''Gyalectales'' is an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

lichen A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), m ...

-forming

fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5

families Family (from ) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as ...

, 18

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

and about 550 species.

Taxonomy

The Gyalectales were introduced in a 1974 publication by

Aino Henssen Aino Marjatta Henssen (12 April 1925, Elberfeld – 29 August 2011, Marburg), was a German lichenologist and systematist. Her father, Gottfried Henssen, was a folklorist and her mother was Finnish. Education and career Henssen began her studies ...

and Martin Jahns, but not formally published until 1986 by David Hawksworth and Ove Eriksson.

Phylogeny

An early (2002)

phylogenetics In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

study showed that the order Ostropales, as was then circumscribed, was

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

, and proposed that the Ostropales

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

included the Gyalectales and Trapeliaceae. Although they had traditionally been considered to be only distantly related,

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, ...

studies suggested a much closer phylogenetic relationship. As a result, of the molecular data, Kauff and Lutzoni subsumed the Gyalectales into the Ostropales, as the latter name was published earlier (1932 vs. 1986). In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks. Based on this approach, clades that share a common ancestor between 176 and 194 Mya and a time window of 111–135 Mya correspond to order-level and family-level, respectively. The Gyalectales

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

, consisting of the families Trichotheliaceae, Coenogoniaceae, Sagiolechiaceae, Gyalectaceae and Phlyctidaceae, has a

crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, parti ...

node that falls within the temporal band for orders. For this reason the name Gyalectales was resurrected to represent the monophyletic clade. Gyalectales itself is placed in Ostropomycetidae, one of two major subclasses in the Lecanoromycetes. This proposed classification has been accepted in a later review of the temporal banding method for fungus systematics, as well a 2022 update on fungal classification.

Families and genera

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Gyalectales, based on a 2022 review and summary of fungal classification. Following the taxon name is the

taxonomic authority In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon), and these groups are given ...

, year of publication, and (for genera) the number of species: * Coenogoniaceae ::'' Coenogonium'' – ca. 91 spp. * Gyalectaceae ::'' Cryptolechia'' – 11 spp. ::'' Francisrosea'' – 1 sp. ::'' Gyalecta'' – 50 spp. ::'' Neopetractis'' – 2 spp. ::'' Ramonia'' – 24 spp. ::'' Semigyalecta'' – 1 sp. * Phlyctidaceae ::'' Phlyctis'' – 20 spp. ::'' Psathyrophlyctis'' – 1 sp. * Sagiolechiaceae ::'' Rhexophiale'' – 1 sp. ::'' Sagiolechia'' – 3 spp. * Porinaceae ::'' Clathroporina'' – ca. 25 spp. ::'' Flabelloporina'' – 1 sp. ::'' Myeloconis'' – 4 spp. ::'' Porina'' – ca. 145 spp. ::'' Pseudosagedia'' – 80 spp. ::'' Saxiloba'' – 2 spp. ::'' Segestria'' – 70 spp. ::'' Trichothelium'' – 40 spp.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5623940 * Ascomycota orders Taxa described in 1986 Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth