Gudang Language

Gudang or Djagaraga (Pantyinamu/Yatay/Gudang/Kartalaiga and other clans) is an Australian Aboriginal language. It is the traditional language of the Gudang people, and is the northernmost language of the Cape York Peninsula. It is closely related to Urradhi (dialects Urradhi, Angkamuthi, Yadhaykenu, Wudhadhi, etc.), its neighbour to the south, and distantly related to its neighbour to the north, the Western-Central Torres Strait Language (Kala Lagaw Ya), from which it borrowed quite a few vocabulary items.

Phonology

Going by the records of the language recorded in MacGillivray and Brierly, as well as comparing these with their Urradhi and WCL counterparts, the phonology of the language appeared to have been as follows:

vowels : i, ii; e, ee; a, aa; u, uu

i,ii and u,uu had mid variants, thus and . Some Western-Central Torres Strait Language (WCL; see Kalau Lagau Ya) loans probably retained the WCL vowels unchanged. e/ee otherwise appear to have had a similar marginal status as in Urradhi (Crowley 1983:317).

consonants :

labial p, b, m

velar k, g, ng

labio-velar kw, w

lamino-dental th, dh, l, nh

lamino-palatal ch, j, ny, y

alveolar t, d, n

retroflex rt, rr, r

The non-sonorant sounds appear to have had voice contrasts, except after nasals, when both voiced and voiceless allophones occurred, with the voiced allophones seemingly more common. While the lamino-dental and alveolar contrast was not marked by the European recorders, the Urradhi and WCL cognates strongly suggest that it existed.

Differences between Gudang and Urradhi

The main differences in phonology between Gudang and the Urradhi dialects appears to be:

(1) Voiced stops existed where Urradhi has voiced fricatives, in part because of WCL loans, thus Urradhi , , and ) correspond to Gudang b, dh and g. Note that in ipadha ''father'', Gudang p corresponds to Urradhi (ivadha), both representing Proto-Paman *piipa, proto Gudang-Urradhi *piipata.

(2) Gudang had reflexive rt from Proto Paman *r and *rr

:Proto-Paman *warapa ''water, stream'', Urradhi atava, Gudang artaba

:Proto-Paman *mara ''hand'', Urradhi mata, Gudang arta

:Proto-Paman *yurru ''elbow'', Urradhi yutu (Angkamuthi yurtu), Gudang yurtu

:Proto-Paman *murunya ''shin'', Urradhi mutuny (Angkamuthi murtuny), Gudang urtunya

(3) A slightly higher rate of initial dropping (including initial syllables) was evident in Gudang.

(4) Gudang retained final CV syllables where Urradhi has reduced these to C.

(5) Gudang had word final -rra where Urradhi has -l, and stronger retention of rr and l in the clusters rrk and lk (e.g. see ukarra and ralkagamarra).

(6) Gudang had virtually no trace of the utterance final suppletion very evident in Urradhi (e.g. mata > matang, matak), the one exception being anhadhing. However, initial and final vowel elision appeared to have been the norm.

(7) There was a strong tendency in Gudang for u to become i before following palatals (and perhaps elsewhere) (e.g. inyaanha, ikuurra).

The statistics of the comparisons are listed below.

These figures show that Gudang was a separate language from the Urradhi group.

Gudang and the Western-Central Language of Torres Strait (Kalau Lagau Ya)

Gudang shares about 20% of its words with Kalau Lagau Ya (termed WCL = Western-Central Language here-in) due to loaning between the languages. It is obvious from MacGillivray, Brierly and Ray that there was extensive intermarriage and contacts between the Gudang and the Islanders, particularly but not exclusively with the people of the Muralag group (commonly called the Kowrareg people). The data Brierly and others collected from Barbara Thompson and local people show that where marriage, clan membership and other cultural aspects were concerned, that the Gudang fitted as much into the Islanders' world as in the neighbouring Urradhi world. Also, it appeared that the Gudang were on the whole bilingual in WCL, and this perhaps reflects the fact that so many WCL words were recorded as being Gudang by MacGillivray. We will probably never know how many such recorded words were mistakes on his part, by him or his informants misunderstanding which language was being asked for.

Vocabulary comparison list

The following words are drawn from MacGillivray, J., 1852, "Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake", Vol II. London: T.W. Boone.., with some additions from MOORE, David R., 1979, "Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York : An ethnographic reconstruction based on the 1848-1850 'Rattlesnake' Journals of O.W. Brierly and information he obtained from Barbara Thompson". Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. The spelling has been standardised according the phonological outline above. MacGillivray has for example (quote):

In those cases where MacGillivray's and Brierly's written forms were too uncertain, the form in their spellings is in italics.

Cognates are bold, possible cognates ''italic'', and loans/possible loans from WCL marked by *.

A very intriguing aspect of most of the verb forms noted by MacGillivray is that they are either reduplicated forms (such as amamangi, which corresponds to Urradhi ama), or are marked by -kamarra/-gamarra, which does not appear to have an Urradhi cognate.

G = Gudang, Y = Yadhaykenu, At = Atampaya, A = Angkamuthi, WCL = Western-Central Torres Strait Language, MM = Meriam Mìr; WCL dialects: KKY = Kalau Kawau Ya (northern dialect), KLY = Kalaw Lagaw Ya (western dialect), KY = Kaiwalgau Ya (Kowrareg - southwestern dialect), KulY = Kulkalgau Ya (eastern dialect entral Islands dialect, OKY = Old Kaiwalgau Ya (the Kowrareg of the mid-to-late 19th century).

G aachari, Y achawi, At achawi, A achawi, WCL — ''mushroom''

G abiyangkangarra ''touch'', Y aypa, At aypa, A aypa ''hold, touch'', WCL nœidha- ''hold, touch''

G achiinya, Y —, At ungkeeni, A achin, wuyunpa, WCL kakùr ''egg''

(MacGillivray also noted achiina 'testes', which is evidently the same word as achiinya.)

