
''Guizi'' ( zh, c=
鬼子
''Guizi'' ( zh, c=wikt:鬼子, 鬼子, p=guǐzi, l=devil) is a pejorative Chinese language, Chinese slang term referring to foreigners, with a history of xenophobic connotations.
History
Starting with the arrival of European sailors in the si ...
, p=guǐzi, l=devil) is a pejorative
Chinese slang term referring to foreigners, with a history of
xenophobic
Xenophobia (from (), 'strange, foreign, or alien', and (), 'fear') is the fear or dislike of anything that is perceived as being foreign or strange. It is an expression that is based on the perception that a conflict exists between an in-gr ...
connotations.
History
Starting with the arrival of European sailors in the sixteenth century, foreigners were often perceived in China as "uncivilized tribes given to mayhem and destruction".
In the southern parts of China, the term ''
gweilo'' () was used; this term remains popular today in the
Cantonese
Cantonese is the traditional prestige variety of Yue Chinese, a Sinitic language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family. It originated in the city of Guangzhou (formerly known as Canton) and its surrounding Pearl River Delta. While th ...
-speaking regions of China. In northern parts, the term 'western devil' ( ) was used.
Use
The character ''gui'' () can have negative connotations itself without the ''zi'' () suffix. For example, when it was attached to the Westerners in the term ''yang guizi'' ( 'overseas devils') during the
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious F ...
, to the Japanese military in the term ''guizi bing'' ( 'devil soldiers') during the
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China and the Empire of Japan between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to Manchuria that started in 1931. It is considered part ...
, and to the Korean collaborators with the term ''er guizi'' ( 'second-rank devil'). It can also be used as an adjective to express hatred and deprecation. However, the same term can also be applied derogatorily to any foreign military which was an enemy to China. In
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
, anti-Japanese demonstrators from the
New Party hoisted signs with "''Guizi''! Get out" () during the
2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations.
[ Local expressions towards the Japanese during their occupation of China during ]World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
also used ''gui''. The term conveys a generalized negative feeling; it is somewhat archaic in contemporary use, and other comparatively negative terms have largely replaced it.
Related terms
* ''Riben guizi'' () or ''dongyang guizi'' () — used to refer to Japanese. In 2010 Japanese internet users on 2channel
, also known as 2ch, Channel 2, and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net, was an anonymous Japanese textboard founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura. Described in 2007 as "Japan's most popular online community", the site had a level of influe ...
created the fictional moe character which refers to the ethnic term, with ''Hinomoto Oniko'' being the Japanese ''kun'yomi
is the way of reading kanji characters using the native Japanese word that matches the meaning of the Chinese character when it was introduced. This pronunciation is contrasted with ''on'yomi'', which is the reading based on the original Chi ...
'' reading of the Chinese characters
Chinese characters are logographs used Written Chinese, to write the Chinese languages and others from regions historically influenced by Chinese culture. Of the four independently invented writing systems accepted by scholars, they represe ...
.
* ''Er guizi'' () — used to refer to ethnic Korean conscripts and parapoliceman who contributed to the Japanese occupation and war effort during the Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China and the Empire of Japan between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to Manchuria that started in 1931. It is considered part ...
and the Pacific War
The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War or the Pacific Theatre, was the Theater (warfare), theatre of World War II fought between the Empire of Japan and the Allies of World War II, Allies in East Asia, East and Southeast As ...
.[第一滴血──從日方史料還原平型關之戰日軍損失 (6)](_blank)
. ''People's Daily
The ''People's Daily'' ( zh, s=人民日报, p=Rénmín Rìbào) is the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It provides direct information on the policies and viewpoints of the CCP in multiple lan ...
''. December 16, 2011 It was later extended to refer to all collaborators with the Japanese, including ''hanjian
In China, the word ''hanjian'' () is a pejorative term for those seen as traitors to the Chinese state and, to a lesser extent, Han Chinese ethnicity. The word ''hanjian'' is distinct from the general word for traitor, which could be used for a ...
s'' and Taiwanese conscripts. In modern times, however, the terms became synonymous with race traitor, referring to any Chinese nationals and overseas Chinese
Overseas Chinese people are Chinese people, people of Chinese origin who reside outside Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan). As of 2011, there were over 40.3 million overseas Chinese. As of 2023, there were 10.5 milli ...
who act as appeasers or promoters of foreign interests at the expense of Chinese national interests.
* ''Yang guizi'' () or ''xiyang guizi'' ( zh, c=西洋鬼子, p=xiyáng guǐzi, l=west ocean devil) — used to refer to Westerners.
* ''Jia yang guizi'' () — used to refer to "sellout" Chinese who adopt Western values and are discriminatory to their own ethnic identity and cultural heritage. Initially used to describe compradors and foreign-educated scholars during the late 19th century, who often dressed and talked like Westerners, the term is now synonymous to race traitors. A similar word in English is "Uncle Chan", which is derived from Uncle Tom and used to describe a xenophilic Hongkonger
Hongkongers (), Hong Kongers, Hong Kong citizens and Hong Kong people are demonyms that refer to a resident of Hong Kong, although they may also refer to others who were born and/or raised in the territory.
The earliest inhabitants of Ho ...
—and by further extension any westernized Chinese, regardless of mainland or overseas origin—who are perceived as self-hating, supporting Hong Kong independence and pandering to sinophobia
Anti-Chinese sentiment (also referred to as Sinophobia) is the fear or dislike of Chinese people or Chinese culture.
It is frequently directed at Overseas Chinese, Chinese minorities which live outside Greater China and it involves immigratio ...
in order to gain favor from Westerners.
See also
* Ang mo
* Gaijin — Japanese word for foreigners
* Jap
*'' The Sword March'', the National Revolutionary Army
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA; zh, labels=no, t=國民革命軍) served as the military arm of the Kuomintang, Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) from 1924 until 1947.
From 1928, it functioned as the regular army, de facto ...
marching cadence which popularized its use against the Japanese
* '' Xiao Riben''
References
{{Ethnic slurs
Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
Anti-Korean sentiment in China
Anti-Western sentiment
China–Japan relations
China–Korea relations
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese words and phrases
Pejorative terms for strangers and foreigners
Xenophobia in Asia