Haplogroup N is a
human mitochondrial DNA
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondr ...
(mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling
macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the
haplogroup L3.
All mtDNA haplogroups found outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup N or its sibling haplogroup M. M and N are the signature maternal haplogroups that define the theory of the
recent African origin of modern humans
The recent African origin of modern humans or the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA) is the most widely accepted paleoanthropology, paleo-anthropological model of the geographic origin and Early human migrations, early migration of early modern h ...
and subsequent
early human migrations
Early human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents. They are believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the early expansions out of Africa by ''Homo erectu ...
around the world. The global distribution of haplogroups N and M indicates that there was likely at least one major prehistoric migration of humans out of Africa, with both N and M later evolving outside the continent.
[
]
Origins
There is widespread agreement in the scientific community concerning the African ancestry of haplogroup L3 (haplogroup N's parent clade). However, whether or not the mutations which define haplogroup N itself first occurred within Asia or Africa has been a subject for ongoing discussion and study.[
Torroni et al. 2006 state that Haplogroups M, N and R occurred somewhere between East Africa and the Persian Gulf.
Also related to the origins of haplogroup N is whether ancestral haplogroups M, N and R were part of the same migration out of Africa, or whether Haplogroup N left Africa via the Northern route through the Levant, and M left Africa via Horn of Africa. This theory was suggested because haplogroup N is by far the predominant haplogroup in Western Eurasia, and haplogroup M is absent in Western Eurasia, but is predominant in India and is common in regions East of India. However, the mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia and among Indigenous Australians supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. Southeast Asian populations and Indigenous Australians all possess deep rooted clades of both haplogroups M and N.] The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania therefore supports a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion.
Asian origin hypothesis
The hypothesis of Asia as the place of origin of haplogroup N is supported by the following:
# Haplogroup N is found in all parts of the world but has low frequencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to a number of studies, the presence of Haplogroup N in Africa is most likely the result of back migration from Eurasia.
# The oldest clades of macrohaplogroup N are found in Asia and Australia.
# It would be paradoxical that haplogroup N had traveled all the distance to Australia or New World yet failed to affect other populations within Africa besides North Africans and Horn Africans.
# The mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa.[ The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania provides additional evidence for a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa.] These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion. Therefore, N's history is similar to M and R which have their most probable origin in South Asia.
A study (Vai et al. 2019), finds a basal branch of maternal haplogroup N in early Neolithic North African remains from the Libyan site of Takarkori. The authors propose that N most likely split from L3 in the Arabian peninsula and later migrated back to North Africa, with its sister haplogroup M also likely splitting from L3 in the Middle East, but also suggest that N may have possibly diverged in North Africa, and state that more information is necessary to be certain.[
]
African origin hypothesis
According to Toomas Kivisild "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...
.[
In 2019, a study by Vai et al. presented evidence of a basal branch of haplogroup N from the Neolithic Sahara. They suggest that N either diverged from haplogroup L3 in the Near East (possibly in the Arabian peninsula, following the exit of L3 from Africa), then back-migrated to North Africa, or that it instead may have originated in North Africa (having diverged from L3 there).][
]
Distribution
Haplogroup N is derived from the ancestral L3 macrohaplogroup, which represents the migration discussed in the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans. Haplogroup N is the ancestral haplogroup to almost all clades today distributed in Europe and Oceania, as well as many found in Asia and the Americas. It is believed to have arisen at a similar time to haplogroup M.
Subgroups distribution
Haplogroup N's derived clades include the macro-haplogroup R and its descendants, and haplogroups A, I, S, W, X, and Y.
Rare unclassified haplogroup N* has been found among fossils belonging to the Cardial and Epicardial culture ( Cardium pottery) and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC. It was Type site, typed by British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon ...
. A rare unclassified form of N has been also been reported in modern Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...
.