G achunya, Y ukumanhthan, At ukumanhthan, A ukumanhthan, rupungunma, WCL bathainga ''tomorrow''

G adhara, Y ayara, At ayara, A ayara, WCL kuki ''north-west wind/monsoon''

G *aga, Y *agha, At atampanh, arru, A yanhi, WCL aga(thurik) ''axe''

G agaayi, Y munya, At munya, ulkin, A —, WCL dhe, mòòs ''saliva''

G ''agura'' ''stringy bark'', Y winhthi, At winhthi, A winhthi, ''uran'' ''paper-bark'', WCL ubu ''tea-tree''

G akaanya, Y adhal, At adhal, A adhaa, ''well, hole'', WCL máy ''well'', arkath ''hole'', mœram ''dug well/hole, grave''

G akelgarra, Y uyuru, At uyuru, A —, 'rub, grind', WCL almathama- ''grind'', kurthuma- ''rub''

G akumi, Y akumi, At akumi, A akumi ''dilly bag'', WCL yana ''bag''

G akuumpa, Y angkutumala, At itadhi, A anyanaghatha ''rush'', WCL bayil

G alba, Y alva, At alva, A alva, WCL gùb ''wind''

G alka, Y arka, At akwa, A arka, WCL kœlak ''spear''

G alka, Y ulumu, At ulumu, anyaarra, A ulumu, WCL yabu(gùd) ''path''

G ama, Y ama, At ama, A ama, WCL mabaig ''man, person''

G amamangi ''get up'', Y ama, At ama, G ama ''wake up, get up, fly'', WCL danpalai- ''wake up'', wœri- ''fly''

G (*?)ampa, Y ani, cf Y ampimana ''clearing'', At nani, A ani ''ground, soil'', WCL bœradhar ''ground, soil, land'', aap ''garden''

G ampaanya ''throw into'', Y ya, At watanga, A —, WCL thaya- ''throw''

G ampu, Y ampu, At ngampu, A ampu, WCL dhang ''tooth''

G anpa, Y anpangu, At anpangu, A anpangu, WCL alai ''husband''

G anpaamu, Y ampaamu, At ampaamu, A ampaamu, WCL garkaz ''male''

G anpunya, Y anpuny, At —, A —, WCL biuni ''kookaburra''

G anpunya, Y iyamu, At uyamu, A iyamu, WCL kawa ''island''

G ant ar , Y yalan, punhu, At lalan, A yalan, WCL nœi ''tongue''

G ant ''sore'', Y iyirri, At iyirri, A iyirri 'sore, blister', WCL baadh ''sore'', upu ''blister''

G ant ir , Y anchin, At wanycha, mutunmanhu, A anchin, WCL waam (KY uthua) ''honey''

G antuuba,tuuba, Y antu(va) , At antu(va) , A antu(ba) , WCL KKY/KY ngii, KLY/KulY nii ''you SG''

G anhthu, Y anhthu, At atagha, A ?, WCL parma ''red ochre''

G ant unt nya, Y arru, At arru, A arru, WCL mathama-, wœrima-, palngi- ''hit,strike''

G antyentyarra, Y watu, At watu, A watu, WCL thapa-, waya- ''row, paddle''

G angka, Y angka, At nhangka, A angka, WCK gud ''mouth''

G ''laugh. sharp'', Y angkaarri, At angkaarri, A angkaarri, WCL giw ''laugh'', gizul(ai)- ''sharp''

G angka ya, Y antu, At ghantu, A antu, WCL guul, thœthak ''canoe''

G angkenka ''drink'', Y ungye, At ungye, Aungya ''drink,eat'', WCL puratha-(i)- ''eat'', wani- ''drink''

G angkibaanya, Y upudhingu, At upudhingu, A ?, WCL kuruwai ''rainbow''

G angkuur , Y mupa, alguumala, udhayki, At mupa, akimpata, A mupa, WCL kaazi ''child''

G anha, Y anha, At anha, A anha, WCL ngœna ''breath''

G anhadhing, Y anhaayma, At anhiima, A anhaayma ''alive''

G anycighalkamarra ''dance'', Y anychirri, At anychirri, A anychirri ''corroboree song'', WCL girel, sagul ''dance'', na ''song''

G apaanycha, Y adhal, At adhal, A adhaa, WCL arkath ''hole''

G apiiga, Y amputhumuny, At apiigha, A amputhumuny, WCL kùpa ''Eugenia fruit''

G apur , Y ipi, At ipi, A ipi, WCL aari ''rain''

G apur iga, Y unychil, At alarrkudhi, A unychii, WCL kuwath ''brolga''

G aruunyci, Y arunychi, At —, A —, WCL putit (?) ''yellow fruit''

G artaba, Y atava, yati, At atava, yati, A atava, yati, WCL kœsa ''river, creek''

G at d rra ''eat'', Y ungye, At ungye, A ungya ''drink,eat'', WCL purtha- ''eat'', wani- ''drink''

G at r , Y apudha, At apudha, A apudha, ikyalitha (avoidance), WCL riidh ''bone''

G at inya ''mother'', Y ungunyu ''mother'', At ungunyu ''mother'', A ungunyu ''mother, breast, milk'', WCL aapu ''mother'', susu ''breast'', (susu)ikai ''milk''

G at ir mbaanya, Y umpwa, At ighanhang, A ighanhanga, WCL papalama-, patida-, etc. ''break''

G arta, Y mata, At mata, A mata, WCL geth ''hand''

G awuur , Y adhiny, At -, A adhiny, WCL wereg asi-/yœraagi asi- (dialect difference) ''hungry''

G aygi, Y yiighin, At riighin, A yiighin, WCL buthu, surum ''sand, beach''

