Gypsy (term)

The Romani people are known by a variety of names, mostly as ''Gypsies'', ''Roma, Romani'', ''Tsinganoi'', ''Bohémiens,'' and various linguistic variations of these names. There are also numerous subgroups and clans with their own self-designations, such as the Sinti, Kalderash, Boyash, Manouche, Lovari, Lăutari, Machvaya, Romanichal, Romanisael, Calé, Kale, Kaale, Xoraxai, Xaladytka, Romungro, Ursari, and Sevlengere. In English, the word ''gypsy'' is most common.

In some regions, ''Roma'' is the primary term used in political contexts to refer to the Romani people as a whole. Because all Roma use the word ''Romani'' as an adjective, Romani began to be used as an alternative noun for the entire ethnic group. It is used by organizations such as the United Nations and the US Library of Congress. However, the World Roma Congress, the Council of Europe and other organizations use the term ''Roma'' to refer to Romani people around the world, and recommend that ''Romani'' be restricted to the language and culture: Romani language, Romani culture.Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma
at In Other WORDS project – Web Observatory & Review for Discrimination alerts & Stereotypes deconstruction

In the English language (according to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''), ''Rom'' is a noun (with the plural ''Roma'' or ''Roms'') and an adjective, while ''Romani'' is also a noun (with the plural ''Romanies'') and an adjective. Both ''Rom'' and ''Romani'' have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy. ''Romani'' is also spelled ''Romany'', or ''Rommany''.
Definition
at dictionary.cambridge.org

Definition
at Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Definition
at oxforddictionaries.com

Definition
at merriam-webster.com

Definition
at collinsdictionary.com

Sometimes, ''Rom'' and ''Romani'' are spelled with a double ''r'', i.e., ''rrom'' and ''rromani'', particularly in Romania in order to distinguish from the Romanian endonym (''români''), to which it has no relation. This is well established in Romani itself, since it represents a phoneme (/ʀ/ also written as ''ř'' and ''rh'') which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single ''r''.

Etymology

The demonyms of the Romani people, Lom and Dom share the same etymological origin, reflecting Sanskrit ' "a man of low caste, living by singing and music."McArthur, T. (ed.) ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (1992) Oxford University Press

The ultimate origin of the Sanskrit term ' (perhaps from Munda or Dravidian) is uncertain. Its stem, ', is connected with drumming, linked with the Sanskrit verbal root ' 'to sound (as a drum)', perhaps a loan from Dravidian, e.g. Kannada ''ḍamāra'' 'a pair of kettle-drums', and Telugu ''ṭamaṭama'' 'a drum, tomtom'.

''Gypsy'' and ''gipsy''

The English term ''gypsy'' or ''gipsy'' is commonly used to indicate Romani people, and use of the word ''gipsy'' in modern-day English is pervasive (and is a legal term under English law—see below), and some Romani organizations use it in their own organizational names, particularly in the United Kingdom. In the UK, the word Gypsy forms part of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller designation, to represent Romani people from groups who have resided in the UK since the 16th century, as opposed to ''Roma'', who are understood to be linked to more recent migrations.

The word, while sometimes positively embraced by Romani persons, is sometimes rejected by other Romani persons and considered a racial slur with a pejorative connotation implying illegality and irregularity, and some modern dictionaries either recommend avoiding use of the word ''gypsy'' entirely or give it a negative or warning label.

A British House of Commons Committee parliamentary inquiry, as described in their report "Tackling inequalities faced by Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities" (published 2019), stated about their findings in the United Kingdom that: "We asked many members of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities how they preferred to describe themselves. While some find the term "Gypsy" to be offensive, many stakeholders and witnesses were proud to associate themselves with this term and so we have decided that it is right and proper to use it, where appropriate, throughout the report."

The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' states a 'gipsy' is a The first usage of the word in English found by the OED was 1514, with several more usages in the same century, and both Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare used this word.Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Edition 1989. "Gipsy, gypsy, n."

This exonym is sometimes written with a capital letter, to show that it designates an ethnic group. The Spanish term '' gitano'', the French term and the Basque term have the same origin.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the name was written in various ways: ''Egipcian'', ''Egypcian'', ''gypcian''. The word ''gipsy/gypsy'' comes from the spellings which had lost the initial capital ''E'', and that is one reason that it is often spelled with the initial ''g'' in lowercase. As time elapsed, the notion of "the gipsy/gypsy" altered to include other associated stereotypes such as nomadism and exoticism. John Matthews in ''The World Atlas of Divination'' refer to gypsies as "Wise Women".
Colloquially, ''gipsy/gypsy'' is used refer to any person perceived by the speaker as fitting the gypsy stereotypes.

