A cart or dray (Australia and New Zealand) is a

vehicle A vehicle (from la, vehiculum) is a machine that transports people or cargo. Vehicles include wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles ( motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses, mobility scooters for disabled people), railed vehicles ( trains, trams ...

designed for

transport Transport (in British English), or transportation (in American English), is the intentional movement of humans, animals, and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land ( rail and road), water, cable, pipel ...

, using two

wheel A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be ...

s and normally pulled by one or a pair of draught animals. A handcart is pulled or pushed by one or more people. It is different from the flatbed trolley also known as a dray, (for freight) or

wagon A wagon or waggon is a heavy four-wheeled vehicle pulled by draught animals or on occasion by humans, used for transporting goods, commodities, agricultural materials, supplies and sometimes people. Wagons are immediately distinguished from ...

, which is a heavy transport vehicle with four wheels and typically two or more humans. Over time, the term "cart" has come to mean nearly any small conveyance, including

shopping cart A shopping cart (American English), trolley (British English, Australian English), or buggy (Southern American English, Appalachian English), also known by a variety of other names, is a wheeled cart supplied by a shop or store, especial ...

golf cart A golf cart (alternatively known as a golf buggy or golf car) is a small motorized vehicle designed originally to carry two golfers and their golf clubs around a golf course with less effort than walking. Over time, variants were introduced ...

s, gokarts, and UTVs, without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion. The draught animals used for carts may be

horse The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million ...

s, donkeys or mules, oxen, and even smaller animals such as

goat The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of ...

s or large dogs.

History

Hand-propelled wheel cart from Indus Valley Civilization

Donkey-drawn cart in Tharparkar District, Sindh, Pakistan

Carts have been mentioned in literature as far back as the second millennium B.C. Handcarts pushed by humans have been used around the world. In the 19th century, for instance, some

Mormon Mormons are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement started by Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s. After Smith's death in 1844, the movement split into seve ...

s traveling across the plains of the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...

between 1856 and 1860 used handcarts. The history of the cart is closely tied to the history of the wheel. Carts were often used for judicial punishments, both to transport the condemned – a

public humiliation Public humiliation or public shaming is a form of punishment whose main feature is dishonoring or disgracing a person, usually an offender or a prisoner, especially in a public place. It was regularly used as a form of judicially sanctioned pun ...

in itself (in

Ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–50 ...

defeated leaders were often carried in the victorious general's triumph) – and even, in England until its substitution by the whipping post under

Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last of the five House of Tudor monarchs and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". Eli ...

, to tie the condemned to the ''cart-tail'' and administer him or her a public whipping. Tumbrils were commonly associated with the French Revolution as a mobile stage elevating the condemned on the way to the guillotine: this was simply a continuation of earlier practice when they were used as the removable support in the gallows, before Albert Pierrepoint calculated the precise drop needed for instant severance of the nerve column.

Types of carts

Larger carts may be drawn by

animal Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...

s, such as

s, mules, or oxen. They have been in continuous use since the invention of the wheel, in the 4th millennium BC. Carts may be named for the animal that pulls them, such as ''horsecart'' or ''oxcart''. In modern times, horsecarts are used in competition while draft horse showing. A '' dogcart'', however, is usually a cart designed to ''carry'' hunting dogs: an open cart with two cross-seats back to back; the dogs could be penned between the rear-facing seat and the back end. The term "cart" (synonymous in this sense with ''chair'') is also used for various kinds of lightweight, two-wheeled carriages, some of them '' sprung carts'' (or ''spring carts''), especially those used as open pleasure or sporting vehicles. They could be drawn by a horse, pony or dog. Examples include: *''Cocking cart'': short-bodied, high, two-wheeled, seat for a groom behind the box; for

tandem Tandem, or in tandem, is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. The original use of the term in English was in ''tandem harness'', which is used for two ...

driving *''Dead cart'' to carry victims of the plague *'' Dogcart'': light, usually one horse, commonly two-wheeled and high, two transverse seats set back to back *''Donkey cart'': underslung axle, two lengthwise seats; also called ''pony cart, tub-cart'' *''

float Float may refer to: Arts and entertainment Music Albums * ''Float'' (Aesop Rock album), 2000 * ''Float'' (Flogging Molly album), 2008 * ''Float'' (Styles P album), 2013 Songs * "Float" (Tim and the Glory Boys song), 2022 * "Float", by Bush ...

