Guzhuang (costume)
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(), also called ancient-style dress, refers to a style of Chinese costume attire which are styled or inspired by ancient Chinese clothing (typically or ). is typically used as
stage clothes Stage clothes is a term for any clothes used by performers on stage. The term is sometimes used only for those clothes which are specially made for the stage performance by a costume designer or picked out by a costume coordinator. Theatrica ...
in
Chinese opera Traditional Chinese opera (), or ''Xiqu'', is a form of musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. It is an amalgamation of various art forms that existed in ancient China, and evolved gradually over more tha ...
and in Chinese television drama, such as in period drama which are normally set in imperial China prior to 1911, and in the and genre. While the style of is based on ancient Chinese clothing, show historical inaccuracies.


Chinese opera

In
Chinese opera Traditional Chinese opera (), or ''Xiqu'', is a form of musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. It is an amalgamation of various art forms that existed in ancient China, and evolved gradually over more tha ...
, plays depicting is called (), also known as ' (), or ' (), were performed by
Mei Lanfang Mei Lan (22 October 1894 – 8 August 1961), better known by his stage name Mei Lanfang, was a notable Chinese Peking opera artist in Chinese theater, modern Chinese theater. Mei was known as the "Queen of Peking Opera". Mei was exclusively know ...
. is an important concept in both the field of Chinese opera and to early Chinese film.Mei Lanfang is also credited for having invented () which include the set of that he created along with (). This form of emerged in 1915 when new Chinese opera costumes had to be created for a new category of female role which had also been developed by Mei Lanfang. Therefore, Mei Lanfang designed new female costumes by referring to ancient Chinese sculpturesand to ancient Chinese paintings, especially women in classical Chinese scroll paintings, often based on from mythological figures. His goal was to make his costumes more elegant instead of making it look ancient.His costume designs then became known as due to their relationship with ancient China, in particular the pre-Qing dynasty period from which his costumes designs were based. The designed by Mei Lanfang is characterized with fitted waist. The developed by Mei Lanfang different from the traditional Chinese opera costumes in some aspects: the skirts were longer; the skirt was worn under the jacket to make the character look slimmer; the
water sleeves Water sleeves (Chinese: 水袖; pinyin: shuǐxiù) are long, flowing silk sleeve extensions attached to the Cuff, cuffs of Chinese opera costume, costumes in Chinese opera, widely used by both male and female characters of higher social classes. ...
were longer and wider; and the accessories were less gaudy. Other performers such as
Ouyang Yuqian Ouyang Yuqian (; May 12, 1889 – September 21, 1962) was a Chinese playwright, Peking opera actor and writer, film screenwriter and director, and drama educator. He is considered by drama historians as one of the three founders of the modern Chi ...
and Feng Zihe also contributed to the development of the design.


Chinese television and entertainment media

are typically used in Chinese television drama and movies. They are often depicted in the , , and genre. is also depicted in
animation Animation is a filmmaking technique whereby still images are manipulated to create moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Animati ...
s, including and Chinese-theme animations produced outside of China.


Relationship with film and drama genre

The first film produced in China was Dingjun Mountain in 1905 which depicted extracted scenes from a
Beijing opera Peking opera, or Beijing opera (), is the most dominant form of Chinese opera, which combines instrumental music, vocal performance, mime, martial arts, dance and acrobatics. It arose in Beijing in the mid-Qing dynasty (1644–1912) and became ...
play performed by Tan Xinpei. The film was based on the 70th and 71st chapters of the
Romance of the Three Kingdoms ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' () is a 14th-century historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong. It is set in the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history, starting in 184 AD and ...
. In terms of genre, it can be classified as (), a historical costume film, or . The 1920s was marked by the adaptation of traditional Chinese indigenous genre into cinema. These genres were adapted from Chinese literature and from the Chinese opera stage play as a countermovement against the prevalence of European and American film products. The
Tianyi Film Company Tianyi Film Company (), also called Unique Film Productions, was one of the "big three" film production companies in pre-Second World War Republic of China. Founded in Shanghai in 1925 by the Shaw (Shao) brothers led by Runje Shaw (Shao Zuiweng ...
was a major studio which specialized in Chinese genres at that time; its succeeding company, the
Shaw Brothers Studio Shaw Brothers (HK) Limited () was the largest film production company in Hong Kong, operating from 1925 to 2011. In 1925, three Shaw brothers— Runje, Runme, and Runde—founded Tianyi Film Company (also called "Unique") in Shang ...
in
Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
continued to produce indigenous Chinese genres, such as Huangmei opera films and guzhuang epics.


