HMCS Chicoutimi (SSK 879)

HMCS ''Chicoutimi'' is a ''Victoria''-class long-range hunter-killer (SSK) submarine of the Royal Canadian Navy, originally built and operated by the Royal Navy as HMS ''Upholder''. Shortly after being handed over by the United Kingdom to Canada she was involved in a partial flooding incident which resulted in a fire at sea. The incident sparked a fierce debate over the value of the purchase of this group of second-hand vessels, as well as the handover inspection process. The subsequent investigation "determined the fire was caused by human, technical and operational factors, ndthe board cleared the commanding officer and crew of any blame." The submarine was repaired and entered Canadian service in 2015.

Design and description

As built the ''Upholder''/''Victoria'' class was designed as a replacement for the for use as hunter-killer and training subs. The submarines, which have a single-skinned, teardrop-shaped hull, displace surfaced and submerged.Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 532Saunders, p. 88 They are long overall with a beam of and a draught of .

The submarines are powered by a one shaft diesel-electric system. They are equipped with two Paxman Valenta 1600 RPS SZ diesel engines each driving a GEC electric alternator with two 120-cell chloride batteries.Perkins, p. 196 The batteries have a 90-hour endurance at . The ship is propelled by a GEC dual armature electric motor turning a seven-blade fixed pitch propeller. They have a diesel capacity. This gives the subs a maximum speed of on the surface and submerged. They have a range of at and at snorting depth.Cocker, p. 123 The class has a reported dive depth of over .

The ''Upholder''/''Victoria'' class are armed with six torpedo tubes. In British service, the submarines were equipped with 14 Tigerfish Mk 24 Mod 2 torpedoes and four UGM-84 Sub-Harpoon missiles. They could also be adapted for use as a minelayer. The submarines have Type 1007 radar and Type 2040, Type 2019, Type 2007 and Type 2046 sonar installed. The hull is fitted with elastomeric acoustic tiles to reduce acoustic signature. In British service the vessels had a complement of 7 officers and 40 ratings.

Refits and Canadian alterations

During the refit for Canadian service, the Sub-Harpoon and mine capabilities were removed and the submarines were equipped with the Lockheed Martin Librascope Submarine fire-control system (SFCS) to meet the operational requirements of the Canadian Navy. Components from the fire control system of the ''Oberon''-class submarines were installed. This gave the submarines the ability to fire the Gould Mk 48 Mod 4 torpedo. In 2014, the Government of Canada purchased 12 upgrade kits that will allow the submarines to fire the Mk 48 Mod 7AT torpedoes.

These radar and sonar systems were later upgraded with the installation of the BAE Type 2007 array and the Type 2046 towed array. The Canadian Towed Array Sonar (CANTASS) has been integrated into the towed sonar suite. The ''Upholder''-class submarines were equipped with the CK035 electro-optical search periscope and the CH085 optronic attack periscope, originally supplied by Pilkington Optronics. After the Canadian refit, the submarines were equipped with Canadian communication equipment and electronic support measures (ESM). This included two SSE decoy launchers and the AR 900 ESM.

Construction and career

The submarine was built for the Royal Navy as HMS ''Upholder'' (S40), the lead ship of the ''Upholder'' (2400) class of submarines, the second vessel to bear the name in the Royal Navy. The submarine was laid down by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd (VSEL) in February 1983 and launched on 2 December 1986.Wertheim, pp. 77–78 During construction, work on the submarine was delayed due to a labour strike. ''Upholder'' commissioned into the Royal Navy on 7 December 1990. Her commissioning was delayed due to a problem with the operation of the torpedo tubes, which had to be welded closed to prevent sea water entering the submarine.

''Upholder'' was decommissioned on 29 April 1994 as a financial measure, following the end of the Cold-War and subsequent cancellation of the programme and amidst some controversy. The entire class was declared surplus to requirements in 1994.

Royal Canadian Navy

The British government was looking to discontinue the operation of diesel-electric boats and offered to sell ''Upholder'' and her sister submarines to Canada in 1993. The offer was accepted in 1998.Ferguson, p. 152 The four boats were leased to Canada for US$427 million (plus US$98 million for upgrades and alteration to Canadian standards), with the lease to run for eight years; after this, the submarines would be sold for £1.

Problems were discovered with the piping welds on all four submarines, which delayed the reactivation of ''Upholder'' and her three sisters. ''Upholder'' was the last to be restored. When work commenced on the submarine, internal steelwork was found to be corroded, hull valves were cracked, air turbine pumps were defective, and equipment was missing that had been used to refit sister boat (ex-''Ursula'').