G ayiir , Y uta, At uta, A uta, WCL bangal, thœuma ''bye and bye''

G aykaana, Y akyaana, At akyan, akyaana, A akyan, WCL mœlpal, kisay ''moon''

G ''aykunya'', Y ''ichuny'', athatha, warrki, At atava, warrki, A ''ichuny'', warrki, WCL baba ''quill''

G aykuwa, Y *yutha, At awuchi (< ''house''), akyun ''camp'', A *yutha, awuchi (< ''house'') ''hut'', WCL yœuth ''long house, hall, church'', mùdh ''shelter, calm place, house, hut, camp'', laag ''place, house, home''

G -, Y *yutha, At akicha ''house, church'', A akicha ''house, church'', WCL yœuth ''long house, hall, church''

G aypiir , Y ana, At ana, anma, A ana ''go, come'', WCL uzara-, laadhu- (plural stem), wœlmai-, tadi- (plural stem) ''go'' (+ bœi/ngapa to form ''come'')

G aypunya, Y uyany, At uyany, A uyany ''green ant'', WCL muzu ''stinging ant, green ant''

G []yuba, Y ayu(va) , At ayu(va) , A ayu(va) , WCL ngai ''I''
(MacGillivray also noted the form ''eipana'' (''aipaana'') as meaning ''I, me'')

G aaku, Y aku, At aku, A aku ''tick, louse'', WCL tikath ''tick'', aari ''louse''

G aaku ''we'', Y/At/A ali ''we DU INC'', ana ''we PL INC'', ampu ''we EXC''

G *baaga ''cheek'', Y ula ''cheek'', At wula ''cheek, jaw'', A ula ''cheek'', WCL mœsa ''cheek'' (cf. baag ''jaw'', MM bag ''cheek'')

G []biilkagarr, Y —, At wanhtha, A —, WCL pagama- ''sew''

G *bubaatha ''grandfather'', Y athi(dha) ''mother's father'', wuula(dha) ''father’s father'', At athi(dha) ''mother's father'', wuula(n) ''father’s father'', A athi(dha) ''mother's father'', wuula(dha) ''father’s father'', WCL bœbath ''grandparent'', athe, KKY pópu ''grandad'' (paternal and maternal)

G *burruburru, Y —, At anychul, A anychuu, WCL kùnar ''ash(es)'', cf. WCL buru ''(saw)dust, chips, crumbs''

G *burwa, *kwacherra, Y muyul, At muyul, A muyuu ''pandanus'', WCL kausar ''inland pandanus'', bœruwa ''young kausar''

G *canha, Y *inpal, At *inpal, A *inpaa, WCL pel ''fish tail'', cf. saan ''dugong tail''

G *carima, Y mata, At mata, utama, A mata, WCL sayima (OKY sarima) ''outrigger''

G *caaka ''lungs'', Y yampa ''lungs, leaf'', At yampa ''lungs, leaf'', yamparra ''lungs'', A yampa ''lungs, leaf'', inparra ''lungs'', WCL mòòs ''lung'', niis ''leaf''
(Ray (1907:122) recorded WCL ''suka'' (i.e. sœka) as ''lungs (of turtle and dugong)'').

G *caamudaanha, Y —, At —, A angwaa-anyan, WCL dÅ“nasam(u) ''eyelash'' (OKY also samudaana)

G *carra ''tern'', Y *charra, ukaapati, At *iyarra, angkangka, A — ''seagull'', WCL sara ''tern''

G *cicalurru, Y atal, muri, At atal, A ataa, muri ''rope'', WCL wœru/uru ''rope'', sisaluru ''type of rope'', cf. musi ''strand''

G cuuka, cooka, Y/At/A *chughuva, WCL sœguba ''tobacco''
(The Gudang forms are perhaps an early loan from Malay ''coki'', otherwise is an abbreviated form of *cukuba)

G*daanha, Y anngal, At ipanh, A angwaa, WCL purka, daan ''eye''

G []dhaama, Y inychantu, makyaana, At ilvan, A ilvan, WCL kœigœrsar ''many'' [lit. ''big number'']; Cf Y udhima, At udhyama, A udhima, WCL ukasar ''two''

G *dhumook, Y arramu, At aghumpa, A arramu, WCL dhumowak, dhœmuwak ''cloth, clothes''

G echaar , Y anhthuny, At wipa, A anhthuny, WCL ini ''penis''

G eguunt , Y —, At ayama, A ayama, WCL maadhu ''flesh''

G ''ero:ra'', Y-, At ithagha, A- ''flower'', WCL kœusa ''fruit, flower''

G etrara ''leaf'', Y yampa ''leaf, flower'', At yampa ''leaf, flower'', A yampa ''leaf, flower'', ithagha ''flower'', WCL niis ''leaf''

G ganhdha, Y —, At alghadha, A —, WCL kÅ“rakar ''fern''

G *giiri, Y *ghiri, At *kiri, thawura, A *kiri, thawura, WCL *gii ''knife''

G ichunya, Y lukuny, At uchuny, A lukuny, WCL kulka ''blood''

G ikalkamarra, Y ikya, At ikya, A ikya, WCL (ya) mulai-/uuma- ''speak''

G ikanpa ''cold or shiver'', Y uchankama, At uvanhu, ukyanhthuny, A achanpa ''cold'', WCL gabu ''cold'', sumay ''shivering''

G ikaar ''spear thrower'', Y uchanpi, At uchanpi, A uchanpi ''spear thrower, club'', WCL kùbai ''spear thrower'', thuthu ''club''

G ikuurra, Y urul, At ukyul, A unungkuu, WCL thuu ''smoke''

G ikwuurra, Y akuny, At akuny, A akuny, WCL gœngaw ''skin''

