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The Principality of Galicia (; ), also known as Principality of Halych or Principality of Halychian Rus, was a medieval East Slavic principality, and one of the main regional states within the political scope of
Kievan Rus' Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,. * was the first East Slavs, East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical At ...
, established by members of the oldest line of
Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav I Vladimirovich ( 978 – 20 February 1054), better known as Yaroslav the Wise, was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1019 until his death in 1054. He was also earlier Prince of Novgorod from 1010 to 1034 and Prince of Rostov from 987 to 1010, ...
's descendants. A characteristic feature of the Galician principality was the important role of the nobility and citizens in political life, and consideration a will which was the main condition for the princely rule.
Halych Halych (, ; ; ; ; , ''Halitsch'' or ''Galitsch''; ) is a historic List of cities in Ukraine, city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The city gave its name to the Principality of Halych, the historic province of Galicia (Eastern Europe), ...
as the capital mentioned in around 1124 as a seat of Ivan Vasylkovych the grandson of
Rostislav of Tmutarakan Rostislav Vladimirovich ( – 3 February 1066) was a landless prince ('' izgoi'') from the Rurikid dynasty of Kievan Rus’. He was baptized as Mikhail. According to the Russian genealogist Nikolai Baumgarten, the mother of Rostislav was Oda ...
. According to
Mykhailo Hrushevsky Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky (; – 24 November 1934) was a Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman who was one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century. Hrushevsky is ...
the realm of Halych was passed to Rostyslav upon the death of his father Vladimir Yaroslavich, but he was banished out of it later by his uncle to
Tmutarakan Tmutarakan (, ; ) was a medieval principality of Kievan Rus' and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov, between the late 10th and 11th centuries. Its site was the ancient Greek col ...
. The realm was then passed to
Yaropolk Izyaslavich Yaropolk Iziaslavich (died 22 November 1086/1087) was Prince of Turov and Prince of Volhynia from 1078 until his death. The son of Grand Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev by a Polish princess named Gertruda, he is visible in papal sources by the earl ...
who was a son of the ruling Grand Prince
Iziaslav I of Kiev Iziaslav Yaroslavich (; 1024 – 3 October 1078; baptized as ''Demetrius'') was Prince of Turov and Grand Prince of Kiev (1054–1068; 1069–1073; 1077–1078). Iziaslav's children Yaropolk and Sviatopolk would rule the Turov Principalit ...
.


Prehistory

The first recorded Slavic tribes living in the regions of Red Rus' were the
White Croats The White Croats (; ; ; ), also known simply as Croats, were a group of Early Slavs, Early Slavic tribes that lived between East Slavs, East Slavic and West Slavs, West Slavic tribes in the historical region of Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galicia n ...
and Dulebes. In the year 907 tribes of Croats and Dulebes were involved in the military campaign against Constantinople led by Rus' Prince Oleg of Kiev. This was the first significant evidence of political affiliation among the native tribes of the Red Rus' region. According to Nestor the Chronicler some strongholds in the West Part of Red Rus' were conquered by
Vladimir the Great Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych (; Christian name: ''Basil''; 15 July 1015), given the epithet "the Great", was Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978 until his death in 1015. The Eastern Orthodox ...
in 981, and in 992 or 993 Vladimir carried out a military campaign against the Croats. Around that time the city of Volodymyr was established in honour of him which became the main centre of political power in the region. During the 11th century western border cities, including Przemysl, were twice annexed by the
Kingdom of Poland The Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a monarchy in Central Europe during the Middle Ages, medieval period from 1025 until 1385. Background The West Slavs, West Slavic tribe of Polans (western), Polans who lived in what i ...
(1018–1031, and 1069–1080). In the meantime,
Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav I Vladimirovich ( 978 – 20 February 1054), better known as Yaroslav the Wise, was Grand Prince of Kiev from 1019 until his death in 1054. He was also earlier Prince of Novgorod from 1010 to 1034 and Prince of Rostov from 987 to 1010, ...
established a "solid foot" in the region founding the city of
Jarosław Jarosław (; , ; ; ) is a town in southeastern Poland, situated on the San (river), San River. The town had 35,475 inhabitants in 2023. It is the capital of Jarosław County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. History Jarosław is located in the ...
. As part of the territory of the
Kievan Rus' Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,. * was the first East Slavs, East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical At ...
, the area was later organized as the southern part of the Volodymyr Principality. Around 1085, with the help of the Grand Prince of Kiev Vsevolod I of Kiev the three Rostystlavych brothers - sons of Rostislav Vladimirovich (of Tmutarakan) settled. Their lands were organized into three smaller principalities of Przemysl, Zvenyhorod and Terebovlia. In 1097 the Terebovlia Principality was secured by the
Council of Liubech The Council of Liubech (sometimes referred to as the Liubech Conference) (, ) was one of the best documented princely meetings in Kievan Rus' that took place in Liubech (today in Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine) on October 19, 1097. The council ended the ...
after several years of a civil war with Vasylko Rostyslavych. In 1124 the Principality of Galicia was given as a minor principality to Ihor Vasylkovich by his father Vasylko, the Prince of Terebovlia who removed it from the larger Terebovlia Principality.


Unification (1099–1152)

The Rostislavich Brothers managed not only to be politically separate from Volodymyr but also to defend themselves from external enemies. In 1099, in the battle on Rozhne field, the Galicians defeated the army of the Grand Prince Sviatopolk II of Kiev and later that year the army of Hungarian king Coloman near Przemysl. These two significant victories brought nearly one hundred years of relatively peaceful development in the Galician Principality. The four sons of the Rostyslavych Brothers divided the area into four parts with centres in Przemysl (Rostislav), Zvenyhorod (Volodymyrko),
Halych Halych (, ; ; ; ; , ''Halitsch'' or ''Galitsch''; ) is a historic List of cities in Ukraine, city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The city gave its name to the Principality of Halych, the historic province of Galicia (Eastern Europe), ...
and Terebovlia (Ivan and Yuriy). After the death of three of them Volodimyrko took Przemysl and Halych and gave Zvenyhorod to Ivan Rostyslavych Berladnik- son of his older brother Rostyslav. In 1141 Volodymyrko moved his residence from Przemysl to more geographically advantageous
Halych Halych (, ; ; ; ; , ''Halitsch'' or ''Galitsch''; ) is a historic List of cities in Ukraine, city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The city gave its name to the Principality of Halych, the historic province of Galicia (Eastern Europe), ...
giving birth to a united Galician Principality. In 1145 citizens of Halych, taking advantage of the absence of Volodymyrko, supported Berladnik's effort to seize the throne. After the defeat of Ivan Berladnik under the walls of Halych, the Zvenyhorod Principality was also incorporated into the Galician lands. Volodymyrko pursued a policy of balancing between neighbours. He managed to strengthen the power of the principality, attach some cities belonging to the Kiev Grand Prince and force to keep them despite the conflict with both two powerful rulers Iziaslav II of Kiev and the king
Géza II of Hungary Géza II (; ; ; 113031 May 1162) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1141 to 1162. He was the oldest son of Béla the Blind and his wife, Helena of Serbia. When his father died, Géza was still a child and he started ruling under the guardia ...
.


Reign of Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153–1187)


Domestic policies

In 1152, after the death of Volodymyrko, the Galician throne was succeeded by his only son Yaroslav Osmomysl. Yaroslav began his reign with the Battle on the river
Siret Siret (; ; ; ; ) is a town, municipality and former Latin bishopric in Suceava County, northeastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. Siret is the 11th largest urban settlement in the county, with a population of 6,708 ...
in 1153 with Grand Prince Iziaslav, which resulted a heavy losses for the Galicians but led to the retreat of Izyaslav, who died shortly thereafter. Thus the danger from the east had passed and Jaroslav via diplomacy reached peace with his other neighbors - Hungary and Poland. Subsequently, thanks to negotiations Jaroslav neutralized his only rival - Ivan Rostyslavych Berladnik, the eldest descendant of the Rostislavich Brothers, former Prince of Zvenyhorod. These diplomatic successes enabled Yaroslav to focus on the internal development of the Principality: the construction of new buildings in the capital and other cities, enrichment of
monasteries A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone ( hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which m ...
, as well as strengthening his power over the territory in lower courses of
Dniester The Dniester ( ) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Uk ...
,
Prut The Prut (also spelled in English as Pruth; , ) is a river in Eastern Europe. It is a left tributary of the Danube, and is long. Part of its course forms Romania's border with Moldova and Ukraine. Characteristics The Prut originates on the eas ...
and
Danube The Danube ( ; see also #Names and etymology, other names) is the List of rivers of Europe#Longest rivers, second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. It flows through Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest sou ...
rivers. During this time (around 1157) the construction of the Assumption Cathedral - the second largest temple of Ancient Rus after St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, was completed in Halych. The city itself grew into a big agglomeration being approximately 11 x 8.5 kilometers in size. Despite his strong position in the international arena, Yaroslav was under the control of the Galicians citizens whose will he had to consider even sometimes in matters of his personal, and family life.


Contacts with the Byzantine Empire

In the same period, Byzantine emperor
Manuel I Komnenos Manuel I Komnenos (; 28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180), Latinized as Comnenus, also called Porphyrogenitus (; " born in the purple"), was a Byzantine emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history o ...
attempted to draw the Rus' principalities into his net of diplomacy directed against Hungary. Volodymyrko was described as Manuel's vassal (''hypospondos''). Following the deaths of both Iziaslav and Vladimirko, the situation became reversed; when Yuri of Suzdal, Manuel's ally, took over
Kiev Kyiv, also Kiev, is the capital and most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city of Ukraine. Located in the north-central part of the country, it straddles both sides of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2, ...
and Yaroslav, the new ruler of Principality of Galicia, adopted a pro-Hungarian stance. In 1164–65 Manuel's cousin Andronikos, the future emperor, escaped from captivity in Byzantium and fled to the court of Yaroslav in Galicia. This situation, holding out the alarming prospect of Andronikos making a bid for Manuel's throne sponsored by both Galicia and Hungary, spurred the Byzantines into an unprecedented flurry of diplomacy. Manuel pardoned Andronikos and persuaded him to return to Constantinople in 1165. A mission to Kiev, then ruled by Prince Rostislav, resulted in a favourable treaty and a pledge to supply the Empire with auxiliary troops; Yaroslav of Galicia was also persuaded to renounce his Hungarian connections and return fully into the imperial fold. As late as 1200 the princes of Galicia were providing invaluable services against the enemies of the Empire, at that time the
Cumans The Cumans or Kumans were a Turkic people, Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cumania, Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language. They are referred to as Polovtsians (''Polovtsy'') in Ru ...
. The restoration of relations with Galicia had an immediate benefit for Manuel when, in 1166, he dispatched two armies to attack the eastern provinces of Hungary in a vast pincer movement. One army crossed the Walachian Plain and entered Hungary through the Transylvanian Alps (
Southern Carpathians The Southern Carpathians (also known as the Transylvanian Alps; ; ) are a group of mountain ranges located in southern Romania. They cover the part of the Carpathian Mountains located between the Prahova River in the east and the Timiș and ...
), while the other army made a wide circuit to Galicia and, with Galician aid, crossed the
Carpathian Mountains The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe and Southeast Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Ural Mountains, Urals at and the Scandinav ...
. It resulted in the Hungarian province of
Transylvania Transylvania ( or ; ; or ; Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjen'') is a List of historical regions of Central Europe, historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and ...
being thoroughly ravaged by the Byzantine armies.


"Freedom in princes" (1187–1199)

A significant feature in the political life of the Galician Principality was the decisive role of nobles and citizens. Galicians used the principle of ″freedom in princes″ and invited and expelled princes, also correcting their activities. Contrary to the will of Yaroslav Osmomysl, who left the throne to his younger son Oleg, the Galicians invited his brother Vladimir II Yaroslavich, and later, after conflict with him,
Roman the Great Roman Mstislavich ( – 19 June 1205), also known as Roman the Great, was Prince of Novgorod (1168–1170), Volhynia (1170–1189; 1189–1205), and Galicia (1189; 1198/99–1205). He founded the ''Romanovichi'' branch of Rurikids, which wou ...
, prince of Volodymyr. But almost immediately Roman was replaced by
Andrew Andrew is the English form of the given name, common in many countries. The word is derived from the , ''Andreas'', itself related to ''aner/andros'', "man" (as opposed to "woman"), thus meaning "manly" and, as consequence, "brave", "strong", "c ...
- the son of Hungarian King Bela III. The reason for this choice was complete freedom of government that was guaranteed by Béla and Andrew to Galicians. This period can be considered as the first experience of self-rule government by noblemen and citizens. However, the vulgar behaviour of the Hungarian garrison and their attempts to install Roman Catholic rites led to another change in mood and to the throne again was returned Vladimir II, who ruled in Halych next decade up to the year 1199.


Autocracy of Roman the Great and unification with Volhynia (1199–1205)

After the death of the last descendant of Principality's founders Rostislavich Brothers - Vladimir II in 1199, Galicians started negotiations with the sons of his sister (daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl) and the legendary Prince Igor (the main hero of the poem
The Tale of Igor's Campaign ''The Tale of Igor's Campaign'' or ''The Tale of Ihor's Campaign'' () is an anonymous epic poem written in the Old East Slavic language. The title is occasionally translated as ''The Tale of the Campaign of Igor'', ''The Song of Igor's Campaign'' ...
) about succession to the Galician throne. But Prince of Volodymir
Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...
with the help of Prince
Leszek the White Leszek the White (; c. 1184/85 – 24 November 1227) was Prince of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland in the years 1194–1198, 1199, 1206–1210, and 1211–1227. During the early stages of his reign, his uncle Duke Mieszko III the Old and ...
managed to capture Halych despite a strong resistance of residents. Following next six years lasted a period of continued repression against the nobility and active citizens as well as a significant territorial and political expansion that transformed Halych into the main centre of all Rus'. Volhynian principality was united with Galicia but this time the new Centre of Galicia-Volhynia principality became Halych. Further successful war with Igorevich Brother's contenders for the Galician throne enabled Roman the Great to establish his control over Kiev and place there his henchmen, one of them with the consent of Vsevolod the Big Nest. After victorious campaigns against the Cumans, and probably Lithuanians, Roman the Great reached the height of its power and was called in the annals as "The Tzar and Autocrator of all Rus'". After the death of Roman in 1205, his widow to keep power in Galicia called for help Hungarian King
Andrew Andrew is the English form of the given name, common in many countries. The word is derived from the , ''Andreas'', itself related to ''aner/andros'', "man" (as opposed to "woman"), thus meaning "manly" and, as consequence, "brave", "strong", "c ...
, who sent her to the military garrison. However, in the next 1206 years Galicians again invited Vladimir III Igorevich - son of Yaroslav Osmomysl's daughter, and Roman's widow, along with the sons to flee the city.


Climax of citizens-nobles rule (1205–1238)