Use in English law

The term ''gipsy'' has had several overlapping meanings under English Law. In the Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960, ''gipsies'' (not capitalised) were defined as "persons of nomadic habit of life, whatever their race or origin, but does not include members of an organised group of travelling showmen, or persons engaged in travelling circuses, travelling together as such". This particular definition included non-Romani groups as Irish Travellers.Ravi Low-Bee
Challenging Gypsy planning policies occasional discussion paper number 1
Traveller Law Research Unit, Cardiff Law School, P O Box 427, Cardiff CF1 1XD. Retrieved 2008-10-09.Thomas Acton
Human Rights as a Perspective on Entitlements: The Debate over 'Gypsy Fairs' in England

Essex Human Rights Review
Vol. 1 No. 1. July 2004, pp. 18–28, ISSN 1756-1957. See footnote 5 page 19 (page 2 of the PDF document). However, it is commonly understood that the term is etymologically an exonym. It originates from ''Egyptian'' (a historical name for Romani people in Britain).

Romani "gipsies" have been a recognised ethnic group for the purposes of Race Relations Act 1976 since ''Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton 1989'', as have Irish Travellers in England and Wales since ''O'Leary v Allied Domecq 2000'' (having already gained recognition in Northern Ireland in 1997).Traveller Law Research Unit
Cardiff University, (From March 1995 to December 2002). Retrieved 2008-10-09. Archived from original 2008

List of names

''Gypsy/Gipsy''

In several countries, Romani people were thought to come from Egypt.
*Basque:
*Spanish:

''Tsinganoi''

In much of continental Europe, they are known by names related to the Greek term ('):

The name originates with Byzantine Greek (''atsinganoi'', Latin ''adsincani'') or ('' athinganoi'', literally "untouchables"), a term applied to the sect of the Melchisedechians. The ''Adsincani'' appear in an 11th-century text preserved in Mt Athos, ''The Life of Saint George the Athonite'' (written in the Georgian language), as "a Samaritan people, descendants of Simon the Magician, named Adsincani, who were renowned sorcerers and villains". In the text, emperor Constantine Monomachos employs the Adsincani to exterminate wild animals, who were destroying the game in the imperial park of Philopation.

An alternative etymological approach traces the Greek ''tsiganos/atsiganos'' to the Sanskrit ''atingan(in)'' and ''tyāgan(in)'', with the meaning ‘nomad, migrant, searcher, traveller’.

''Bohémiens''

Because many Roma living in France had come via Bohemia, they were referred to as ''Bohémiens''. This term would later be adapted by the French to refer to a particular artistic and impoverished lifestyle of an individual, known as Bohemianism.
*Basque: (in the Northern dialects)

Roma

* (synonym)
* (synonym)
* Basque: or (for Basque-speaking Romanies)
* Chinese:
* Coptic language: ''Roma''
* Japanese:

Other

* Albanian: Arixhi (handler of bears)
*Arabic:
*
* Estonian: (from the word "must" meaning dark(-skinned), black or dirty, and "-lane" denoting belonging to a group)
* Finnish: (from "musta" and "-lainen" analogously to Estonian above)
* Georgian:
* Hebrew: (from the city Soan in Egypt)
* Kurdish , (from Turkish); ,
* Mingrelian:
* Spanish:
In the English-speaking world, Romani people are commonly known as ''Gypsies, Romani Gypsies'', ''Romany Gypsies, Romani'' and ''Romanies.''

The Romani of England are commonly known as ''Gypsies'' or ''Romani'', or ''Romanichal'' in Angloromani. The Romani of Scandinavia are commonly known as ''Romer'' or ''Tater'', or '' Romanisael'' in Scandoromani''.'' In German-speaking Europe, the self-designation is ''Sinti,'' in France '' Manush,'' while the groups of Spain, Wales, and Finland use '' Calé'', '' Kalé'' and '' Kaale'' (from ''kalo'' meaning "black" in Romani language). Following the first World Romani Congress in London, usage of the Romani terms ''Rom'' (singular) and ''Roma'' (plural), have become increasingly widespread in Central and Eastern Europe.

While many Romani people feel compelled to hide their identity in fear of persecution, some people of Romani heritage do not consider themselves to be Romani.

In Bulgaria, a number of people of Romani heritage identify as Turks or Bulgarians and some identify as Romanians.

See also

* Dom people
* List of Romani people
* Lom people
* Lyuli
* Origin of the Romani people
* Romani people by country
* Zott

References

External links

* 'gypsy' on the English Wiktionary

dawn.com

Names of the Romani People


– Ian Hancock

The Muslim Gypsies in Romania

{{DEFAULTSORT:Names Of The Romani People
Romani
Romani