Haaniella Scabra
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''Haaniella scabra'' is a species of
stick insect The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida or Phasmatoptera) are an order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick bugs, walkingsticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred to as Devil's da ...
native to
Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...
and a typical representative of the
subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...
Heteropteryginae Heteropterygini is the only Tribe (biology), tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae (family Heteropterygidae; order Phasmatodea). With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, ...
. The occasionally used common name Small Haaniella refers to the size of this.


Description

''Haaniella scabra'' primarily differs from most of the other representatives of the genus by its much smaller size. Many sharp spines can also be found in this species on the head, body and legs of both sexes. The formation of the wings also corresponds to that of the other ''
Haaniella ''Haaniella'' is a genus of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae from Southeast Asia. Characteristics The species of the genus ''Haaniella'' reach a body length of 4.5 to 16.5 cm in the female sex. The males, which are 2.5 to 9.8  ...
'' species. Both pairs of wings are shortened, with the forewings, which are designed as
tegmina A tegmen (: tegmina) designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera (earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis), Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insec ...
, completely covering the hindwings, which have been transformed into
stridulation Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with insects, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of fish, snakes and spiders. The mech ...
organs.
The males are only long. The
abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the gut, belly, tummy, midriff, tucky, or stomach) is the front part of the torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal ...
and legs are usually dark brown in color. The head and
thorax The thorax (: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main di ...
are drawn somewhat livelier due to lighter parts. The spines in particular are usually very light or almost white. The forewings at rest reveal an equally bright V-shaped pattern. The remaining wing areas are brown with black veining. The long, also light-colored spines on the underside of the abdomen are also striking. The underside of the
sterna ''Sterna'' is a genus of terns in the bird family Laridae. The genus used to encompass most "white" terns indiscriminately, but mtDNA sequence comparisons have determined that this arrangement was paraphyletic. It is now restricted to the typi ...
of the thorax is fawn brown and thus forms a clear contrast to the black colored membranes between the segments and joints.
The females are significantly larger than the males with a body length of . Their abdomen ends with the spine-like
ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typica ...
typical of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The
ventral Standard anatomical terms of location are used to describe unambiguously the anatomy of humans and other animals. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position prov ...
subgenital plate of this laying apparatus, which is also known as the operculum, is significantly longer than the dorsal part, which is called the supraanal plate or
epiproct This glossary of entomology describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists. A–C A synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, toxic to vertebrates. Though ...
. In ''Haaniella scabra'', the end of the supraanal plate is characterized by the presence of two to eight fine teeth. The abdomen swells in adult females during the oviposition phase, as in other species of the genus. The coloring is dominated by a rather simple light brown tone. A slight pattern is usually only visible on the head. Small, dark eyespots may be present on the upper side of the abdomen at about the level of the eighth abdominal segment. Some females also have very lightly colored areas on the abdomen, mostly around the sixth abdominal segment. This drawing is then already present in the
nymphs A nymph (; ; sometimes spelled nymphe) is a minor female nature deity in ancient Greek folklore. Distinct from other Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature; they are typically tied to a specific place, land ...
. Both adult females and older nymphs have the typical blue-black synovial and intersegmental membranes, complemented by orange-red areas on the sternum, hind coxae, and undersides of hind
femurs The femur (; : femurs or femora ), or thigh bone is the only bone in the thigh — the region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee. In many four-legged animals the femur is the upper bone of the hindleg. The top of the femur fits i ...
. In addition, a black spot can almost always be found on the middle of the outer edges of the forewings.


Distribution and way of life

The distribution area of ''Haaniella scabra'' is limited to the high mountain regions around
Mount Kinabalu Mount Kinabalu ( Dusun: ''Gayo Ngaran'' or ''Nulu Nabalu'', ) is the highest mountain in Malaysia and Borneo. With a height of , it is the third-highest peak of an island on Earth, the 28th highest peak in Southeast Asia, and 20th most prom ...
in the center of the Malaysian state of
Sabah Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah has land borders with the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and Indonesia's North Kalima ...
, in the northern part of Borneo. There the animals can be found at altitudes between .
In its behavior, this nocturnal species resembles the other representatives of the genus from Borneo. It shows the same defensive behavior, consisting of spreading the held up spiked hind legs and closing them when touched by an attacker. The females also lay their eggs in the ground at night using the ovipositor. Although the hairy eggs are smaller than those of the other species, measuring in length and in width, they are still quite large for the size of the animals. They also show a diagonally cross-shaped micropylar plate in the lower angle of which the
micropyle Micropyle may refer to: * Micropyle (botany) a minute opening in the integument of an ovule of a seed plant. * Micropyle (zoology) A micropyle is a pore in the membrane covering the ovum, through which a sperm enters. Micropyles are also found in s ...
is located. After 8 to 18 months, the long nymphs hatch, and they need another 18 months to become adults. Older nymphs also have the high-contrast colored underside of the imagines' bodies. The average life expectancy of this species, which comes from the cool high mountains, is significantly higher than that of the other species. For example, a wild-caught female cared for by Oskar V. Conle reached an age of more than five years.