G ilaabayu, Y udhima, At makyaana, A udhyama, udhima, WCL ukasar ''two''; cf. Y inychantu, At ilvan, A ilvan, WCL kœigœrsar (lit. ''big number'') ''many''

G imant inya ''warm'', Y —, At umadhi, A — ''hot'', WCL komal ''warm, hot''

G imiir , Y anngal-athan, At ipanh-athan, A angwaa-athan ''eyebrow'', WCL bœyib ''eyebrow'', bœybasam ''eyebrow-hair''

G impiibin ''come, approach'', Y ana, At ana, anma, A ana, WCL uzarai-, ulai-/wœlmai- ''go, come''

G impuuwa ''small, a bit'', Y udhayki, At alvamu, A akimpata ''small'', WCL mœgi(na), kœthuka ''small, little''

G int unya ''large'', Y aghatipu, At —, A aghatipu ''heavy, large'', WCL kÅ“i ''big, large'', mapu ''heavy'', kÅ“igÅ“rai ''large (in girth)''

G int unya ''large'', Y avukuny, At amanyma, A avukuny ''large, big'', WCL kœi ''big, large'', kœigœrai ''large (in girth)''

G inga, Y wunga, At wunga, A wunga ''sun'', WCL gœiga ''sun, day''

G ingkud inya, Y utagha, At utagha, A utagha, WCL ùmai ''dog''

G inyaaba, Y ula(va), At ula(va), A ula(va) ''they'', WCL palai ''they DUAL'', thana ''they PLURAL''

G inyaanha ''another'', Y unya, At unyinha, wanhu, A unyinha ''other, different'', WCL war, wara ''other'', wardh, warakidh ''different''

(Note the formal resemblance between the two words ''inyaaba'' and ''inyaanha'')

G ipadha, Y ivadha, At ivuny, A ivadha, WCL thathi ''father''

G ipama ''kangaroo'', Y ipamu, At ikamu, A - ''black kangaroo'', WCL wœsar ''kangaroo, wallaby''

G iipi, Y ipi, At ipi, A ipi, WCL ngùki ''fresh water''

(MacGillivray had given ''creek bed'' as the meaning of WCL kœsa and Gud artaba. Kœsa actually means ''creek, river'', and artaba most likely meant the same. For ''stream'', he recorded : ipitaaba (ipi-artaba), which is actually ''water-creek''.)

G ipiyaman , Y ipima, At nhipima, A ipima, WCL ùrapùn (wara+pùn) ''one''

G ipunya, Y yapi, At yapi, A yapi, WCL pœuth ''forehead'' (see paadha)

G ir imad n ''sleep'', Y una, At una, A una ''sleep, lie down'', WCL uthui ''sleep oun'', uthui yu a- ''lie down asleep''

G irruurrunya, Y —, AT —, A uluyva, WCL lama- ''copulate''

G ithiina ''thigh'', Y ithiina ''thigh'', At ithiina ''thigh'', A ithin ''thigh, tree root'', WCL madhu ''meat; thigh'', sipi ''root''

G ''it ur '', ''it ulma'', Y ''yuthu'', At ''ruthu'', A ''yuthu'', WCL uma ''dead''

G iwunya, Y iwuny, At ikuchi, A —, WCL kaura, kùrùsai- ''ear''

G iya, Y amu, At nya, A inya, WCl waa ''yes''

G *iibu, Y anya, At anya, A anya, WCL iibu ''chin''

G iilpi, Y avidha, At lakun, A avidha, WCL akur ''guts''

G iinta ''upper arm'', Y winta, At winta, A winta ''arm'', WCL zugu ''upper arm'', kawai ''arm''

G iingka, Y ina, At ina, A ina ''sit (down)'', WCL (apa)thanurai- ''sit (down)'', ni-/niya-/niina- ''sit, live, stay''

G iipa ''heart'', Y yipa, At lipa, A yipa ''liver'', WCl siib(a) ''liver; seat of feelings''; cf. Y antuun, At antudhi, A antuun ''heart'', WCl ngœnakap ''heart'' it. ''breath-organ''
G iingku, Y wungku, At wungku, A wungku, WCL kulu ''knee'', kuku ''leg joint''

G iiyi, Y iyi, At umughanhu, A iyi ''nose, beak'', WCL piti ''nose'', buna ''beak''

G *karaaba, Y wacharra, At angampa, A wacharra, WCL kab(a) (OKY kœraba) ''paddle''

G *katamarra, Y *katamarra, At makyaarra, A *katamarra, WCL katham (plural kathamal) ''banana (fruit)''

G *kartakarta ''green frog'' (recorded as ''kartakatta''), Y *, aypara, At aypara, A aypara ''frog'', WCL kat(a) ''frog, underjaw part of jaw; neck (in compounds)'', Bœigu sub-dialect kœteko, kœteku ''frog''

G *kayadha ''grandmother'', Y ami(dha), At ami(n), A ami(dha) ''mother's mother''; Y api(dha), At api(dha), A api(dha) ''father's mother''; WCL kayadh ''grandmother''

G *koona or *kuuna, Y wuntuny, At —, wurnrtuny, uyamuthu, WCL kùn(a) ''stern'' (''kona/cona'' was recorded for OKY by Brierly and MacGillivray)

G []kuje ''blister'', Y ukukanhthi ''blister'', iyirri ''sore, blister'', At iyirri ''sore, blister'', A iyirri ''sore, blister'', WCL baadh(a) ''sore, wound'', uupu ''blister''

G *kupara, Y ugharra, At ugharra, A ugharra, ''navel'' WCL (KLY/KulY/KY) kùpai, (KLY) kùpa, OKY kùpar ''birth cord'', (KLY/KulY/KY) maithakùpai, (KLY) maithakùp, OKY maithakùpar ''navel'' maitha ''belly, stomasch''); cf. kùp(a) ''bottom, base''

G []kut , Y uyava, At atamudhi, athamudhi, A angkatha, WCl — ''native cat''