* Haplogroup N1'5
** Haplogroup N1 – found in Africa.
*** N1a'c'd'e'I
**** N1a'd'e'I
***** N1a'e'I
****** Haplogroup N1a – Arabian Peninsula and Northeast Africa. Found also in Central Asia and Southern Siberia. This branch is well attested in ancient people from various cultures of Neolithic Europe
The European Neolithic is the period from the arrival of Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of Early European Farmers in Europe, (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) until –1700 BC (t ...
, from Hungary to Spain, and among the earliest farmers of Anatolia
Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
.
******* N1a1'2
******** N1a1
********* N1a1a
********** N1a1a-T152C!
*********** N1a1a1
************ N1a1a1a
************* N1a1a1a1
************** N1a1a1a1a
************* N1a1a1a2
************* N1a1a1a3
************ N1a1a1b
*********** N1a1a2
********** N1a1a3
********* N1a1b
********** N1a1b1
********** N1e'I
*********** Haplogroup N1e – found in Balochs, Burushos, and Buryats
The Buryats are a Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the Yakuts. The majority of the Buryats today live in their ti ...
*********** Haplogroup I – West Eurasia and South Asia.
******** N1a2
******* N1a3
******** N1a3a
********* N1a3a1
********** N1a3a1a
********* N1a3a2
********* N1a3a3
***** N1d
**** N1c
*** Haplogroup N1b – found in Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...
, Egypt ( Gurna), Caucasus and Europe.
**** N1b1
***** N1b1a
****** N1b1a1
****** N1b1a2
******* N1b1a2a
******* N1b1a2b
****** N1b1a3
****** N1b1a-G16129A!
******* N1b1a4
******** N1b1a4a
****** N1b1a5 – found in Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...
and Uzbekistan
, image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg
, image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg
, symbol_type = Emblem of Uzbekistan, Emblem
, national_anthem = "State Anthem of Uzbekistan, State Anthem of the Republ ...
****** N1b1a6
****** N1b1a-T195C!
******* N1b1a7
******* N1b1a8
******** N1b1a8a
******** N1b1a8b
***** N1b1b
****** N1b1b1 – found in Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews ( ; also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim) form a distinct subgroup of the Jewish diaspora, that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally speak Yiddish, a language ...
and other populations, formerly called N1b2. It is believed to be of Middle Eastern origin, but over time became concentrated in Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews ( ; also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim) form a distinct subgroup of the Jewish diaspora, that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally speak Yiddish, a language ...
**** N1b2
** Haplogroup N5 – found in India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
.
*** N5a
* Haplogroup N2
** Haplogroup N2a – small clade found in West Europe.
*** N2a1
*** N2a2
** Haplogroup W – found in Western Eurasia and South Asia
* Haplogroup N3 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Belarus
** Haplogroup N3a
*** Haplogroup N3a1
** Haplogroup N3b
* Haplogroup N7 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Cambodia
** Haplogroup N7a
*** Haplogroup N7a1
*** Haplogroup N7a2
** Haplogroup N7b
* Haplogroup N8 – found in China.[Kong, Qing-Peng et al. 2011]
Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region.
/ref>
* Haplogroup N9 – found in Far East
The Far East is the geographical region that encompasses the easternmost portion of the Asian continent, including North Asia, North, East Asia, East and Southeast Asia. South Asia is sometimes also included in the definition of the term. In mod ...
. ">MRCA 45,709.7 ± 7,931.5 ybp; CI=95%** Haplogroup N9a ">MRCA 17,520.4 ± 4,389.8 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9a-C16261T
**** Haplogroup N9a-C16261T* – Vietnam ( Kinh)
**** Haplogroup N9a-A4129G-A4913G-T12354C-A12612G-C12636T-T16311C!!! – Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
**** Haplogroup N9a1'3 Behar et al., 2012b">MRCA 15,007.4 ± 6,060.1 ybp; CI=95%[Behar et al., 2012b]***** Haplogroup N9a1 – Chinese (Hakka in Taiwan, ''etc.''), She, Tu, Uyghur, Tuvan, Mongolia, Khamnigan, Korea,[Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." ''Electrophoresis'' (2006). .] Japan [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 7,100 <-> 11,600) ybp[YFull Haplogroup YTree](_blank)
v6.05.11 at 25 September 2018.]
