jessica Alba
Jessica Marie Alba ( ; born April 28, 1981) is an American actress and businesswoman. She began her acting career at age 13 in ''Camp Nowhere'', followed up by ''The Secret World of Alex Mack'' (both 1994), and rose to prominence at age 19 as ...
's father, who is of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup Q-M3. Her father partook in Henry Louis Gates' genealogy series ''Finding Your Roots
''Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.'' is an American documentary television series hosted by Henry Louis Gates Jr. that premiered on March 25, 2012, on PBS. In each episode, celebrities are presented with a "book of life" that is com ...
''.[Stated on '']Finding Your Roots
''Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.'' is an American documentary television series hosted by Henry Louis Gates Jr. that premiered on March 25, 2012, on PBS. In each episode, celebrities are presented with a "book of life" that is com ...
'', PBS, February 5, 2015
See also
* Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Y-DNA Q-M242 subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
External links
The Y-DNA Haplogroup Q1a3a American Indian ProjectThe Y-DNA Haplogroup Q ProjectLearn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup Q-M3 (Y-DNA)
Q-M3