G []langkunya ''crayfish'', Y alangkuny, At dhalangkuny, A alangkuny ''crayfish, prawn'', WCL kayar ''crayfish'', kagui ''fresh water lobster, shrimp, prawn'', KLY dhuuma ''shrimp, prawn''

G *mabarr, Y —, At *mavarra, A — ''k.o. shell'', WCL mabar(a) ''small mangrove conch with spikes''

G *maakacha, Y *wacharra, At *acharra, *acharraki, A *wacharra ''mouse'', WCL makas(a) ''mouse, rat''; wœsar(a) ''kangaroo, wallaby''

G manu (recorded as nanu in MacGillivray ), Y manu, At manu, A manu, WCL kœkak, mabar(a) ''throat''

G *marraapi, Y *marrapi, At *marrapi, A *marrapi, WCL mœrap(i), (KLY) mœraapi ''bamboo''

G *merta, Y —, At intinti, A — ''fin'', WCL met(a) ''dugong flipper''

G *mudha, Y ilghul, At ukwal, A ilghuu ''shade'', WCL mùdh(a) ''shelter, hut, back-yard, haven, place/spot protected from the wind'', iradh(a) ''shade, shadow'', ii ''dark shadow nder lee of island''

G mur u ''gorged'', Y wampan, At wampan, A wampan ''full, swollen'', WCl (KKY) gùdapœlam ''full'' it. ''mouth-full'', yœuru- / iiru- ''fill, swell, gorge''

G *muungku, Y *mungka, At *mungka, A *mungka '' (red) anthill'', WCL muugu ''ant/termite hill/nest'' [generic term ''white ant, termite''

G muunha, Y akun, At inhen, A akun, WCL madh(a) ''vagina'', cf MM moni ''vagina''

G []naar ma, Y —, At anpanychama, A —, WCL kùlkùb(a) ''long ago''

G []net arri (this may have actually been '' []net adhi'', cf. ''anhadhing''), Y —, At lipa, mupadhi, mupaayma, A — ''pregnant'', WCL maithal(aig) ''have a belly; pregnant'', mapu(ig/nga) ''heavy; pregnant'' (for the Atampaya form ''lipa'' see ''iipa''; the stem of forms ''mupadhi'' and ''mupaayma'' (i.e. ''mupa'') may be a loan from WCL)

G []niichalka, Y urrkul, At wughanhu, (avoidance language) anichaka, A urrkuu ''emu'', WCL saamu ''cassowary, emu''

G []nuuba, Y alu, At alu, A alu ''that, there'', WCL se-/si- ''that, there'' (the Gudang form appears to be a reflex of the Pama–Nyungan third person masculine pronoun *nyu-, found in WCL as ''nu-/-nu'')

G *ngaaga, Y —, At wintuypuyumu (see ''iinta'', ''thuugu''), A —, WCL bÅ“tha ''wing'', ngaga ''bird/stingray wing''

G *pada, Y yantal, At rantal, A yantaa, WCL paad(a) ''hill, tip, top, height'' (the Gudang word is presumably the same as the following, for which see)

G *paada, Y apun, At wapun, A apun, WCL kuik(u) ''head'', paad(a) ''hill, tip, top, height'' (Proto-Paman *paanta ''top''. The retention of initial p in Gudang indicates that this is a WCL loan, as the expected form (through initial deletion or lenition and internal VVnC reduction, Crowley 1983:330-332) would be ''*ada''/''*aada'' or ''*wada''/''*waada'', as has occurred in Gud ''ipadha'' from PP *pi:pa ''father'')

G *puri, Y yuku, At yuku, A yuku ''tree'', WCL puy(i), OKY puuri ''tree, plant, post, pole, log''; also WCL yuu ''spit, skewer''; see further ''yuuku''

G ralkagamarra, Y yarka, At raka, A yarka, yaka ''jump'', WCL katpalga-/-pœlagi- ''jump, skip, hop'' it. ''frog-jump/skip/hop'' palga-/pœlagi- ''take off, fly away, jump, skip, hop''

G ranga, Y akuny, At akuny, A akuny ''bark'', WCL piya ''bark, skin, peel''

G ringa (also found in ringkamarra ''sail (verb)''), Y wili, At wili, A wili ''run, sail quickly'', WCL pungai- ''sail, drive'', zilmai-/zœlmai-/zilami- ''run, sail'', aga-/agai- ''sail, drive'', thardha- ''sail, drive, ride'', wamayai-/wamaya-/wamayi- ''run away, sail away'', guithwaya- ''leave, run away, sail away, depart'', wanga- ''drive away, sail away''

G rungkangkamarra, Y yungka, At rungka, A yungka ''cry, howl'', WCL pœiba- ''make a noise, howl, cry''

G ''ruulma'', Y ipinyi, At ipinyi, A — ''swim'', Y ''unma'', At ''unma'', A ''unma'' ''swim across'', WCL pawÅ“rpaga-, wÅ“rpa paga-, wÅ“rpaga-, pawÅ“rulai-, wÅ“rpu pudhai, wÅ“rngupaga- ''swim'', (wÅ“rai) thapai-, (pawÅ“r) waya-/wayai- ''swim along''

G ruundar , Y awunpudha, At aghanapudha, A awunpudha, WCL daa, kaabu ''chest''

G []tamparra, Y atampatha, At atamparra, A aghumu, WCL maa ''spider''

G []tawiinya, Y atawuny, At uniina, A —, WCL paikaw, KLY pÅ“tha, pÅ“ithaw ''butterfly''

G *tetarr ''nail'', Y *yathal ''nail, spider shell'', At imunhthal ''nail'', *yathaa ''nail, spider shell'', WCL awar ''nail, talon, claw'', tete ''animal/bird leg'', cf. MM teter ''lower leg, upper foot'', WCL (KLY,KulY,KY) yathai, (KLY) yatha, (OKY) yathar ''spider shell''.