and

(), also known as period costume film, is indigenous genre to
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
and first emerged in the 1920s in China. This genre is similar to costume drama, period film, and historical film. However, by definition the term (), which literally means "ancient", does not refer to films and dramas which are set in the
Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
as the Republican period is a symbol of modernity and the end of tradition. are therefore depicted in period drama (i.e. historical drama, which is also called drama) which are normally set in imperial China prior to 1911. also typically depict adaptations of traditional Chinese folktales, plays, and popular novels. As a distinct genre, it is characterized by its focus on ancient history and historical personalities. Some of the early Chinese movies depicting were based on Chinese opera play and Chinese folklore, such as (1926) and White Snake (1926) released by
Tianyi Film Company Tianyi Film Company (), also called Unique Film Productions, was one of the "big three" film production companies in pre-Second World War Republic of China. Founded in Shanghai in 1925 by the Shaw (Shao) brothers led by Runje Shaw (Shao Zuiweng ...
; ''Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai'' produced in 1953 by the Shanghai Film Studio.


, , and

The tradition of is over two thousand years old having been passed through Chinese folklore, novels, historiography, and popular performing traditions (such as and
Chinese opera Traditional Chinese opera (), or ''Xiqu'', is a form of musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. It is an amalgamation of various art forms that existed in ancient China, and evolved gradually over more tha ...
). The origins of genre in cinema, however, is quite recent and emerged in the 20th century. In cinema, the genre can be traced back to the and genre as one of its derivatives. The () genre, which often depicts -immortals and demons, was also developed in the 20th century and was also a derivatives of the . The genre was initiated by the
Tianyi Film Company Tianyi Film Company (), also called Unique Film Productions, was one of the "big three" film production companies in pre-Second World War Republic of China. Founded in Shanghai in 1925 by the Shaw (Shao) brothers led by Runje Shaw (Shao Zuiweng ...
in 1925. The early genre, however, was also not always ; and therefore, it did not always involve the wearing of . In the 21st century, the genre can be a guzhuangpian and a movie. The genre tends to dress its characters into . The genre, which has grown in popularity in the 21st century, is a sub-genre of . The genre typically involves -immortals and immortality cultivation.


Characteristics and costume design

Most used in the production of television dramas, movies and animations do not conform to historical facts and/or are fantasy-inspired. Some are based on different existing historical clothing worn in different dynasties, and/or inspired by Chinese opera costumes, and murals (e.g.
Dunhuang Dunhuang () is a county-level city in northwestern Gansu Province, Western China. According to the 2010 Chinese census, the city has a population of 186,027, though 2019 estimates put the city's population at about 191,800. Sachu (Dunhuang) was ...
frescoes); they would sometimes have features, or have attire, added, removed, simplified, to create a desired visual impact or to meet the production needs. It is also possible for various ethnic Chinese elements to be mixed and matched when designing ; combining modern fashion elements and/or western-style clothing elements can also be done. When designing for films and television dramas, costumes designers consider the modern aesthetic taste of its audience while also conforming and respecting the historical reality. The used in the genre, for example, is based on the historical hanfu, but is modernized in terms of design resulting in the guzhuang being different from its historical version. Moreover, in most movies and television drama, the colours, style, and pattern of are also based on the characters found in the script; these costumes characteristics are used to better shape the character's image and to allow the audience better understand the character through his visual image and to allow for the distinction between characters. Characters wearing , for example, can have a colour theme which reflect his initial personality; however, this colour theme may change throughout the character development. It is also impossible for costume designers to fully restore garment and garment-related artefacts; and therefore, guzhuang designers need to innovate their costume designs based on historical facts.