****** Haplogroup N9a1a – Chinese (Sichuan, Zhanjiang, ''etc.'') [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 12,800) ybp]
****** Haplogroup N9a1b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
****** Haplogroup N9a1c – Vietnam ( Tay people), Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province
Chiang Mai is the largest Provinces of Thailand, province (''changwat'') of Thailand by area. It lies in Northern Thailand#Regional classification of northern Thailand, upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It ...
, Lao Isan from Loei Province)
***** Haplogroup N9a3 – China 16,800) ybp">MRCA 11,500 (95% CI 7,500 <-> 16,800) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a3a – Japan, Korean (Seoul), Taiwan (incl. Paiwan), Thailand ( Mon from Lopburi Province and Kanchanaburi Province
Kanchanaburi (, ) is the largest of the western Provinces of Thailand, provinces (''changwat'') of Thailand. The neighboring provinces are (clockwise, from the north) Tak province, Tak, Uthai Thani province, Uthai Thani, Suphan Buri province, Sup ...
), China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Kazakhstan, Buryat, Russia (Belgorod, Chechen Republic, ''etc.''), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Czech (West Bohemia), Hungary, Austria, Germany ">MRCA 8,280.9 ± 5,124.4 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9a2'4'5'11 ">MRCA 15,305.4 ± 4,022.6 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Barghut in Hulunbuir, Uyghur, ''etc.'') 13,800) ybp">MRCA 10,700 (95% CI 8,200 <-> 13,800) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur 10,000) ybp">MRCA 8,100 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 10,000) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a1 – Japan 8,400) ybp">MRCA 4,200 (95% CI 1,850 <-> 8,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a2 – Japan, Korea, Volga-Ural region (Tatar) 8,900) ybp">MRCA 5,700 (95% CI 3,500 <-> 8,900) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a3 – Japan, Hulun-Buir region (Barghut) 8,400) ybp">MRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 8,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a4 – Japan 7,900) ybp">MRCA 2,800 (95% CI 600 <-> 7,900) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2b – China
****** Haplogroup N9a2c 12,700) ybp">MRCA 7,200 (95% CI 3,600 <-> 12,700) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2c* – Japan
******* Haplogroup N9a2c1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur 4,900) ybp">MRCA 2,600 (95% CI 1,250 <-> 4,900) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2d – Japan, Korea 12,000) ybp">MRCA 5,200 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,000) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2e – China
***** Haplogroup N9a4 – Malaysia 14,300) ybp">MRCA 7,900 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 14,300) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a4a – Japan 10,200) ybp">MRCA 4,400 (95% CI 1,500 <-> 10,200) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a4b 11,400) ybp">MRCA 5,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 11,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a4b* – Japan
******* Haplogroup N9a4b1 – China (Minnan in Taiwan, ''etc.'')
******* Haplogroup N9a4b2 – China
***** Haplogroup N9a5 15,000) ybp">MRCA 8,700 (95% CI 4,700 <-> 15,000) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a5* – Korea
****** Haplogroup N9a5a – Japan
****** Haplogroup N9a5b – Japan 15,300) ybp">MRCA 5,300 (95% CI 1,150 <-> 15,300) ybp***** Haplogroup N9a11 – Taiwan (Hakka, Minnan), Laos ( Lao from Luang Prabang)
**** Haplogroup N9a6 – Thailand ( Phuan from Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province, Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam, Sumatra ">MRCA 11,972.5 ± 5,491.7 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9a6a – Cambodia (Khmer), Malaysia (Bidayuh, Jehai, Temuan, Kensiu), Sumatra, Sundanese
***** Haplogroup N9a6b – Malaysia (Seletar)
**** Haplogroup N9a7 – Japan
**** Haplogroup N9a8 – Japan, China, Buryat
**** Haplogroup N9a9 – Chelkans ( Biyka, Turochak
Turochak (, , ''Turaçak'') is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Turochaksky District of the Altai Republic, Russia. Population:
Climate
Turochak has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification
The K� ...