Taxonomy

In 1906, Josef Redtenbacher initially described the species as ''Heteropteryx scabra'', thus ignoring the description of the genus ''Haaniella'' published by
William Forsell Kirby William Forsell Kirby (14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912) was an English entomologist and folklorist. He specialized in the study of the stick insects, describing nearly 70 species and 22 genera. His collection filled 120 cabinets and clai ...
in 1904. The species name "scabra" was chosen in allusion to the rough surface of the body caused by the spines (
Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
scabrum = rough).
Klaus Günther Klaus is a German, Dutch and Scandinavian given name and surname. It originated as a short form of Nikolaus, a German form of the Greek given name Nicholas. Notable persons whose family name is Klaus * Billy Klaus (1928–2006), American baseb ...
placed the species in 1932 as a
subspecies In Taxonomy (biology), biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (Morphology (biology), morpholog ...
of '' Haaniella grayii'', but changed this assignment in 1944 and assigned it again as a subspecies to '' Haaniella echinata''. As early as 1938, it was designated by
John William Holman Rehn John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second Ep ...
as a separate species and addressed as ''Haaniella scabra''. Only when the first specimens were imported to Europe by Cocking in 1984 were the animals examined again. Since a 1985 publication, also by Cocking, ''Haaniella scabra'' has again been considered a valid species. A total of four
syntypes In biological nomenclature, a syntype is any one of two or more biological types that is listed in a description of a taxon where no holotype was designated. Precise definitions of this and related terms for types have been established as part o ...
are deposited at museums in
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
,
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...
and
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
. The male specimen of the two syntypes located in Vienna has been determined as the
lectotype In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes ...
. Frank H. Hennemann
et al. References Notes References Further reading * * External links * {{Latin phrases E ...
divided the genus into three species groups in 2016. ''Haaniella scabra'' has been assigned to the "''echinata''" species group along with ''Haaniella echinata'' and '' Haaniella saussurei''. This assignment could not be fully confirmed by a
molecular genetic Molecular genetics is a branch of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms. Molecular genetics often applies an "investigative approach" to determine the str ...
study from 2021. Sarah Bank et al. included among others the species originating from Borneo in their investigation and showed that ''Haaniella saussurei'' has a special position within the genus, while all other species originating from Borneo are relatively closely related to each other. ''Haaniella grayii'' proved to be the
sister species In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...
of ''Haaniella scabra''.


In terraristics

After Cocking introduced animals for terraristics for the first time in 1984, further animals were not imported again until 1996. The species is listed under PSG number 70 by the
Phasmid Study Group The Phasmid Study Group is a group for professional and amateur entomologists who are interested in the order Phasmatodea, i.e. stick and leaf insects, known as "phasmids", as well as other interested persons. Over 40 species A species () is ...
.
Although small to medium-sized terrariums are sufficient for keeping ''Haaniella scabra'', the species is considered very delicate. Mortality is often very high, especially in the first few weeks after hatching. The terrarium should be provided with suitable hiding places and a substrate that is suitable for laying eggs and is always slightly moist. In addition to high humidity, temperatures of an average to a maximum of are necessary for successful keeping. Diet is not a problem, because in addition to leaves from
Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus '' Rosa''. The family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, but som ...
such as
bramble ''Rubus'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, most commonly known as brambles. Fruits of various species are known as raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and bristleberries. I ...
, ''
Crataegus ''Crataegus'' (), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, Voss, E. G. 1985. ''Michigan Flora: A guide to the identification and occurrence of the native and naturalized seed-plants of the state. Part II: Dicots (Saururaceae–Cornacea ...
'' and firethorn,
oak An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' of the beech family. They have spirally arranged leaves, often with lobed edges, and a nut called an acorn, borne within a cup. The genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisp ...
,
ivy ''Hedera'', commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern ...
and other plants are also eaten.


Gallery

Haaniella scabra - egg.jpg, egg Haaniella scabra - portrait of a male.JPG, portrait of a male Haaniella scabra -male downside.JPG, bottom view of a male Haaniella scabra - female.JPG, females


References

Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.
Phasmida Species File Online
'. Version 5.0. (accessdate 04 October 2022)
Bragg, P. E. (2001). ''Phasmids of Borneo'', Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, p. 93–97, ISBN 983-812-027-8 Baker, E. W. (2011). ''Haaniella scabra (Redtenbacher, 1906) Bemerkungen zur Zucht'', ZAG Phoenix, Nr. 3 Juni 2011 Jahrgang 2(1), p. 46–49, Redtenbacher, J. (1906).
Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae
'. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 169–171
Bruins, E. (2006). ''Illustrierte Terrarien Enzyklopädie'' - Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim 2006, p. 77, ISBN 978-3-89555-423-0 Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Kneubühler, B., B. & Valero, P.
''Haaniella scabra'' under ''The Longest Lived'' on phasmatodea.com
/ref> Phasmid Study Group Culture List
/ref> Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Brock, P. D. & Seow-Choen, F. (2016). Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae), ''Zootaxa'' 4159 (1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand, Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021)
Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)
''Systematic Entomology'', DOI:10.1111/syen.12472


External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q1288057 Phasmatodea Phasmatodea of Asia Insects described in 1906