Vladimir III reigned in Galicia only for two years. As a result of feuds with his brother Roman II, he was expelled and the latter took the Galicia throne. But very soon Roman was replaced by
Rostislav II of Kiev Rostislav Rurikovich (1173 – before 1214) was Prince of Torchesk (1195–1205), Grand Prince of Kiev (1204–1206), Prince of Vyshgorod (1205–1210), and Prince of Galicia (1207).Енциклопедія українознавства : ...
. When Roman II managed to overthrow Rostislav, Galicians called for help from the Hungarian king who sent to Halych
palatine A palatine or palatinus (Latin; : ''palatini''; cf. derivative spellings below) is a high-level official attached to imperial or royal courts in Europe since Roman Empire, Roman times.
Benedict. While Benedict remained in Halych citizens called to the throne Prince Mstislav the Dumb from Peresopnytsya, who also with ridicules sent home. To get rid of Benedict, the citizens again invited the Ihrevychiv Brothers - Vladimir III and Roman II who expelled Benedict and regained their rule in the Principality. Vladimir III settled in Halych, Roman II in Zvenyhorod and their brother Svyatoslav in Przemysl. Attempts of the Igorevich Brothers to rule by themselves led to conflict with the Galicians during which many of them were killed, and later the Igorevich Brothers were executed. On the throne was placed a young son of Roman the Great Daniel of Halych. After his mother made an attempt to concentrate power in her hands as regent, she was banished from the city and Mstislav the Dumb was again invited to reign, but he fled fearing Hungarian troops had been called by of Daniel's mother. After the failure of the Hungarian King's campaign, the local community had made a unique step in the history of Rus', enthroned in 1211 or 1213 one of the Galician nobles Volodyslav Kormylchych. This episode can be considered as a peak of citizens-nobles democracy in Halych. Rule of Volodyslav caused aggression of neighboring states and in spite of the Galicians' resistance they managed to overwhelm Volodyslav's army. In 1214 Hungarian King Andrew and Polish Prince Leszek signed an agreement about partition of the Principality of Halych. The western edge passed to Poland and the rest to Hungary. Palatine Benedict returned to Halych and the son of Hungarian king Andrew Koloman, received the crown from the Pope with the title of "King of Galicia." However, religious conflict with the local population and capture by Hungarians territory that was transferred to Poland, led to the expulsion in 1215 of all foreign forces and the enthronement of Prince
Mstislav the Bold Mstislav Mstislavich, also called the Daring, the Bold or the Able (died ), was a prince of Tmutarakan and Chernigov, one of the princes from Kievan Rus' in the decades preceding the Mongol invasions. Biography Mstislav Mstislavich was the ...
from Novgorod under whose reign all power was concentrated in the hands of the nobility and Prince not disposed even Galician army. Despite this Mstislav also was not popular among the Galicians, who gradually began to favor Prince Andrew. In 1227 Mstislav allowed his daughter to marry him and gave them government in Galicia. Andrew has been a long time favorite of Galicia due to its careful approach to the rights of the nobility. However, in 1233 part of Galicians invited Daniel. As a result of the siege and the death of Andrew Daniel briefly seized the capital, but was forced to leave it not finding support of citizens majority. In 1235, at the invitation of Galicians to the city came Chernigov Prince Michael of Chernigov and his son Rostislav (his mother was the daughter of Roman the Great, the sister of Daniel). During the
Mongol invasion The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastati ...
, Halych turns in the hands of Daniel, but his power was not certain, because at this time chronicle mentions an ascension to the throne a loсal nobleman Dobroslav Suddych.


Daniel of Galicia and the Mongol invasion (1238–1264)

In the 1240s in Galician Principality's history occurred an important changes. In 1241 Наlych was captured by the Mongol army. In 1245 Daniel won a decisive battle over the Hungarian-Polish army of his opponent Rostislav and again unites Galicia with Volhynia. After the victory build his residence in Holm in the western part of Volhynia. After Daniel's visit to
Batu Khan Batu Khan (–1255) was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire established after Genghis Khan's demise. Batu was a son of Jochi, thus a grandson of Genghis Khan. His '' ulus'' ruled over the Kievan ...
, started payments of tribute to
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as ''Ulug Ulus'' ( in Turkic) was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of ...
. All these factors led to the beginning of cultural, economic and political decline of Halych.