G tiida, Y tinta, At tinta, A tinta ''gun'' (Could this possibly be a loan from English ''tinder''?), WCL gagay(i) ''bow(-and-arrow), gun''

G *thawarr, Y ukuru, At —, A —, WCL kagar ''seaweed'', thawal ''coast, shore, shoreline'' (the WCL word suggests a miscommunication between MacGillivray and his informant(s), mistaking ''seaweed'' for ''coast, shore, shoreline''.

G *theraapi, Y matapudha, At matapudha, A matapudha ''wrist, forearm'', WCL thœyap(u) ''wrist'', OKY thœrapu, (see also at r , ruundar , where '' (a)pudha'' appears in other compounds in Urradhi – perhaps meaning ''body part'' f. the WCL word ''-kap(u)'' and the MM word ''-kep'' (of Papuan origin) of the same meaning found in many words to do with body parts

G *thuugu, Y winta, At winta, A winta, WCL thuugu ''outrigger pole'' (The Urradhi word means ''arm'' – see ''iinta'')

G ukwarra (ukarra), Y ukal, At nhukal, A ukaa ''foot, toe'', WCL saan(a) ''foot'', dhimur(a) ''finger, toe'', siyar ''upper front part of foot; toes'' (considered by some to be an incorrect meaning), -kùk(u) ''ankle, foot, finger, toe, thumb (in compounds)''

G ukwaagamarra (cf ukwarra), Y anpanyi, At anpanyi, A anpanyi ''climb'', WCL walai- ''climb, ascend, come/go up on a surface''

G ulkiini, Y —, At ukirri, A —, WCL kùbak(i) ''cough''

G uma, Y iwan, At iwan, A iwan ''mosquito'', WCL iwi ''mosquito'', kuwath(a) ''large, grey mosquito''; Y uma, At uma, A uma, WCL mui ''fire''

G umpiidha, Y umpidha, At umpidha, A umpidha, WCL iit(a) ''rock oyster'', maay(i) ''sea oyster''

G umpuipu ''white ghost/man'', Y umany, At umany, A umany ''white ghost/man'' (umany is a specialised use of umany ''sweat''), At wangachaghany ''white man'', A wangukwal ''white man, ghost'', WCL markai ''white ghost'' pirit of a dead person that has gone to Kibukùth, the ''Other World'' – that is to say, the Land of the Dead over the western horizon, the pre-Christian heaven ''European'' (and formerly ''Asian'').

G umu, Y ukaluthu, At nhukalwuthu, A ukaauthu, WCL pokuk(u) ''heel''

G unta ''wife'', untamu ''female'', Y untaamu, At untaamu, A untaamu ''wife, woman'', WCL ipi ''wife'', yipkaz (ipkaz, yœpkaz, KLY/KulY ipika, OKY ipikai) ''woman, girl, female''

G unhthaanhtharra, Y —, At unhthe, A— ''shout at, call'', WCL thara- ''shout, shout at, call'', wal ''shout, call (noun)'' (The final two syllables of the Gudang word suggests that MacGillivray unknowingly also got the WCL word as well without realising it).

G upiinya ''hip; anus'', Y wilu, At wilu, A wilu ''hip'', WCL pasikap(u) ''hip'' it. side-body part
G ''upiirra'' (MacGillivray) ''rotten, smelly'', upiirri (Brierly) ''medecine'', Y upirri, At upirri, A upirri ''sore, painful; witchcraft'', WCL wœsai ''rot, stink, stench, rotten, smelly'', puuy(i), OKY puuri (''variant'' upœri) ''magic charm/gear/medecine'' (i.e. the material and language used in magic, but not the magic itself, which is ''maidh'')

G ur wa, Y apunwuvu, At wapunwuvu, A apunwuvu, WCL thigi ''brain'' (see also *paada)

G utedangkarra ''cut'', Y ute, At ute, A *ipaata ''cut, chop'', WCL patha- ''cut, chop''

G ut ir , Y achal, At achal, A achaa, WCL ziya ''cloud''

G uthiirra, Y u, At u, A u, WCL pœiba-, yœuda-/yœudha-, ma i, puypa-, sibawana- it. ''liver-put'' KLY wiya- ''give''; cf Y uthi, At uthi, A uthi ''give'' imperative

G urtu ya ''leg, ankle'' robably actually ''shin'' Y mutuny, At mutuny, A murtuny, WCL thœra (archaic form thœrar) ''shin'', ngaar(a) ''leg'', danakuk(u) ''ankle''

G uyimpa, Y ampu, At angkuula, umughanhu, A ampu, WCL buwai ''bow (of canoe)''

G uuje, Y upangupa, At ampinhampi, A ampinhampi, WCL yal ''hair; soft (archaic meaning)'', yalkap(u) ''uncombed hair'' kap(u) ''body part'' yalbùp(a) ''hair'' ùp(a) ''grass'' (gamu)magadh ''body hair'' amu ''body'', magadh ''spear grass''
G uulpa, Y aypany, At aypanh, A aypany, WCL kùla ''stone''

G uumpa, Y unhthuymumata, At *ripan, A unhthuymumata, WCL pœnipan(i) ''lightning''

G uumpu, Y umpu, At wumpu, A umpu, WCL mimi ''urine''

G uunpi, Y unpi, At unpi, A unpi, WCL thithuy(i) ''star''

G uuna, Y ungi, At wuna, A ungi, WCL kùma ''dung''

G uuntu ''upper back'', Y wuntuny, At udhumpuny ''back(bone)'', A wurnrtuny ''backbone, stern'', WCL lœpu ''upper back'', thaburidh ''backbone'' it. ''snakebone'' kùn(a) ''stern'' (MacGillivray also noted apa ''lower back'', cf WCL apa- ''lower, below, down, underneath''); see further ''wuuntu''