), Tubalar (North-East Altai), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), China, Ukraine (Vinnytsia Oblast
Vinnytsia Oblast (, ), also referred to as Vinnychchyna (), is an oblasts of Ukraine, oblast in central Ukraine. Its capital city, administrative center is Vinnytsia. The oblast has a population of
History
Vinnytsia Oblast, first established on ...
), Romania (10th century AD Dobruja)
**** Haplogroup N9a10 – Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan from Loei Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Phichit Province, Mon from Kanchanaburi Province), Laos ( Lao from Luang Prabang, Hmong), Vietnam (Tay Nung), China (incl. Han in Chongqing)
***** Haplogroup N9a10a – China, Taiwan (Ami)
****** Haplogroup N9a10a1 – Chinese (Suzhou)
****** Haplogroup N9a10a2 – Philippines (Ivatan), Taiwan (Ami)
******* Haplogroup N9a10a2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Tsou)
***** N9a10-T16311C!
****** Haplogroup N9a10b – China
**** Haplogroup N9a12 – Khon Mueang ( Pai District)
** Haplogroup N9b – Japan, Udegey, Nanai, Korea ">MRCA 14,885.6 ± 4,092.5 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9b1 – Japan ">MRCA 11,859.3 ± 3,760.2 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1a – Japan ">MRCA 10,645.2 ± 3,690.3 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1b – Japan ">MRCA 2,746.5 ± 2,947.0 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1c – Japan ">MRCA 6,987.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9b1c1 – Japan
*** Haplogroup N9b2 – Japan ">MRCA 13,369.7 ± 4,110.0 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b2a – Japan
*** Haplogroup N9b3 – Japan ">MRCA 7,629.8 ± 6,007.6 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9b4 – Japan, Ulchi
** Haplogroup Y – found especially among Nivkhs, Ulchs, Nanais, Negidals, Ainus, and the population of Nias Island
Nias (, Nias: ''Tanö Niha'') is an island located off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago () of which the island is the centre, but also includes the Batu Islands to the southeast and the small H ...
, with a moderate frequency among other Tungusic peoples
Tungusic peoples are an ethnolinguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia, Mongolia and China.
The Tungusic language family is divided into two main branches, Northern ...
, Koreans
Koreans are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. The majority of Koreans live in the two Korean sovereign states of North and South Korea, which are collectively referred to as Korea. As of 2021, an estimated 7.3 m ...
, Mongols
Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China ( Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family o ...
, Koryaks
Koryaks () are an Indigenous people#North Asia, Indigenous people of the Russian Far East who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea. The cultural borders of the Koryaks i ...
, Itelmens, Chinese, Japanese, Tajiks
Tajiks (; ; also spelled ''Tadzhiks'' or ''Tadjiks'') is the name of various Persian-speaking Eastern Iranian groups of people native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Even though the term ''Tajik'' ...
, Island Southeast Asians (including Taiwanese aborigines
Taiwanese may refer to:
* of or related to Taiwan
**Culture of Taiwan
**Geography of Taiwan
** Taiwanese cuisine
*Languages of Taiwan
** Formosan languages
** Taiwanese Hokkien, also known as the Taiwanese language
* Taiwanese people, residents of ...
), and some Turkic peoples
Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West Asia, West, Central Asia, Central, East Asia, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members ...
