HMS Forester (H74)

HMS ''Forester'' was one of nine F-class destroyers built for the Royal Navy during the early 1930s. Although assigned to the Home Fleet upon completion, the ship was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1935–36 during the Abyssinia Crisis. A few weeks after the start of World War II in September 1939, she helped to sink one German submarine and then participated in the Second Battle of Narvik during the Norwegian Campaign of 1940. ''Forester'' was sent to Gibraltar in mid-1940 and formed part of Force H where she participated in the attack on the Vichy French ships at Mers-el-Kébir and the Battle of Dakar between escorting the aircraft carriers of Force H as they flew off aircraft for Malta and covering convoys resupplying and reinforcing the island until late 1941. During this time the ship helped to sink another German submarine.

Converted into an escort destroyer midway through the war, ''Forester'' was assigned to escort convoys to Russia for the next year and a half and then in the North Atlantic until mid-1944. The ship helped to sink another German submarine before she was transferred to the English Channel to protect convoys during the Normandy landings. ''Forester'' assisted in sinking a German submarine before returning to the North Atlantic for a few months. The ship was under repair for the first half of 1945 and was then reduced to reserve in November before being scrapped in early 1946.

Description

The F-class ships were repeats of the preceding E class. They displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of . ''Forester'' carried a maximum of of fuel oil that gave her a range of at . The ships' complement was 145 officers and ratings.Lenton, p. 156

The ships mounted four 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' in sequence from front to rear. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. The F class was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for torpedoes. One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began.

Wartime modifications

''Forester'' had her rear torpedo tubes replaced by a 12-pounder (76 mm) AA gun when she returned to England in October 1941. In April–June 1943, she was converted into an escort destroyer. A Type 286 short-range surface search radar was fitted and a Type 271 target indication radar was installed above the bridge, replacing the director-control tower and rangefinder. The ship also received a HF/DF radio direction finder mounted on a pole mainmast. Her short-range AA armament was augmented by four Oerlikon guns and the .50-calibre machine guns were replaced by a pair of Oerlikons. A split Hedgehog anti-submarine spigot mortar was installed abreast 'A' gun and stowage for a total of 70 depth charges meant that 'Y' gun and the 12-pounder had to be removed to compensate for their weight. By 1944 the ship carried 115 depth charges.

Construction and career

''Forester'' was built by J. Samuel White at its Cowes shipyard under the 1932 Naval Programme. The ship was laid down on 15 May 1933, launched on 28 June 1934,English, pp. 75–76 as the eleventh ship to carry the name, and completed on 19 April 1935. The ship cost 248,898 pounds, excluding Admiralty supplied equipment such as armaments and communications sets. ''Forester'' was initially assigned to the 6th Destroyer Flotilla (DF) of the Home Fleet, but was sent to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet, together with most of her sister ships, during the Abyssinian crisis in June and remained here until February 1936. She was deployed to protect neutral shipping to the Bay of Biscay from April to September 1937, during the Spanish Civil War. On 6 April, she escorted the British-flagged freighter ''Jenny'' to Santander assisted by the heavy cruiser HMS ''Shopshire''. On 27 April, ''Forester'' attempted to shepherd the British merchant ''Consett'' to Santander, but the cargo ship was shelled by the battleship ''España'' and forced out of the territorial waters. ''Forester'' accomplished the same mission off Gibraltar in September–October of the same year. The ship then returned home and spent the next two years with the 6th DF. The flotilla was renumbered the 8th Destroyer Flotilla in April 1939, five months before the start of World War II. ''Forester'' remained assigned to it until June 1940, escorting the larger ships of the fleet.

After a pair of fishing trawlers were sunk by a submarine off the Hebrides after the start of World War II in September 1939, the 6th and 8th DFs were ordered to sweep the area on 19 September. The following day, ''Forester'' and three of her sisters sank the and then resumed their normal escort duties. On 11 February 1940, she helped to tow the damaged tanker to port after she was torpedoed by .English, p. 82 Two months later, ''Forester'' escorted the battleship during the Second Battle of Narvik on 13 April and engaged several German destroyers. Only lightly damaged herself, she escorted the badly damaged destroyer to Skjelfjord for temporary repairs after the battle. Two days later, ''Forester'' was one of the screen for the battleship and the battlecruiser as they sailed back to Scapa Flow to refuel. In early June, the ship was escorting the battlecruiser and two cruisers as they searched for illusory German commerce raiders off Iceland; they were recalled to Norwegian waters on 9 June after the Germans launched Operation Juno, an attack on the Allied convoys evacuating Norway, but the Germans had already returned to base by the time the ships arrived.

Force H

In late June, the 8th DF was ordered to Gibraltar where they were to form the escorts for Force H. A few days later, they participated in the attack on Mers-el-Kébir against the Vichy French ships stationed there. During Operation MA 5, a planned air attack on Italian airfields in Sardinia, the destroyer was torpedoed by the on 11 July after the attack had been cancelled due to lack of surprise. The torpedo blew a large hole in the ship, but the British tried to salvage her. Despite their efforts, she foundered later that morning after ''Forester'' and the flotilla leader took off the survivors. A month later ''Forester'' was one of the escorts for Force H during Operation Hurry, a mission to fly off fighter aircraft for Malta and conduct an airstrike on Cagliari on 2 August. On 13 September, Force H rendezvoused with a convoy that was carrying troops intended to capture Dakar from the Vichy French. Ten days later, they attacked Dakar, but were driven off by the Vichy French defences. In early October, ''Forester'' escorted a troop convoy from Freetown, Sierra Leone, to French Cameroon.

She then returned to Gibraltar and escorted the aircraft carriers and during Operations Coat and White in November. On 21 November, the light cruiser , ''Forester'' and ''Faulknor'' intercepted the Vichy French blockade runner and escorted her to Gibraltar. The ship escorted Force F to Malta during Operation Collar later in the month and participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento on 27 November. In early January, she screened Force H during Operation Excess and rescued the crew of a shot-down Italian bomber on 9 January.

Later that month, ''Forester'' and ''Faulknor'' temporarily relieved some of the escorts for Convoy WS 5B bound for Egypt via the Cape of Good Hope and stayed with the convoy to Freetown. Before arriving there on 26 January, they were detached from Force H to reinforce the Freetown Escort Force. This did not last long as they were ordered to escort Convoy SL 67 and the battleship en route back to Gibraltar. On 7 March, the German battleships and spotted the convoy, but Admiral Günther Lütjens declined to attack when ''Malaya'' was spotted. Their report caused attacks by two U-boats that sank five ships from the convoy before Force H rendezvoused with it three days later. The following month ''Forester'' was part of the escort screen, with five other destroyers, for the battleship and the light cruisers , and which were joining the Mediterranean Fleet. This was part of Operation Tiger which included a supply convoy taking tanks to Egypt and the transfer of warships to and from the Mediterranean Fleet. ''Forester'' and her sisters had their Two-Speed Destroyer Sweep (TSDS) minesweeping gear rigged to allow them to serve as a fast minesweepers en route to Malta. Despite this, one merchant ship was sunk by mines and another damaged. Later that month, she participated in Operation Splice, another mission in which the carriers ''Ark Royal'' and flew off fighters for Malta.

Force H was ordered to join the escort of Convoy WS 8B in the North Atlantic on 24 May, after the Battle of the Denmark Strait on 23 May, but they were directed to search for the and the heavy cruiser on 25 May. Heavy seas increased fuel consumption for all of the escorts and ''Forester'' was forced to return to Gibraltar to refuel later that day before rejoining the capital ships of Force H on 29 May, after ''Bismarck'' had been tracked down and sunk. In early June the destroyer participated in two more aircraft delivery missions to Malta (Operations Rocket and Tracer). While returning to Gibraltar to refuel, after covering another WS convoy west of Gibraltar, she participated in the sinking of , together with four of her sisters on 18 June. In late June, ''Forester'' screened ''Ark Royal'' and ''Furious'' as they flew off more fighters for Malta in Operation Railway.

On 23 July, during a Malta supply convoy ( Operation Substance), ''Forester'' rescued survivors from her sister , which had been attacked by Italian torpedo-bombers, and then sank the wrecked and burning ship with torpedoes. A week later she screened the capital ships of Force H as they covered another Malta convoy ( Operation Style). Over the next several months, ''Forester'' participated in Operation Halberd, another Malta convoy and escorted ''Ark Royal'' and ''Furious'' as they made several trips to fly off aircraft for Malta (Operations Status, Status II and Callboy). Upon her return to the UK on 26 October, the destroyer was briefly assigned to the 11th Escort Group before rejoining the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow in November. She then began a lengthy refit and work up that lasted until April 1942.

Russian convoys, 1942

In mid-April, ''Forester'' was part of the close cover for Convoy PQ 14 to Murmansk. On 28 April, ''Forester'' joined the escort of returning Convoy QP 11, and two days later, when the light cruiser was torpedoed, she and her sister ''Foresight'' were detached to escort the crippled cruiser back to Murmansk. On 1 May ''Edinburgh'' and her escorts were attacked by the German destroyers , and . ''Forester'' fired her torpedoes at ''Z25'', but was almost simultaneously hit by three shells. They disabled 'B' and 'X' guns and the hit in No. 1 boiler room temporarily disabled her propulsion machinery. Twelve crewmen were killed, including her captain, and nine were wounded. ''Foresight'' was also temporarily disabled and the Germans put another torpedo into ''Edinburgh'', crippling her, before breaking off the engagement to rescue the crew of the crippled ''Z7 Hermann Schoemann''. The two British destroyers took off the survivors from the cruiser and ''Foresight'' scuttled the cruiser with a torpedo before heading back to Murmansk for temporary repairs.Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 39–43 She sailed on 13 May with ''Foresight'' and the destroyers and as escorts for the light cruiser that had been damaged while escorting Convoy PQ 13. The next day the ships came under heavy air attack, and ''Trinidad'' was further damaged and set on fire. ''Forester'' took off the wounded and other survivors, and ''Trinidad'' was sunk by ''Matchless''. ''Forester'' arrived at Scapa Flow on 18 May and immediately took passage to a shipyard on the Tyne for repairs that lasted until October. That month, she rejoined the 8th DF and resumed escorting convoys to Russia until April 1943. The ship was then refitted at Leith until June.

Later service, 1943–45

In June 1943, ''Forester'' joined the 1st Canadian Escort Group for Atlantic convoy duty. On 10 March 1944, while escorting Convoy SC 154, ''Forester'', along with the destroyer , the frigate and the corvette sank the . The ship remained on convoy duty in the North Atlantic until 29 May when she was transferred to the English Channel to support the Normandy landings for the next several months. On 20 August, ''Forester'', and the destroyers and sank the off Beachy Head. The next day she engaged and drove off E-boats with the destroyers and while defending a Channel coastal convoy. In October, the ship was transferred to the 14th Escort Group at Londonderry Port for convoy defence. On 1 December 1944 ''Forester'' arrived at Liverpool for repairs, returning to service in May 1945, and joining the Rosyth Escort Force. ''Forester'' was paid off in August and reduced to reserve at Dartmouth on 2 November. She was turned over to the British Iron & Steel Corporation on 22 January 1946 for disposal and arrived at Rosyth to be broken up for scrap on 26 February by Metal Industries, Limited.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forester (H74)
E and F-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the Isle of Wight
1934 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Spanish Civil War ships