G uunhtha, Y munhtha, At munhtha, A munhtha, WCL kùbi ''charcoal''

G uupu ''tail'', Y wupul, At wupul, A wupuu ''buttocks, tail'', WCL kùp(a) ''bottom, base'', dokap(u) ''rump, buttock'', kœub(a) ''tail''

G uurru, Y yupu, At lupu, A lupu ''boil'', WCL tharthar ''boiling'', tharthara-, tharthar thara- 'stand''''boil'', zuiwœidha- œidha- ''place''''boil (soup etc. )'' (here the Gudang word may actually be the WCL word uur ''water'')

G *wagel, Y *unhthuymu, At *unhthumu, A *unhthuymu, WCL (KLY/KulY/KY) *dhuyum(a), (KKY) gigi ''thunder''; WCL wagel(a) ''after, behind'' (As thunder always follows lightning, ''wagel'' may have been recorded by MacGillivray through a misunderstanding). The relationship between Urradhi ''unthuymu'' and WCL ''dhuyum(a)'' is unclear – if there is any. A loan in either direction is possible, though the initial syllable in Urradhi might suggest that the word is a loan from WCL into Urradhi. Compare the Yadhaikenu form angkapa ''hat'', from English ''cap'' (see *walaapa).

G *waapadha, Y *wapadha, At *wapara, A *wapadha, WCL wapadha ''cotton tree''

G *walaapa, Y angkapa, At *walapan, A *walapan, WCL walap(a), (KLY) gauga 'hat'

G wampa, Y uypuny, At uypuny, A uypuny ''fly N'', WCL bùli ''house fly'', paadig ''horse/marsh-fly'', tœd/tœda ''bluebottle'', (KLY) uripa ''fly sp.''

G *wanawa, Y yakurru, At *wanawa, A — ''turtle shell'', WCL kùnar(a) ''turtle shell (material for decoration)'', aagu ''top turtle shell'', aath(a) ''bottom turtle shell'', wÅ“nawa ''shell turtle''

G *warraaba, Y ungkuupun, At *warrava, A wuchungapun, WCL wœrab(a), wurab(a), urab(a) ''coconut'' (the Urradhi words contain the morpheme (w)apun ''head'')

G *warrupa, Y *arupa, At *arupa, A *arupa ''drum'', WCL warup(a) ''hour-glass-shaped drum''

G watay, Y —, At watay, A watii, WCL dhangal(a) ''dugong''

G *waapi, Y —, At —, A inhanyii, WCL waapi ''fish''

G *waarru, Y *iwurru, At yila ''k.o. turtle'', A *waru, WCL waaru ''turtle, green turtle''

G *wurruy, Y inha, At minha, A inha ''creature'', WCL urui ''creature, bird''

G wuuntu, Y aghal, ungkyal, At aghal, A aghaa, WCL thabai ''shoulder''; see further ''uuntu''

G *yetha, Y angkaiidha, At nhangkaiidha, A angkaiidha, WCL (KKY/KY/KLY) yatha, (KulY) yetha ''beard''

G yulpalga, Y yupul, At manma, A — ''night, darkness'', WCL kubil(a) ''night'', iinur(a) ''dark(ness)''

G yurtu, Y yutu, At yutu, A yurtu, WCL kudu ''elbow''

G yuuku ''wood'', Y yuku, At yuku, A yuku ''wood, tree, stick, log'', WCL puy(i), OKY puuri ''tree, plant, post, pole, log''; also WCL yuu ''spit, skewer''; see further ''puri''

G []yuungu, Y unyungu, At unyungu, awucha, A unyungu ''breast, milk'', WCL susu ''breast, udder'', susuikai ''milk'' [ikai ''juice, sap'']

Loans or Possible Loans from the Western-Central Language of Torres Strait (Kala Lagaw Ya)

The following words vary from clear to possible loans from WCL into Gudang and Urradhi. This is shown by the phonology of the words (retention of consonant initials and other phonological 'oddities' from the point of view of Gudang and Urradhi). Most are fairly recent, however, some, such as sara ''tern'', are older in that the Urradhi dialects have undergone sound changes similar to those undergone by Paman word stock. Possible loans are marked (?).

WCL aap(a) ''garden'' : G (?)ampa ''ground, soil'', cf Y ampimana ''clearing''

WCL aga(thurik) ''axe'' : G aga, Y agha

WCL apa- ''lower, below, down, underneath'' : G apa ''lower back''

WCL baag(a) ''jaw'' : G baaga ''cheek''

WCL bœbath(a) ''grandparent'' : G bubaatha ''grandfather''

WCL buru ''(saw)dust, chips, crumbs'' : G burruburru ''ash(es)''

WCL daan(a) ''eye'' : G daanha

WCL dhumowak(u), dhœmuwak(u) ''cloth, clothes'' : G dhumook

WCL (KLY/KulY/KY) dhuyum(a) ''thunder'' : Y unhthuymu, At unhthumu, A unhthuymu ''thunder'' (The relationship between Urradhi ''unthuymu'' and WCL ''dhuyum(a)'' is unclear – if there is any. A loan in either direction is possible, though the initial syllable in Urradhi might suggest that the word is a loan from WCL into Urradhi. Compare the Yadhaikenu word angkapa ''hat'', from English ''cap'').