'': a dropped axle to give an especially low loadbed, for carrying heavy or unstable items such as milk churns. The name survives today as a milkfloat. *'' Governess cart'': light, two-wheeled, entered from the rear, body partly or wholly of wickerwork, seat for two persons along each side; also called ''governess car, tub-cart'' *'' Ralli cart'': light, two-wheeled, horse-drawn, for two persons facing forward, or four, two facing forward and two rearward. The seat is adjustable fore-and-aft to keep the vehicle balanced for two or four people. *''Stolkjaerre'': two-wheeled, front seat for two, rear seat for the driver; used in Norway *''Tax cart'': spring cart, formerly subject to a small tax in England; also called ''taxed cart'' *''Whitechapel cart'': spring cart, light, two-wheeled, especially for family or light delivery service *''Pushcart'', a cart that is pushed by one or more persons: **'' Baggage cart'', pushed by travelers to carry individual luggage **''Serving cart'', also known as ''pushcart'' or ''go-cart'', is a handcart used for serving: ***'' Food cart'', a mobile kitchen that is set up on the street to facilitate the sale and marketing of street food to people from the local pedestrian traffic. ***''Food service cart'', also named ''serving trolley'', for serving the food in a restaurant ***''Pastry cart'', for serving pastry ***''Tea cart'', also named ''teacart'', ''tea trolley'' and ''tea wagon'', for serving tea or other drinks The builder of a cart may be known as a ''cartwright''; the surname "Carter" also derives from the occupation of transporting goods by cart or wagon. Carts have many different shapes, but the basic idea of transporting material (or maintaining a collection of materials in a portable fashion) remains. Carts may have a pair of shafts, one along each side of the draught animal that supports the forward-balanced load in the cart. The shafts are supported by a saddle on the horse. Alternatively (and normally where the animals are oxen or buffalo), the cart may have a single pole between a pair of animals. The draught traces attach to the axle of the vehicle or to the shafts. The traces are attached to a collar (on horses), to a yoke (on other heavy draught animals) or to a harness on dogs or other light animals. Traces are made from a range of materials depending on the load and frequency of use. Heavy draught traces are made from

iron Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from la, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in ...

or steel chain. Lighter traces are often leather and sometimes hemp

rope A rope is a group of yarns, plies, fibres, or strands that are twisted or braided together into a larger and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly ...

, but plaited horse-hair and other similar decorative materials can be used. The dray is often associated with the transport of

barrels A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container with a bulging center, longer than it is wide. They are traditionally made of wooden staves and bound by wooden or metal hoops. The word vat is often used for large containers for liquids, u ...

, particularly of

beer Beer is one of the oldest and the most widely consumed type of alcoholic drink in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cer ...

. Of the cart types not animal-drawn, perhaps the most common example today is the

(

British English British English (BrE, en-GB, or BE) is, according to Lexico, Oxford Dictionaries, "English language, English as used in Great Britain, as distinct from that used elsewhere". More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in ...

: shopping

trolley Trolley may refer to: Vehicles and components * Tram, or trolley or streetcar, a rail vehicle that runs on tramway tracks * Trolleybus, or trolley, an electric bus drawing power from overhead wires using trolley poles ** Trolleytruck, a trolleyb ...

), which has also come to have a

metaphor A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another. It may provide (or obscure) clarity or identify hidden similarities between two different ideas. Metaphors are often compared wit ...

ical meaning in relation to online purchases (here, British English uses the metaphor of the shopping

basket A basket is a container that is traditionally constructed from stiff fibers and can be made from a range of materials, including wood splints, runners, and cane. While most baskets are made from plant materials, other materials such as horsehai ...

). Shopping carts first made their appearance in

Oklahoma City Oklahoma City (), officially the City of Oklahoma City, and often shortened to OKC, is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, it ranks 20th among United States cities in population, an ...

in 1937. In

golf Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not use a standardized playing area, and coping ...

, both manual push or pull and electric golf trolleys are designed to carry a

er's bag, clubs and other equipment. Also, the

, car, or buggy, is a powered vehicle that carries golfers and their equipment around a golf course faster and with less effort than walking. A '' Porter's trolley'' is a type of small, hand-propelled wheeled platform. This can also be called a baggage cart. since the 13th century. Autocarts are a type of small, hand-propelled wheeled utility carts having a pivoting base for collapsible storage in vehicles. They eliminate the need for plastic or paper shopping bags and are also used by tradespersons to carry tools, equipment or supplies. A

soap-box cart A gravity racer or soapbox is a motorless vehicle which is raced on a downhill road either against the clock or against another competitor. Although most are built for the purpose of recreation, some gravity racing teams take the sport more s ...

(also known as a Billy Cart, Go-Cart, Trolley etc.) is a popular children's construction project on wheels, usually pedaled, but also intended for a test race. Similar, but more sophisticated are modern-day pedal cart toys used in general recreation and racing. An electric cart is an

electric vehicle An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously by a battery (sometimes c ...

. The term " Go-Kart", which exists since 1959, also shortened as " Kart", an alternative spelling of "cart", refers to a tiny

race car Auto racing (also known as car racing, motor racing, or automobile racing) is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Auto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile. Races of various sorts were organis ...

with frame and

two-stroke engine A two-stroke (or two-stroke cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during one power cycle, this power cycle being completed in one revolution of t ...

