Guo Wei

Guo Wei () (10 September 904 – 22 February 954According to Guo Wei's biography in "Old Histories of the Five Dynasties", he died between 9am and 11 am on the ''renchen'' day of the 1st month of the 1st year of the ''Xiande'' era of his reign. This corresponds to 22 Feb 954 on the Julian calendar. ( ��德元年春正月��辰.....是日巳時，帝崩於滋德殿，聖壽五十一。) ), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou (), was the founding emperor of the Chinese Later Zhou dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 951 until his death in 954.

Nicknamed "Sparrow Guo" () after a sparrow-shaped tattoo on his neck,(周太祖少賤，黥其頸上為飛雀，世謂之郭雀兒。) he rose to a high position in the Later Han as an assistant military commissioner. He founded the Later Zhou in 951.

Early life

When Guo Wei was born in 904 in Yaoshan (堯山; in modern Longyao County, Hebei), the Tang dynasty had disintegrated into regions controlled by warlords fighting amongst one another. Guo was just a toddler when his family moved to Taiyuan (in modern Shanxi), as his father Guo Jian () became the prefect () of Shunzhou (順州, modern Shunyi District, Beijing), serving the Taiyuan-based warlord Li Keyong. Shortly afterwards, Guo Jian was killed by warlord Liu Rengong's forces which conquered Shunzhou, and before Guo Wei's deciduous teeth fell out, his mother Lady Wang () also died. Orphaned, the young boy was raised by a distant relative, Lady Han ().(父簡，事晉為順州刺史。劉仁恭攻破順州，簡見殺，子威少孤，依潞州人常氏。) In ''Xin Wudai Shi'', Lady Han was not mentioned.

Guo Wei grew up into a muscular young man interested more in warfare than agriculture. He was also fond of drinking and gambling, and frequently participated in brawl; his wife Lady Chai often advised him not to indulge in these activities.(太祖微時，喜飲博任俠，不拘細行，后常諫止之。) When he was around 17, to escape arrest, he went to live with an acquaintance Gentleman Chang () in Huguan close to Luzhou (潞州, modern Changzhi, Shanxi), shortly before joining the army of Luzhou's interim regent () Li Jitao. Li Jitao was serving Jin, ruled by Li Keyong's son Li Cunxu, but actually plotting to defect to the Later Liang, Jin's archenemy. He was therefore more interested in recruiting brave and talented soldiers than enforcing the law, so when an inebriated Guo stabbed a menacing marketplace butcher to death following an argument, he let Guo walk free, eventually summoning Guo back to serve him.

Career under Later Tang

In 923, Li Cunxu established the Later Tang and overthrew Later Liang. Li Jitao was killed a few months later and all of his former soldiers, including 19-year-old Guo Wei, were assigned to the cavalry rotations. As Guo was literate and good at mathematics, he soon became an officer. He delved into the available literature on military strategy as much as he could, particularly enjoying ''Spring and Autumn Annals for a Wider World'' (), recommended by a blood brother Li Qiong (); Guo Wei also regarded Li Qiong as a teacher as he asked Li to explain to him parts of the ''Annals'' which he could not understand.(即應募，與周祖等十人約為兄弟。一日會飲，瓊熟視周祖，知非常人。因舉酒祝曰：“凡我十人，龍蛇混合，異日富貴無相忘，苟渝此言，神降之罰。”皆刺臂出血為誓。周祖與瓊情好尤密，嘗造瓊，見其危坐讀書，因問所讀何書，瓊曰：“此《閫外春秋》，所謂以正守國，以奇用兵，較存亡治亂，記賢愚成敗，皆在此也。”周祖令讀之，謂瓊曰：“兄當教我。”自是周祖出入常袖以自隨，遇暇輒讀，每問難瓊，謂瓊為師。)

In 927, the Later Tang emperor Li Siyuan personally led an army to suppress Zhu Shouyin's rebellion. Guo Wei, then under the leadership of general Shi Jingtang, was among the first soldiers scaling the defensive wall of Xun (in modern Henan). Shi saw Guo's literary talents and tasked him to manage military records. Guo proved very popular among generals and ministers.

Career under Later Jin

Later Tang was replaced by the Later Jin in 936.

Career under Later Han

The Later Han was a Shatuo-led Chinese dynasty founded by Liu Zhiyuan, posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu of Later Han. Guo Wei was already familiar with life under the Shatuo people as he had lived under their rule since he was nineteen years old. He served as the Assistant Military Commissioner to Liu Zhiyuan. However, when the teenage Liu Chengyou assumed the Later Han throne in 948, court intrigue enabled Guo to usurp the throne in a coup and declare the establishment of the Later Zhou dynasty on New Year's Day in 951 (11 February in the modern calendar).

Reign

He was the first Han Chinese Emperor in northern China since 923. His rule was stable, and he passed reforms that attempted to relieve pressures on China’s massive peasantry. His rule was vigorous and well-organized. However, he died from an illness three years into his reign in 954.

Ancestry

Family

Consorts and issue

*Empress Shengmu, of the Chai clan (聖穆皇后 柴氏)
*''Pure Consort'', of the Yang clan (楊淑妃 楊氏; 911 – 947)
*''Noble Consort'', of the Zhang clan (張貴妃 張氏; 915 – 950)
*''Virtuous Consort'', of the Dong clan (董德妃 董氏; 915－953)
*Unknown
**''Unnamed Prince'',Most likely died young. 1st son
**Guo Qingge, Prince of Shan (剡王 郭青哥, d. 24 December 950), 2nd son
**Guo Yige (郭意哥, d. 24 December 950), 3rd son
**Unnamed Princess, 1st daughter
**Unnamed Princess, 2nd daughter
**Princess Chang of Ju State (莒國長公主, d. 950), 3rd daughter
**Princess Shou'an (壽安公主), 4rd daughter
***Married Zhang Yongde (張永德)
**Princess Yongning (梁國長公主), 5th daughter

References

Sources

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Guo, Wei
904 births
954 deaths
Later Zhou emperors
Politicians from Xingtai
Generals from Hebei
Jin (Later Tang precursor) people
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people
Later Tang people
Later Jin (Five Dynasties) people
Liao dynasty people
Later Han (Five Dynasties) shumishi
Later Han (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
Weibo jiedushi
Later Han (Five Dynasties) chancellors
Founders of Imperial Chinese dynasties