">MRCA 24,576.4 ± 7,083.2 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup Y1 – Korea, Taiwan ( Minnan), Thailand ( Iu Mien from Phayao Province[Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, ''et al.'' (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." ''European Journal of Human Genetics''. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x]), Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic ">MRCA 14,689.5 ± 5,264.3 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup Y1a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen, Udegey, Even, Zabaikal Buryat, Mongolian, Daur, Korea, Han, Tibet, Ukraine[Y-DNA D Haplogroup Project](_blank)
at Family Tree DNA ">MRCA 7,467.5 ± 5,526.7 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y1a1 – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Yakut, Buryat, Hezhen, Udegey, Evenk ( Taimyr), Ket, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Turkey
***** Haplogroup Y1a2 – Koryak, Even (Kamchatka)
**** Haplogroup Y1b – Volga Tatar ">MRCA 9,222.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y1b1 – Chinese ( Han from Lanzhou
Lanzhou is the capital and largest city of Gansu province in northwestern China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. His ...
,[Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, ''et al.'', "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." ''Mol Genet Genomics'' 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.] ''etc.''), Japanese, Korea, Russia
**** Haplogroup Y1c - Korea (especially Jeju Island
Jeju Island (Jeju language, Jeju/) is South Korea's largest island, covering an area of , which is 1.83% of the total area of the country. Alongside outlying islands, it is part of Jeju Province and makes up the majority of the province.
The i ...
), Khamnigan, Uyghur, Canada
*** Haplogroup Y2 – Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Khamnigan, South Africa (Cape Coloured
Cape Coloureds () are a South African group of Coloured people who are from the Cape region in South Africa which consists of the Western Cape, Northern Cape and the Eastern Cape. Their ancestry comes from the interracial mixing between th ...
) ">MRCA 7,279.3 ± 2,894.5 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup Y2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiyat, Tsou), Philippines (Maranao), Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hawaii, USA (Hispanic), Spain, Ireland ">MRCA 4,929.5 ± 2,789.6 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y2a1 - Philippines ( Bugkalot, Ivatan, Surigaonon, Manobo, Mamanwa
The Lumad are a group of Austronesian indigenous peoples in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (Literally: "indigenous people"), the autonym officially ado ...
, ''etc.''), Malaysia (Sabah
Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah has land borders with the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and Indonesia's North Kalima ...
, Acheh Malay from Kedah
Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman (Islam), Aman (دار الأمان; Arabic for 'The Safe Abode') and historically as Queda, is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of ...
, Banjar from Perak
Perak (; Perak Malay: ''Peghok'') is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kel ...
), Indonesia ( from Sumatra
Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...
, Medan
Medan ( , ) is the capital city, capital and largest city of the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of North Sumatra. The nearby Strait of Malacca, Port of Belawan, and Kualanamu International Airport make Medan a regional hub and multi ...
, Bangka, Mandar from Sulawesi
Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...
, ''etc.'')
****** Haplogroup Y2a1a - Philippines ( Kankanaey, Ifugao
Ifugao, officially the Province of Ifugao (; ), is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela t ...
), USA (Hispanic)
**** Haplogroup Y2b – Japan, South Korea, Buryat ">MRCA 1,741.8 ± 3,454.2 ybp; CI=95%* Haplogroup N10 – found in China (Han from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, and Yunnan, Hani and Yi from Yunnan, She from Guizhou, Uzbek from Xinjiang) and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia).
** N10a
** N10b
* Haplogroup N11 – Mainland China & Philippines: Han Chinese (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei), Tibetan (Xizang), Dongxiang (Gansu), Oroqen (Inner Mongolia) and Mamanwa
The Lumad are a group of Austronesian indigenous peoples in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (Literally: "indigenous people"), the autonym officially ado ...
(Philippines).
** N11a
*** N11a1
**** N11a1a – ethnicity unknown, Zhejiang
)
, translit_lang1_type2 =
, translit_lang1_info2 = ( Hangzhounese) ( Ningbonese) (Wenzhounese)
, image_skyline = 玉甑峰全貌 - panoramio.jpg
, image_caption = View of the Yandang Mountains
, image_map = Zhejiang i ...
(eastern China)
**** N11a1b – Uyghur, Xinjiang
Xinjiang,; , SASM/GNC romanization, SASM/GNC: Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Sinkiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People' ...