; the old term ''go-cart'' originally meant a sedan chair or an

infant walker A baby walker is a device that can be used by infants who cannot walk on their own to move from one place to another. Modern baby walkers are also for toddlers. They have a base made of hard plastic sitting on top of wheels and a suspended fabri ...

Gallery

File:Coconut-water vendor on donkey cart, c. 1950. Port of Spain.jpg, Coconut-water vendor on donkey cart, c. 1950. Port of Spain, Trinidad. File:Gambia beach.jpg, A donkey cart used in

the Gambia The Gambia,, ff, Gammbi, ar, غامبيا officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 c ...

File:Rare dead cart at the Żabbar Sanctuary Museum.jpg, Cart to carry the victims of the 1813 plague in

Malta Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...

, at the

Żabbar Sanctuary Museum The Żabbar Sanctuary Museum ( mt, Mużew tas-Santwarju Żabbar) is the Parish museum of Żabbar, Malta, consisting of artifacts spanning from prehistory to modern contemporary. The majority of the belongings have a religious theme, while others ...

File:PetraCart.jpg, Tourist carts in

Petra Petra ( ar, ٱلْبَتْرَاء, Al-Batrāʾ; grc, Πέτρα, "Rock", Nabataean: ), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu or Raqēmō, is an historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan. It is adjacent to the mountain of Ja ...

Siq (Jordan) File:National Museum KL 2008 157 pano.jpg, Carts from different Malay regions, exhibited at the

Muzium Negara The National Museum ( ms, Muzium Negara) is a museum located on Jalan Damansara in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The museum is situated in close proximity to the Perdana Lake Gardens and it provides an overview of Malaysian history and cultu ...

. File:Kids in cart. Leh, Ladakh.jpg, Kids in handcart.

Leh Leh () ( lbj, ) is the joint capital and largest city of Ladakh, a union territory of India. Leh, located in the Leh district, was also the historical capital of the Kingdom of Ladakh, the seat of which was in the Leh Palace, the former ...

, Ladakh, India File:Gonnet carretas 1864.jpg, "Carreta", a type of cart of Argentina, 1864 File:Cart Chinawal 2.jpg, Cart with iron wheels in a farm at

Chinawal Chinawal is a village in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra state, India. It is situated at the foothills of the Satpura range in a generally hot and dry climate. The densely populated village is surrounded by the flat land and nutrient-ric ...

village, India File:Cart.jpg, A ''charrette'', a wooden French cart ( Cévennes) File:DirkvdM cuba horsecart.jpg, A horsecart in

Santiago de Cuba Santiago de Cuba is the second-largest city in Cuba and the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province. It lies in the southeastern area of the island, some southeast of the Cuban capital of Havana. The municipality extends over , and contains ...

File:Rusty Cart Wheel 2000px.jpg, An iron-tyred wooden-spoked cart wheel File:Australian cart.jpg, A simple wooden cart in Australia File:Cernuschi Museum 20060812 147.jpg, A Chinese Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) cart figurine pulled by a bull File:PlattCrossing.jpg,

Mormon handcart pioneers The Mormon handcart pioneers were participants in the migration of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to Salt Lake City, Utah, who used handcarts to transport their belongings. The Mormon handcart movement b ...

crossing the

Platte River The Platte River () is a major river in the State of Nebraska. It is about long; measured to its farthest source via its tributary, the North Platte River, it flows for over . The Platte River is a tributary of the Missouri River, which itsel ...

, modern reenactment of 1856 expedition File:Walking cart at Mackinac Bridge.jpg, A walking cart, used for long distance travel, seen at Michigan's Mackinac Bridge File:Carts Catacomb GIM.jpg, Clay cart figurines, Catacomb culture, 3 mill. BC File:Donkey_with_Cart.jpg, A Donkey Cart used for transporting goods in Northern part of

Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in Ghana–Ivory Coast border, the west, Burkina ...

Trasport de planches dans pousse à Douala.jpg, Transport of planks with a hand cart in

Douala Douala is the largest city in Cameroon and its economic capital. It is also the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Region. Home to Central Africa's largest port and its major international airport, Douala International Airport (DLA), it is the comm ...

Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west- central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; th ...

File:Express wagon- oxen-drawn, near Haygood's store, Cotton Avenue, circa 1876 - DPLA - 9268db11b877e4357b616f67aa057c68.jpeg, Oxen-drawn express cart c. 1876

References

External links

Hand and Horse Drawn Firefighting Apparatus

{{Human-powered vehicles Horse driving Human-powered vehicles

Animal-powered vehicles {{Cat main, Horse-drawn vehicle This category is to list all animal-powered vehicles. Animal-powered transport Vehicles by fuel ...

History

Types of carts

Gallery

See also

References

External links