''Upholder'' was renamed HMCS ''Chicoutimi'', in honour of the city of Chicoutimi, Quebec (now a borough of the city of Saguenay).

October 2004 fire

''Chicoutimi'' was the last of the newly renamed ''Victoria''-class vessels to complete the refit and was handed over to Maritime Command on 2 October 2004 at Faslane Naval Base. Two days later, ''Chicoutimi'' set sail for her new home port at CFB Halifax in Nova Scotia.

On 5 October, ''Chicoutimi'' was running on the surface, through heavy seas north-west of County Mayo, Ireland. Both hatches in the bridge fin lock-out chamber were left open and an estimated of seawater entered the vessel. The seawater caused an electrical panel to short out, which in turn started a major fire and caused all power to cut out, leaving the submarine adrift. Nine crewmembers were affected by smoke inhalation and the submarine was left drifting without power in heavy seas.

The RNLI lifeboat ''Sam and Ada Moody'', stationed on Achill Island, County Mayo was put on standby to assist, but was later stood down. An Irish Navy ship, , responded to the submarine's mayday signal and set out to assist it, but was seriously damaged by the rough seas and forced to return to harbour. The only other Irish Navy ships available to help, and were patrolling off Ireland's southern coast. At 2 p.m. local time, the Royal Navy frigate and the auxiliary vessel reached the crippled ''Chicoutimi'', with an additional three British ships en route. LÉ ''Aoife'' later reached the area and took over coordination of the rescue and salvage efforts. Other British ships dispatched to assist the submarine were and , as well as a number of specialist vessels to handle the situation. The rough conditions in the North Atlantic were impeding efforts to rescue the surfaced ''Chicoutimi'', and a former Canadian naval officer said of ''Chicoutimi'' that " t'snot good surface rider at all. It’s by no means unsafe; it’s just very uncomfortable."

Three of the crew were airlifted by a Royal Navy helicopter for medical treatment after their condition deteriorated. Its original destination was Derry, Northern Ireland, but the helicopter diverted to Sligo, Ireland after one crewman, Lieutenant (Navy) Chris Saunders, 32, became severely ill. The three crewmen were taken to Sligo General Hospital, where Saunders was pronounced dead. The other two were admitted to the hospital, where one was listed in "critical" condition and placed in the intensive care unit, while another was reported as being in a "stable" condition.

By the evening of 7 October, the weather had abated, and ''Chicoutimi'' was taken in tow by the HM Coastguard tugboat ''Anglian Prince'' to return to Faslane Naval Base in Scotland. The tow was later taken over by the United States Submarine Support Vessel , which was able to increase the towing speed from to , and reached Faslane on the evening of 10 October. ''Chicoutimi'' was escorted into the Royal Navy base by , a Canadian frigate which rushed across the Atlantic after the navy learned of the fire.

Following claims made in the Canadian media about the cause of the fire, blaming the United Kingdom for supplying an unsafe vessel, the situation was further exacerbated by controversial comments made by the UK's Secretary of State for Defence, Geoff Hoon. Hoon accompanied his condolences for Saunders with a proposal that the Royal Navy would charge Canada for the cost of the rescue while also stating that Canada as the buyer had to beware. In Canada, many Second World War veterans were outraged by his comments. As well as promoting speculation regarding problems with the ''Victoria'' class, the incident also sparked debate in Ireland over the country's lack of a rescue tug at that time.

After some repairs were made at Faslane, the Department of National Defence contracted Eide Marine Services to transport ''Chicoutimi'' aboard the submersible heavy lift ship ''Eide Transporter'' to Halifax. She departed Faslane on 13 January 2005 and arrived in Halifax on 1 February, where she was dry docked at HMC Dockyard for further work.

A year after the incident, a Canadian board of inquiry found that ''Chicoutimi'' was traveling on the surface with two hatches open so that crewmembers could repair an air vent on the submarine's conning tower, an issue that had not been addressed during the British refit of the vessel. An unexpected rogue wave arrived during this time and sent water down the open hatches. This partially flooded two compartments and created a short circuit in electrical connectors that the British had only applied one layer of waterproof sealant to, rather than the recommended three. The board of inquiry concluded that "a combination of human, technical and operational factors ... led to a tragic death", in the words of the-then Chief of the Maritime Staff Bruce MacLean, and that ''Chicoutimi''s captain Luc Pelletier was not at fault. Sailors who fought the fire aboard the submarine suffered higher levels of post-traumatic stress syndrome and asthma in the years following the incident.

2009 transfer to Victoria

In April 2006 the Department of National Defence announced that repairs to ''Chicoutimi'' would be deferred until 2010 when the submarine was to undergo a previously scheduled two-year Extended Docking Work Period (refit).

From 2006 to 2008 the Department of Public Works and Government Services worked with the Department of National Defence (DND) to issue a Request for Proposal for the Victoria Class In-Service Support Contract Project (VISSC). The result of this RFP saw the VISSC awarded in June 2008 to the Canadian Submarine Maintenance Group (CSMG), a private-sector consortium led by Babcock Marine and Weir Canada Inc. The initial five-year contract for the VISSC will see CSMG establish a submarine maintenance and repair facility at DND's graving dock at CFB Esquimalt near Victoria, British Columbia. The DND graving dock is operated by Washington Marine Group as Victoria Shipyards Inc.

Under the terms of the VISSC, CSMG contracted Dockwise USA Inc to transport ''Chicoutimi'' from Halifax to Esquimalt. On 1 April 2009 ''Chicoutimi'' was loaded aboard the submersible heavy lift ship ''Tern'' in Bedford Basin. ''Tern'' departed Halifax on 5 April 2009 and arrived in Esquimalt on 29 April 2009 where ''Chicoutimi'' was transferred to the CSMG facility.

In January 2014 it was announced that ''Chicoutimi'' was repaired and was being prepared to be handed back over to the navy. However, the boat would be limited to shallow-water diving for the foreseeable future. It was announced on 28 September 2014 that the submarine began sea trials that would take seven-to-eight weeks to complete. On 7 December 2014 the Ottawa Citizen reported that HMCS ''Chicoutimi'' had completed her sea trials and was handed over to the Royal Canadian Navy on 3 December 2014. The boat was officially commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy on 3 September 2015.

Operational service

In October 2015, ''Chicoutimi'', along with and , participated in the United States Navy's Task Group Exercise, a naval exercise held off southern California. In 2015, problems with welds were discovered aboard ''Chicoutimi'' and sister boat ''Victoria''. Both submarines were docked to undergo repairs and ''Chicoutimi'' began training exercises in December 2016.

In May 2017, ''Chicoutimi'' returned to port after problems arose with the main battery while conducting operations at sea. On 15 June 2017, while ''Chicoutimi'' was docked at CFB Esquimalt, the ''Cougar'' struck the submarine as it was exiting the dockyard. The initial inspection following the collision showed only superficial damage to the protective gear around the submarine. To deal with the ongoing battery issues aboard ''Chicoutimi'', the main battery was transferred from sister boat ''Victoria''. On 7 October 2017, CBC News reported that ''Chicoutimi'' had been sent on a first-ever operational patrol to Asia. ''Chicoutimi'' made a port visit to Yokosuka, Japan while deployed to Asia, marking the first time in 50 years a Canadian submarine has visited the country. The submarine was deployed off the coast of North Korea recording airport departures and arrivals and monitoring sea traffic. The submarine returned to CFB Esquimalt on 21 March 2018.

Heraldry

HMS ''Upholder'' (S40)

The precursor of ''Upholder'' (S40) was . In 1941 ''Upholder'' (P37) was granted a badge which contained a caryatid. The ship's captain, Lieutenant Commander Malcolm Wanklyn, described the badge as "an armless Greek bint standing in a dustbin"; and designed his own unofficial badge for the ship. ''Upholder'' (S40) originally sailed under the earlier ''Upholders official badge, yet was allowed to sail under the badge designed by Wanklyn.

HMCS ''Chicoutimi'' (SSK 879)

The badge's blue and white "V" is in reference to the ''Victoria''-class submarines and the colours of Quebec. The bear represents the bears which are indigenous to the Chicoutimi area. The bear protects a fleur-de-lis and stands upon waves; representing the lakes and rivers in the Chicoutimi region as well as the maritime environment in which the submarine operates.

The badge of ''Chicoutimi'' is blazoned:

''Azure in front of a pile argent bordered throughout by a letter " V" also argent fimbriated azure surmounting three bars wavy in base argent a bear rampant sable holding in the forepaws a fleur-de-lis azure''.

The colours of ''Chicoutimi'' are blue and white. The motto of ''Chicoutimi'' is ''MAÎTRE DU DOMAINE'', which translates into English as "master of the domain".

See also

* Major submarine incidents since 2000

References

Citations

Sources

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External links

"Three years after Chicoutimi fire, crew members’ health worsening"

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chicoutimi SSK 879
Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy
1986 ships
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Canadian submarine accidents
Upholder/Victoria-class submarines