(western China)
*** N11a2 – ethnicity unknown, China
** N11b – Mamanwa
The Lumad are a group of Austronesian indigenous peoples in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (Literally: "indigenous people"), the autonym officially ado ...
, Philippines
* Haplogroup N13 – Aboriginal Australians
* Haplogroup N14 – Aboriginal Australians
* Haplogroup N21 – Temuan, Semelai, Thailand, Khmer, ethnic Malays
Malays ( ; , Jawi alphabet, Jawi: ) are an Austronesian peoples, Austronesian ethnoreligious group native to eastern Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and coastal Borneo, as well as the smaller islands that lie between these locations. These locatio ...
from Malaysia and Indonesia.
** N21-T195C!
*** N21a
* Haplogroup N22 – Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, India, Japan
** N22a
* Haplogroup A – found in Central and East Asia, as well as among Native Americans.
* Haplogroup O or N12 - found among Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians are people with familial heritage from, or recognised membership of, the various ethnic groups living within the territory of contemporary Australia prior to History of Australia (1788–1850), British colonisation. The ...
and the Floresians of Indonesia.
* Haplogroup S – extended among Aboriginal Australians.
* Haplogroup X – found most often in Western Eurasia, but also present in the Americas.
** Haplogroup X1 – found primarily in North Africa as well as in some populations of the Levant, notably among the Druze
** Haplogroup X2 – found in Western Eurasia, Siberia and among Native Americans
* Haplogroup R – a very extended and diversified macro-haplogroup.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research.
* N
** N1'5
*** N1
**** N1a'c'd'e'I
***** N1a'd'e'I
****** N1a'e'I
******* N1a
******** N1a1
********* N1a1a
******* N1e'I
******** I
******** N1e
****** N1d
***** N1c
**** N1b
***** N1b1
****** N1b1a
****** N1b1b
****** N1b1c
******* N1b1d
***** N1b2
*** N5
** N2
*** N2a
*** W
** N3
***N3a
****N3a1
***N3b
** N7
***N7a
****N7a1
****N7a2
***N7b
** N8
** N9
*** N9a
**** N9a1'3
***** N9a1
***** N9a3
**** N9a2'4'5
***** N9a2
****** N9a2a'b
******* N9a2a
******* N9a2b
****** N9a2c
****** N9a2d
***** N9a4
***** N9a5
**** N9a6
***** N9a6a
*** N9b
**** N9b1
***** N9b1a
***** N9b1b
***** N9b1c
****** N9b1c1
**** N9b2
**** N9b3
*** Y
** N10
*** N10a
*** N10b
** N11
*** N11a
**** N11a1
**** N11a2
*** N11b
** N13
** N14
** N21
** N22
** A
** O
*** O1
** S
** X
** R
See also
References
External links
* Haplogroup N
** Mannis van Oven'
– mtDNA subtree N
*
from ''National Geographic
''National Geographic'' (formerly ''The National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as ''Nat Geo'') is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. The magazine was founded in 1888 as a scholarly journal, nine ...
''
** {{cite journal , doi=10.1073/pnas.0702928104 , title=Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis , year=2007 , last1=Hudjashov , first1=G. , last2=Kivisild , first2=T. , last3=Underhill , first3=P. A. , last4=Endicott , first4=P. , last5=Sanchez , first5=J. J. , last6=Lin , first6=A. A. , last7=Shen , first7=P. , last8=Oefner , first8=P. , last9=Renfrew , first9=C. , last10=Villems , first10=R. , last11=Forster , first11=P. , journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , volume=104 , pages=8726–30 , pmid=17496137 , issue=21 , pmc=1885570, bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8726H , doi-access=free
** Katherine Borges
The Haplogroup N mtDNA Study
at Family Tree DNA
FamilyTreeDNA is a division of Gene by Gene, a commercial genetic testing company based in Houston, Texas. FamilyTreeDNA offers analysis of autosomal DNA, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial DNA to individuals for genealogical purpose. With a database ...
** MITOMAP'
Haplogroup N
* General
** Ian Logan'
N