HMS ''Bedford'' was a
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...
74-gun
third rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy, a third rate was a ship of the line which from the 1720s mounted between 64 and 80 guns, typically built with two gun decks (thus the related term two-decker).
Rating
When the rating system was f ...
. This
ship of the line
A ship of the line was a type of naval warship constructed during the Age of Sail from the 17th century to the mid-19th century. The ship of the line was designed for the naval tactics in the Age of Sail, naval tactic known as the line of battl ...
was launched on 27 October 1775 at
Woolwich
Woolwich () is a town in South London, southeast London, England, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich.
The district's location on the River Thames led to its status as an important naval, military and industrial area; a role that was mainta ...
.
Early service
At an unknown date on a cruise she captured American merchant ship Hanna; the prize arrived safely in England in early January 1778.
In May 1778 ''Bedford'' was under the command of Capt. Edmund Affleck.
In 1780, ''Bedford'' fought at the
Battle of Cape St Vincent. Later, she was part of the squadron under Vice-Admiral
Mariot Arbuthnot
Admiral of the Blue Mariot Arbuthnot (1711 – 31 January 1794) was a Royal Navy officer who served in the American War of Independence.
Early life
A native of Weymouth, Dorset in England, Arbuthnot was the son of Robert Arbuthnot and Sarah ...
.
American Revolutionary War
During the American Revolutionary War, ''Bedford'', under the command of Captain Sir
Edmund Affleck, fought in two engagements against the
Comte de Grasse; at the
Battle of St. Kitts (25–26 January 1782) under Admiral
Samuel Hood, and the
Battle of the Saintes
The Battle of the Saintes (known to the French as the Bataille de la Dominique), also known as the Battle of Dominica, was an important naval battle in the Caribbean between the British and the French that took place 9–12 April 1782. The Brit ...
(9–12 April 1782) under Admiral
Rodney. Her crew was paid off and disbanded in the summer of 1783, and the vessel herself was put into
ordinary.
Between 1787 and 1791, her captain was
Robert Mann
Robert Nathaniel Mann (July 19, 1920 – January 1, 2018) was a violinist, composer, conductor, and founding member of the Juilliard String Quartet, as well as a faculty member at the Manhattan School of Music. Mann, the first violinist at Jui ...
. Mann returned to take command of ''Bedford'' in January 1793, remaining with her until late 1794 and participating in the
Raid on Genoa.
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
In 1795 she was in the Mediterranean under Captain
Davidge Gould
Sir Davidge Gould GCB (1758 – 23 April 1847) was an officer of the Royal Navy. He served during the American Revolutionary, French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, eventually rising to the rank of admiral. He was one of Vice-Admira ...
. She was with Vice-Admiral Hotham's squadron off Genoa on 14 March when it captured and . During the engagement ''Bedford'' suffered such damage to her masts and rigging that she had to be towed out of the action. ''Bedford''s casualties numbered seven men killed and 18 wounded, including her
first lieutenant
First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces; in some forces, it is an appointment.
The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations, but in most forces it is sub-divided into a se ...
.
''Bedford'' was also present on 13 July when the British fleet engaged the Toulon fleet in an indecisive action. Only a few British vessels exchanged fire with the French before they withdrew. If ''Bedford'' participated at all, she did not suffer any casualties. The British did capture one vessel, , but she caught fire and blew up.
In September 1795, ''Bedford'' was part of the force escorting 63 merchants of the Levant convoy from Gibraltar. The other escorts were the 74-gun ship , the frigates , the 32-gun frigates and
HMS ''Lutine'', and the
fireship
A fire ship or fireship is a large wooden vessel set on fire to be used against enemy ships during a ramming attack or similar maneuver. Fireships were used to great effect against wooden ships throughout naval military history up until the adv ...
, and the recently captured .
The convoy called at
Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( , ) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory and British overseas cities, city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the A ...
on 25 September, at which point thirty-two of the merchants left that night in company with ''Argo'' and ''Juno''.
The rest of the fleet sailed together, reaching
Cape St Vincent
Cape St. Vincent (, ) is a headland in the municipality of Vila do Bispo, in the Algarve, southern Portugal. It is the southwesternmost point of Portugal and of mainland Europe.
History
Cape St. Vincent was already sacred ground in Neolithic ...
by the early morning of 7 October. At this point a sizable French squadron was sighted bearing up, consisting of six ships of the line and three frigates under Rear-Admiral
Joseph de Richery.
Eventually ''Censeur''
struck Struck is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*Adolf Struck
Adolf Hermann Struck (1877–1911) was a German sightseer and writer. He is known for his Travel literature, travelogue ''Makedonische Fahrten'' and for surveying the ...