WCL dœnasam(u) ''eyelash'' (OKY also samudaana) : G caamudaanha

WCL gii ''knife'' (OKY giri) : G giiri, Y ghiri, At kiri, A kiri

WCL iibu ''chin'' : G iibu

WCL kab(a) (OKY kœraba) ''paddle'' : G karaaba

WCL kat(a) ''frog, underjaw part of jaw; neck (in compounds)'', Bœigu sub-dialect kœteko, kœteku ''frog'' : G kartakarta ''green frog'' (recorded as ''kartakatta''), Y

WCL katham(a) (plural kathamal) ''banana (fruit)'' : G katamarra, Y katamarra, A katamarra

WCL kausar(a) ''inland pandanus'', bœruwa ''young kausar'' : G burwa, kwacherra ''pandanus''

WCL kayadh ''grandmother'' : G kayadha ''grandmother''

WCL kùn(a) ''stern'' (''kona/cona'' was recorded for OKY by Brierly and MacGillivray) : G koona or kuuna

WCL (KLY/KulY/KY) kùpai, (KLY) kùpa, OKY kùpar ''birth cord'', (KLY/KulY/KY) maithakùpai, (KLY) maithakùp, OKY maithakùpar ''navel'' [maitha ''belly, stomach''); cf. kùp(a) ''bottom, base'' : G kupara

WCL mabar(a) ''small mangrove conch with spikes'' : G mabarr, At mavarra ''k.o. shell''

WCL makas(a) ''mouse, rat''; wœsar(a) ''kangaroo, wallaby'' : G maakacha, Y (?)wacharra, At (?)acharra, (?)acharraki, A (?)wacharra ''mouse''

WCL mapu(ig/nga) ''heavy; pregnant'' : At (?) mupadhi, mupaayma (stem : mupa-) ''pregnant''

WCL met(a) ''dugong flipper, arm'' : G merta ''fin''

WCL mœrap(i), (KLY) mœraapi ''bamboo'' : G marraapi, Y marrapi, At marrapi, A marrapi

WCL mùdh(a) ''shelter, hut, back-yard, haven, place/spot protected from the wind'' : G mudha

WCL muugu ''ant/termite hill/nest'' [generic term], ''white ant, termite'' : G muungku, Y mungka, At mungka, A mungka ''(red) anthill''

WCL ngaga ''bird/stingray wing'' : G ngaaga ''wing''

WCL paad(a) ''hill, tip, top, height'' : G pada ''hill'', paada ''head''

WCL patha- ''cut, chop'' : A ipaata ''cut, chop''

WCL puuy(i), (OKY) puuri (''variant'' upœri) ''magic charm/gear/medecine'' (i.e. the material and language used in magic, but not the magic itself, which is ''maidh'') : G upiirri ''medecine'', Y upirri, At upirri, A upirri ''sore, painful; witchcraft''

WCL puuy(i), OKY puuri ''tree, plant, post, pole, log'' : G puri ''tree''

WCL saan(a) ''dugong tail'' : G canha ''fish tail''

WCL sara ''tern'' : G carra ''tern'', Y charra, At iyarra ''seagull''

WCL sayima (OKY sarima) ''outrigger'' : G carima

WCL sœguba ''tobacco'' : G cuuka, cooka, Y/At/A (The Gudang forms are perhaps an early loan from Malay ''coki'', otherwise is an abbreviated form of an unrecorded cukuba)

WCL sœka ''lungs (of turtle and dugong)'') : G caaka ''lungs''

WCL tete ''animal/bird leg'', cf. MM teter ''lower leg, upper foot'' : G tetarr ''finger/toe nail''

WCl thawal ''coast, shore, shoreline'' : G thawarr ''seaweed'' (the WCL word suggests a miscommunication between MacGillivray and his informant(s), mistaking ''seaweed'' for ''coast, shore, shoreline'')

WCL thœyap(u) ''wrist'', OKY thœrapu : G theraapi ''wrist, forearm''

WCL thuugu ''outrigger pole'' : G thuugu

WCL uru / wœru ''rope'', sisaluru ''type of rope'' : G cicalurru

WCL urui ''creature, bird'' : G wurruy ''creature''

WCL uur / wur / wœr ''water'' : G (?) uurru ''boil''

WCL waapi ''fish'' : G waapi

WCL waaru ''turtle, green turtle'' : G waarru, Y iwurru, A waru

WCL wagel(a) ''after, behind'' : G wagel ''thunder'' (as thunder always follows lightning, ''wagel'' may have been recorded by MacGillivray through a misunderstanding)

WCL wapadha ''cotton tree'' : G waapadha, Y wapadha, At wapara, A wapadha

WCL walap(a) ''hat'' : G walaapa, At walapan, A walapan

WCL warup(a) ''hour-glass-shaped drum'' : G warrupa, Y arupa, At arupa, A arupa ''drum''

WCL wœnawa ''shell turtle'' : G wanawa, At wanawa ''turtle shell''

WCL wœrab(a), wurab(a), urab(a) ''coconut'' ; G warraaba, At warrava

WCL (KKY/KY/KLY) yatha, (KulY) yetha ''beard'' : G yetha

WCL (KLY,KulY,KY) yathai, (KLY) yatha, (OKY) yathar ''spider shell'' : Y yathal, A yathaa ''nail, spider shell''

WCL yœuth(a) ''long house, hall, church'' : Y yutha, A yutha ''hut, house, church''

External links

Bibliography of Gudang people and language resources
at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

References

*
* R.M.W. Dixon and Barry J. Blake (eds), 1983, ''Uradhi''; in the Handbook of Australian Languages, VOL. 3:306-428. Canberra: The Australian National University Press.
* MacGILLIVRAY, J., 1852, Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake. London: T.W. Boone.
* Mitchell, Rod (1995). Linguistic Archaeology in Torres Strait: The Western-Central Torres Strait Language. Townsville: James Cook University (Masters Thesis).
* MOORE, David R., 1979, Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York : ''An ethnographic reconstruction based on the 1848-1850 'Rattlesnake' Journals of O.W. Brierly and information he obtained from Barbara Thompson''. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
* RAY, Sidney H., Linguistics, vol 3, Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Johnson Reprint Corporation, London, 1971)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gudang Language
Northern Paman languages
Extinct languages of Queensland