List of movies, drama, and animations featuring guzhuang

Examples of movies and dramas which uses are:
The cave of the Silken Web ''The Cave of the Silken Web'' or ''Pan Si Dong'' may refer to the following films: *The Cave of the Silken Web (1927 film) ''The Cave of the Silken Web'' () a.k.a. ''Journey to the West - the Spiders Cave'' () a.k.a. ''Spiders'' is a 1927 Re ...
(1927), Luoyang bridge (1928),
Dragon Inn ''Dragon Inn'' (, also known as ''Dragon Gate Inn'') is a 1967 Taiwanese '' wuxia'' film written and directed by King Hu. The story of eunuch from the imperial court who orders the execution of the respected General Yu and then tries to wipe out ...
(1967), a Chinese Ghost Story (1987), The Swordsman (1990), '' Swordsman II'' (1992) and '' The East Is Red'' (1993),
Ashes of Time ''Ashes of Time'' () is a 1994 Hong Kong film written and directed by Wong Kar-wai, and inspired by characters from Jin Yong's novel '' The Legend of the Condor Heroes''. In September 1994, it was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the ...
(1994), Hero (2002),
House of Flying Daggers ''House of Flying Daggers'' () is a 2004 ''wuxia'' martial arts film from China, directed by Zhang Yimou and starring Takeshi Kaneshiro, Andy Lau, and Zhang Ziyi. It opened in limited release within the United States on 3 December 2004, in New ...
(2004),
Curse of the golden flower ''Curse of the Golden Flower'' () is a 2006 Chinese epic wuxia drama film written and directed by Zhang Yimou. The Mandarin Chinese title of the movie is taken from the last line of a poem written by the rebel leader Huang Chao, who had revolte ...
(2006), The Empress of China (2014), The Journey of Flower (2015), The Princess Weiyoung (2016), Eternal Love (2017),
Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace ''Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace'' () is a 2018 Chinese television series based on the novel ''Inner Palace: The Legend of Ruyi'' by Liu Lianzi. Starring Zhou Xun and Wallace Huo, it chronicles the marital relationship between the Qianlong Emp ...
(2018)'','' The Untamed (2019),
Mulan (2020 Film) ''Mulan'' is a 2020 American Fantasy film, fantasy Action film, action Drama (film and television), drama film produced by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by Niki Caro from a screenplay by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver, Rick Jaffa, Amanda Silver, ...
, and Word of Honour (2021), etc. Example of animations which depicts are:
Mulan (1998 film) ''Mulan'' is a 1998 American animated musical film, musical Coming-of-age story, coming-of-age action-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios, Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. Based on the Chinese legend ...
, Kungfu panda.


Literature, web-novels, and comics

can be found in , such as () and . is a similar genre and a derivative of the shoujo manga; it originally followed similar visual aesthetics as the Japanese shoujo manga in its early development before starting to develop Chinese characteristics between the 2000s and early 2010, after 2010s, became distinct from the Japanese shoujo manga both in terms of visual aesthetics and storyline. In the mid-2010s, and (i.e. stories adapted from Chinese history and legendary tales, and fictional love stories set in imperial China) became popular. Examples of depicted in manhua can be found in ''Chang an Fantastic Night'' () by Han Lu, ' () by Xia Da (released in 2008), ' by Xia Da, ' () by Feng Nong, etc. can also be found in , such as ''Bride of the Water God'' by Yun Mi-kyung, and in the Chinese-theme Japanese manga, such as by Yura Kairi''.''


Influences and derivatives


Wei-Jin Style Hanfu

is often confused with or misinterpreted as by most people who are not familiar with . And, some enthusiasts also wear it instead of wearing . is, however, also a factor of influence (among many others) to the design of modern ; for example, the design of style () is a relatively modern design which was influenced by Chinese movies and television drama series and does not exist in history. found in television drama have also left a deep impact on Chinese audience. Many fans also wear in their everyday lives, which then promote the growing industry.


Another -style costume which has influenced modern clothing in modern-day China is the designed by costume designer Ye Jintian in 2001 for the role of drama female character Xiu He, played by Chinese actress
Zhou Xun Zhou Xun ( zh, s=周迅, born 18 October 1974) is a Chinese actress and singer. Zhou rose to prominence with the film '' Suzhou River'' (2000), followed by films such as '' Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress'' (2002), '' Perhaps Love'' (2005 ...
, in the Chinese television drama (), a drama set in the Republican era of China. Although the drama was set in the Republic of China, the costume was mainly inspired by the of the Qing dynasty, especially those used in the late years of the Qing dynasty in the 1910s as part of the bridal attire. While basing himself on the clothing of the Qing dynasty, Ye Jintian, however, did not fully respected the historical accuracy of the dress and instead mixed several elements together from similar eras in his costume design. As the gives a feeling of dignity and beauty to its wearer, the designed by Ye Jintian became progressively popular and eventually became a form of traditional Chinese-style wedding dress chosen by many Chinese brides during their marriage nowadays.


See also

*
Hanfu ''Hanfu'' (, lit. "Han Chinese, Han clothing"), also known as ''Hanzhuang'' (), are the traditional styles of clothing worn by the Han Chinese since the 2nd millennium BCE. There are several representative styles of ''hanfu'', such as the (an ...
* Hanfu movement *
Qizhuang (), also known as () and commonly referred as Manchu clothing in English, is the traditional clothing of the Manchu people. in the broad sense refers to the clothing system of the Manchu people, which includes their whole system of attire use ...
*
Chinese opera Traditional Chinese opera (), or ''Xiqu'', is a form of musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. It is an amalgamation of various art forms that existed in ancient China, and evolved gradually over more tha ...
*
List of Chinese television series This is a list of Chinese television series by genre. For a chronological list, see List of Chinese television programs by date. Modern drama (现代剧) Action (动作) / Adventure (探险) *''The Lost Tomb'' (2015) *'' The Mystic Nine'' (201 ...


Notes

{{Reflist, group=note


References


External links

* The Cave of the Silken Web (1927) Performing arts Costume design