''Hanacpachap cussicuinin'' (modern orthography: ) is a processional hymn to the

Virgin Mary Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jews, Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Jose ...

in the

Quechua language Quechua (, ; ), usually called ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Peruvian Andes. Derived from a common ancestral language, it is the most wid ...

but in a largely European sacred music style. Composed by an Inca student of Juan Pérez de Bocanegra between 1620 and 1631,Bruce Mannheim, "A Nation Surrounded," in ''Native Traditions in the Postconquest World'', ed. Elizabeth Hill Boone and Tom Cummins, 383–420 (Dumbarton Oaks, 1998), 388. a

Franciscan , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...

priest, published in 1631 in the

Viceroyalty of Peru The Viceroyalty of Peru ( es, Virreinato del Perú, links=no) was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed fro ...

making it the earliest work of vocal polyphony printed in the

New World The term ''New World'' is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. ...

. Robert M. Stevenson, ''Music in Aztec and Inca Territory'' (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968), 280–281.

History

''Hanacpachap cussicuinin'' appears for the first time in the

Ritual A ritual is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, actions, or objects, performed according to a set sequence. Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions of a community, including a religious community. Rituals are characterized, b ...

published by the

friar Juan Pérez Bocanegra in 1631 entitled , written in both Quechua and Spanish, although the hymn itself is in Quechua only without translation. The music is arranged for four voices. When published, the score appeared on pages 708 (tiple, tenor) and 709 (alto, baxo) with the first verse written underneath, while the remaining verses follow on pages 710–712. There are detractors who say that the lack of

picardy Picardy (; Picard and french: Picardie, , ) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region of Hauts-de-France. It is located in the northern part of France. Hist ...

in the music, for instance, suggests a mistake so basic that someone of Bocanegra's standing would never have made, being an editor of choral works, and have suggested that there may have possibly been another author,José Quezada Macchiavello, "Formación de la cultura musical en la Colonia-Siglo XVI," in ''La Música en el Perú'', 73–80 (Lima: Filarmonía, 2007), pp. 76–78. or even that it might have been the work of a local native. It could also quite simply have been a transcription error or typesetting omission prior to publishing. On page 707 of the 'Ritual' Bocanegra specifically states ''"The prayer that follows I did write in Sapphic verse, in the

, in honour of the Immaculate Virgin: the music is composed for four voices such that cantors may sing it for processions, upon entering into the church, and on days dedicated to Our Lady and on her feast days."'' Since the entire book contains his name throughout it seems highly unlikely the hymn was written by anyone else other than Bocanegra, who also happened to be the Chief Examiner of native languages for the Archdiocese of Cuzco. The piece has been recorded extensively since the early 1990s by groups all over the world (see

list A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (surname) Organizations * List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America * SC Germania List, German rugby uni ...

below). Many modern performances use only a few of the verses to avoid excessive repetition. However,

Ex Cathedra Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Catholic Church which states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope when he speaks '' ex cathedra'' is preserved from the possibility of error on doctrine "initially given to the ...

(dir. Jeffrey Skidmore) issued the first full version in 2007, divided into four sections and using varying arrangements. There are 20 verses in total.

Description

Bocanegra identifies the poetic form as '', or ( Sapphic verse), although what he meant by this is unclear. Each verse is made up of five eight-syllable lines and a closing four-syllable phrase, which in the original print copy appeared in italics. Often an epithet, this phrase sometimes links to the next verse.Jeffrey Skidmore
''Fire burning in snow''
at Hyperion website The twenty verses are set strophically. Musically, it is set for four male voices:

Tiple A tiple (, literally treble or soprano), is a plucked typically 12-string chordophone of the guitar family. A tiple player is called a ''tiplista''. The first mention of the tiple comes from musicologist Pablo Minguet e Irol in 1752. Although ma ...

, Alto,

Tenor A tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the countertenor and baritone voice types. It is the highest male chest voice type. The tenor's vocal range extends up to C5. The low extreme for tenors i ...

and Baxo in a

homorhythm In music, homorhythm (also homometer) is a texture having a "similarity of rhythm in all parts"Griffiths, Paul (2005). ''The Penguin Companion to Classical Music'', p.375. . or "very similar rhythm" as would be used in simple hymn or chorale sett ...

ic syllabic style, with a harmonic structure characteristic of

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass id ...

sacred music. The rhythm, dividing neatly into 3+3+4+3+3+4, with lilting syncopations in mm. 7, 11, and 14. Its character is close to that of the

cachua ''Cachua'' (''qachwa'', ''qhaswa'', ''kashua'', ''kaswa'', ''kachura'') ( or , diminutive form ''cachuita'') is a term from Quechua language ''qhachwa'', meaning "round dance," that is the Spanish name for a Latin-American baroque dance form found ...

, a native dance, suggesting a slow procession. It is considered to be the musical counterpart of the paintings of the

Cuzco School The Cusco School (''Escuela cuzqueña'') or Cuzco School, was a Roman Catholic artistic tradition based in Cusco, Peru (the former capital of the Inca Empire) during the Colonial period, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It was not limited ...

. The lyrics are an ode to the

, containing many metaphors about love and nature grounded in Quechua culture. The epithets given to Mary can be interpreted syncretistically both an orthodox Catholic way and as a continuation of traditional religious practices, with neither interpretation dominant. Surprisingly, two terms relating to the

Pleiades The Pleiades (), also known as The Seven Sisters, Messier 45 and other names by different cultures, is an asterism and an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars in the north-west of the constellation Taurus. At a distance ...

are prominent, '' and '', while a third, '', is conspicuously absent. Since the Pleiades symbolized fecundity, a major theme of this song, '' may have been deliberately avoided to distance the song from those of the

Taki Unquy ''Taki Unquy'' ( Quechua, Hispanicized and alternative spellings ''Taqui Ongoy'', ''Taki Oncoy'', ''Taqui Honcoy'', ''Taqui Onccoy'', ''Taki Onqoy'') was a millenarian Indigenous movement of political, religious and cultural dimensions which arose ...

movement.Mannheim, 400–401.

Text (first two verses only)

Recordings

* Agrupación Musica, ''Pérou-Guatémala, Musiques Des Cathédrales Latino-Américaines'' (ARB, 1991) * Americas Vocal Ensemble, ''Gala del Día (Day's Splendor): Choral Music from the Americas'' (North/South, 2002) * Cristina Garcia Banegas, Norberto Broggini, and

Francis Chapelet Francis Chapelet (born 3 March 1934 in Paris) the son of painter Roger Chapelet, is a French classical organist. Career Francis Chapelet started studying the organ at the école César Franck, under the direction of Édouard Souberbielle. He la ...

, ''De la musique des Conquistadores au livre d'orgue des indiens Chiquitos'' (

K617 K617 is a French classical music record label based in Metz and founded by Alain Pacquier, music author and creator of the Festival de Saintes at the Abbaye aux Dames in Charente-Maritime, and the Festival de Sarrebourg (July) at the Couvent de ...

, 1999) *

Boston Camerata The Boston Camerata is an early music ensemble based in Boston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1954 by Narcissa Williamson, at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, as an adjunct to that museum's musical instrument collection. The Camerata incorporat ...

, dir. Joel Cohen, ''Nueva Espana: Close Encounters in the New World, 1590–1690'' (

Erato In Greek mythology, Erato (; grc, Ἐρατώ) is one of the Greek Muses, which were inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. The name would mean "desired" or "lovely", if derived from the same root as Eros, as Apollonius ...

, 1994) * Camerata Renacentista de Caracas, ''Baroque Music of Latin America'' (Dorian, 2000) *

La Capella Reial de Catalunya ''La Capella Reial de Catalunya'' is a group of soloist singers with the aim of making the repertoire of Catalan historical music and, by extension, that of Spanish and other music widely known throughout the world. The group was formed in Barce ...

and

Hespèrion XXI Hespèrion XXI is an international early music ensemble. The group was formed in Basel, Switzerland in 1974 as Hespèrion XX by Catalan musical director Jordi Savall (bowed string instruments, particularly the viola da gamba), his wife Montserr ...

, dir.

Jordi Savall Jordi Savall i Bernadet (; born 1 August 1941) is a Spanish conductor, composer and viol player. He has been one of the major figures in the field of Western early music since the 1970s, largely responsible for popularizing the viol family of ...

, ''Villancicos y Danzas Criollas'' (Alia Vox, 2004) * Convivium Musicum, ''Old and New Christmas'' (Musica Rediviva, 2011) * Coro Exaudi de La Habana, dir. María Felicia Pérez, ''El Gran Barroco del Perú'' ( Jade Music, 2000) * Cusco Polyphonic Chorus, ''Christmas in Cuzco'' (Arion, 1999) *

Ensemble Elyma Ensemble Elyma is an early music ensemble specialising in the baroque musical heritage of Latin America, led by Gabriel Garrido. Selected discography SeDiscography* 1991 Sigismondo d'India ''Arie, madrigali e baletti'' María Cristina Kiehr, Nadia ...

, dir.

Gabriel Garrido Gabriel Garrido is an Argentinian conductor specialising in Italian baroque and the recovery of the baroque musical heritage of Latin America. Garrido was born 1950 in Buenos Aires, and at the age of 17 with the Argentine recorder quartet, Pro Arte ...

, ''Hanacpachap: Latin-American Music at the Time of the Conquistadores'' (

Pan Classics Pan Classics is a Swiss classical music record label. It was founded in 1992 by Pan Music of Zurich. In 1997 the classical label was acquired by the recording engineers Clément Spiess and Koichiro Hattori, and relocated to Vevey, on Lake Geneva The ...

, 1991) * Ensemble Villancico, dir. Peter Pontvik, ''A La Xácara!: The Jungle Book of the Baroque'' (Caprice, 2000) *

, dir. Jeffrey Skidmore, ''New World Symphonies: Baroque Music From Latin America'' (

Hyperion Hyperion may refer to: Greek mythology * Hyperion (Titan), one of the twelve Titans * ''Hyperion'', a byname of the Sun, Helios * Hyperion of Troy or Yperion, son of King Priam Science * Hyperion (moon), a moon of the planet Saturn * ''Hyp ...

, 2002) *

, dir. Jeffrey Skidmore, ''Fire burning in snow: Baroque Music from Latin America'' (

, 2007) (claims to be first complete version) * Savae, dir. Eric Casillas, ''Native Angels'' (Iago Music, 1996) * Leonardo García Alarcón/Cappella Mediterranea/Chœur de Chambre de Namur/Ensemble Clematis, ''Carmina Latina'' (Ricercar, 2013)

Notes

{{reflist

Edition

* Juan Pérez Bocanegra. ''Ritual, formulario, e institución de curas para administrar a los naturales de este reyno, los santos sacramentos del baptismo, confirmacion, eucaristia, y viatico, penitencia, extremauncion, y matrimonio: con aduertencias muy necessarias''. Lima: Geronymo de Contreras, 1631
Online facsimile
at the

Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music ...

. (This piece appears on page 708.)

External links

Free scores of Hanacpachap cussicuinin
at the

Choral Public Domain Library The Choral Public Domain Library (CPDL) is a sheet music archive which focuses on choral and vocal music in the public domain or otherwise freely available for printing and performing (such as via permission from the copyright holder). It is a ...

. Quechuan languages 1631 in music Peruvian songs 17th-century hymns