Last rise and decline (1269–1349)

Already in the time of Daniel's rule Galicia turned to the hands of his elder son
Leo I of Galicia Leo I of Galicia (; – c. 1301) was King of Ruthenia, Prince of Belz (1245–1264), Przemyśl, Galicia (1264–1269), and Kiev (1271–1301). He was a son of King Daniel of Galicia and his first wife, Anna Mstislavna Smolenskaia (daughter ...
, who, after his father's death, gradually takes power in all areas of Volhynia. In the second half of the thirteenth century, he raised the importance of
Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
- a new political-administrative center, founded near Zvenyhorod on the border with Volhynia. Near 1300, Leo, in a short time, achieved power over Kiev, remaining however dependent on the Golden Horde. After the death of Leo, the center of the united Galician-Volhynian state returns to the city of Volodymyr. In the times of following princes, nobles gradually regained power, and from 1341 to 1349, it came in the hands of nobleman Dmytro Dedko, at the nominal reign of prince
Liubartas Liubartas or Demetrius of Liubar (died ) was a Lithuanian prince from the Gediminid dynasty. He was the prince of Volhynia, and from 1320, he ruled over Lutsk, Liubar and Zhytomyr. Liubartas was also the last ruler of the Kingdom of Galicia–Vo ...
. In 1349, after the death of Dmytro, Polish King
Casimir III the Great Casimir III the Great (; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, retaining the title throughout the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. He was the last Polish king fr ...
marched on Lviv, while coercing with the Golden Horde and the Hungarian kingdom. The result was the end of political independence of Galicia and its annexation into the Polish crown.


Post-history

In 1387 all lands of the Galician principality were included in to the possessions of Polish Queen Jadwiga, and later in 1434 transformed into Rus' Voivodeship. In 1772, Galicia was attached to the
Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a Multinational state, multinational European Great Powers, great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the Habsburg monarchy, realms of the Habsburgs. Duri ...
within which it existed as an administrative unit called "
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also known as Austrian Galicia or colloquially Austrian Poland, was a constituent possession of the Habsburg monarchy in the historical region of Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galicia in Eastern Europe. The Cr ...
" with the center in
Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
.


Relations with the Byzantine Empire

The Galician Principality had a close ties with
Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived History of the Roman Empire, the events that caused the ...
, closest than any other principality of
Kievan Rus Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus,. * was the first East Slavic state and later an amalgam of principalities in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas of Russ ...
. According to some records, Volodar of Peremyshl's daughter Irina was married in 1104 to
Isaac Isaac ( ; ; ; ; ; ) is one of the three patriarchs (Bible), patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Baháʼí Faith. Isaac first appears in the Torah, in wh ...
- third son of Byzantine Emperor
Alexios I Komnenos Alexios I Komnenos (, – 15 August 1118), Latinization of names, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine Emperor, Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. After usurper, usurping the throne, he was faced with a collapsing empire and ...
. Her son, future Emperor Andronicus I Comnenus some time lived in Halych and ruled by several cities of principality in years 1164–65. According to reports of Bartholomew of Lucca Byzantine Emperor Alexius III fled to Halych after the capture of Constantinople by Crusaders in 1204.Semkowicz A. Krytyczny rozbiór Dziejów Polskich Jana Dlugosza (do roku 1384). Kraków 1887, s. 203. Galician Principality and Byzantine Empire were frequent allies in the fight against
Cumans The Cumans or Kumans were a Turkic people, Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cumania, Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language. They are referred to as Polovtsians (''Polovtsy'') in Ru ...
.


Princes of Halych


References


Bibliography

* Hrushevsky, M. ''History of Ukraine-Rus''. Saint Petersburg, 1913. ** ''History of Ukraine-Rus''. Vienna, 1921. ** ''Illustrated history of Ukraine''. "BAO". Donetsk, 2003. (Chief Editor - Iosif Broyak) *


External links


Halych principality in Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (1988).
(
Encyclopedia of Ukraine The ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'' (), published from 1984 to 2001, is a fundamental work of Ukrainian Studies. Development The work was created under the auspices of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Europe (Sarcelles, near Paris). As the ...
) {{DEFAULTSORT:Halych, Principality of States and territories established in 1124 Political history of Ukraine Principalities of Kievan Rus' States and territories disestablished in the 12th century Historical regions in Ukraine History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)