, and the remaining British warships and one surviving merchant vessel of the convoy made their escape.
On 17 October ''Argo'' and ''Juno'' brought in to British waters their convoy of 32 vessels.
In 1797 ''Bedford'' saw action at the
Battle of Camperdown
The Battle of Camperdown (Dutch language, Dutch: ''Zeeslag bij Kamperduin'') was fought on 11 October 1797 between the Royal Navy's Commander-in-Chief, North Sea, North Sea Fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan, Adam Duncan and a ...
under the command of Captain
Sir Thomas Byard.
By 1799 she was out of commission at Plymouth. The next year she was fitted out there as a
prison ship
A prison ship, is a current or former seagoing vessel that has been modified to become a place of substantive detention for convicts, prisoner of war, prisoners of war or civilian internees. Some prison ships were hulk (ship type), hulked. W ...
. Between September 1805 and October 1807 ''Bedford'' underwent extensive repairs and then was prepared for foreign service. In October she was commissioned by Captain
James Walker. To man ''Bedford'' the Navy transferred over 's petty officers and crew.
''Bedford'' then joined Rear-Admiral Sir
Sidney Smith who was assisting the
Portuguese royal family
The Most Serene House of Braganza (), also known as the Brigantine dynasty (''dinastia Brigantina''), is a dynasty of emperors, kings, princes, and dukes of Portuguese people, Portuguese origin which reigned in Europe and the Americas.
The hous ...
in its
flight from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. The flotilla that left Lisbon consisted of , , and ''Bedford'', eight Portuguese ships of the line, four frigates, three brigs and a schooner, as well as many merchant vessels. Smith estimated the total number of Portuguese vessels as 37. The flotilla left on 11 November 1807 and reached Rio de Janeiro on 7 March 1808. While she was in Brazil ''Bedford'' was for a short time in 1808-9 under the command of Captain
Adam Mackenzie
Captain Adam Mackenzie (died 13 November 1823) was an officer of the British Royal Navy who served during the American, French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, being present at numerous fleet actions, as well as serving as successful ship ca ...
(or M'Kenzie) of
''President''.
War of 1812
In September 1814 Captain Walker took command of a squadron that carried the advance guard of Major General Keane's army, which was moving to attack New Orleans. Also present in the squadron were the troopships , , , and , and the warship . ''Bedford'' arrived off Chandeleur Island on 8 December 1814 and the troops started to disembark eight days later. Sir
Alexander Cochrane
Admiral Sir Alexander Inglis Cochrane, GCB (born Alexander Forrester Cochrane; 23 April 1758 – 26 January 1832) was a Royal Navy officer and politician who served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and achieved the rank of admi ...
and Rear-Admirals
Pulteney Malcolm and
Edward Codrington
Sir Edward Codrington, (27 April 1770 – 28 April 1851) was a British admiral, who took part in the Battle of Trafalgar and the Battle of Navarino.
Early life and career
The youngest of three brothers born to Edward Codrington the elder (1732 ...
went ashore with the army. Between 12 and 14 December ''Bedford''s boats, under the command of Lieutenant
John Franklin
Sir John Franklin (16 April 1786 – 11 June 1847) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer and colonial administrator. After serving in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812, he led two expeditions into the Northern Canada, Canadia ...
, participated in the
Battle of Lake Borgne, in which she lost one man killed and four or five men wounded, including Franklin and two other officers. In 1847 the
Admiralty issued a clasp (or bar) marked "14 Dec. Boat Service 1814" to survivors of the boat service who claimed the clasp to the
Naval General Service Medal.
''Bedford'' then contributed most of her officers and 150 men to land operations. During these operations Franklin helped dig a canal to facilitate the movement of troops. By default Walker became senior officer of the ships of the line, which were anchored 100 miles from the battle area as the waters were too shallow to permit these largest vessels to approach more closely.
Post-war and fate
After news of the
Treaty of Ghent
The Treaty of Ghent () was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. It took effect in February 1815. Both sides signed it on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, United Netherlands (now in ...
, which had ended the war, arrived, ''Bedford'' and sailed to Jamaica. There they collected a home-bound convoy.
[''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 33 (January–July 1815), p. 332.] In 1816 ''Bedford'' was out of commission at Portsmouth. She was broken up in 1817.
Notes
Citations
References
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* Lavery, Brian (1983) ''The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850.'' Conway Maritime Press. .
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External links
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Ships of the Old Navy
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bedford (1775)
Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
Royal Oak-class ships of the line
1775 ships
War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom