Grumman TBF Avenger

The Grumman TBF Avenger (designated TBM for aircraft manufactured by General Motors) is an American World War II-era torpedo bomber developed initially for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, and eventually used by several air and naval aviation services around the world.

The Avenger entered U.S. service in 1942, and first saw action during the Battle of Midway. Despite the loss of five of the six Avengers on its combat debut, it survived in service to become the most effective submarine killer and most widely-used torpedo bomber of World War II, sharing credit for sinking the super-battleships and and being credited for sinking 30 submarines. Greatly modified after the war, it remained in use until the 1960s.Wheeler 1992, p. 53.

From 1942-on, production of the Avenger (in fact nearly three quarters of its the total production) was subcontracted to a purposely established division of General Motors: the Eastern Aircraft Division.

Design and development

The Douglas TBD Devastator, the U.S. Navy's main torpedo bomber introduced in 1935, was obsolete by 1939. Bids were accepted from several companies, but Grumman's TBF design was selected as the replacement for the TBD and in April 1940 two prototypes were ordered by the Navy. Designed by Leroy Grumman, the first prototype was called the ''XTBF-1''. It was first flown on 7 August 1941. Although one of the first two prototypes crashed near Brentwood, New York, rapid production continued.

To ease carrier storage concerns, simultaneously with the F4F-4 model of its Wildcat carrier fighter, Grumman designed the Avenger to also use the new Sto-Wing patented "compound angle" wing-folding mechanism, intended to maximize storage space on an aircraft carrier; the Wildcat's replacement, the F6F Hellcat, also employed this mechanism. The engine used was the twin-row Wright R-2600-20 Twin Cyclone fourteen-cylinder radial engine, which produced .

There were three crew members: pilot, turret gunner and radioman/bombardier/ventral gunner. A single synchronized .30 caliber (7.62 mm) machine gun was mounted in the nose, a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) gun was mounted right next to the turret gunner's head in a rear-facing electrically powered turret, and a single 0.30 caliber (7.62 mm) hand-fired machine gun flexibly-mounted ventrally (under the tail), which was used to defend against enemy fighters attacking from below and to the rear. This gun was fired by the radioman/bombardier while standing up and bending over in the belly of the tail section, though he usually sat on a folding bench facing forward to operate the radio and to sight in bombing runs.

Later models of the TBF/TBM omitted the cowl-mount synchronized 0.30 caliber (7.62 mm) gun, and replaced it with twin Browning AN/M2 0.50 caliber (12.7 mm) light-barrel guns, one in each wing outboard of the propeller arc, per pilots' requests for better forward firepower and increased strafing ability. There was only one set of controls on the aircraft, and no direct access to the pilot's position existed from the rest of the aircraft's interior. The radio equipment was massive, especially by today's standards, and filled the length of the well-framed "greenhouse" canopy to the rear of the pilot. The radios were accessible for repair through a "tunnel" along the right hand side. Any Avengers that are still flying today usually have an additional rear-mounted seat in place of the radios, allowing for a fourth passenger.

The Avenger had a large bomb bay, allowing for one Bliss-Leavitt Mark 13 torpedo, a single bomb, or up to four bombs. The aircraft had overall ruggedness and stability, and pilots say it flew like a truck, for better or worse. With its good radio facilities, docile handling, and long range, the Grumman Avenger also made an ideal command aircraft for Commanders, Air Group (CAGs). With a ceiling and a fully loaded range of , it was better than any previous American torpedo bomber, and better than its Japanese counterpart, the obsolete Nakajima B5N "Kate". Later Avenger models carried radar equipment for the ASW and AEW roles.

Escort carrier sailors referred to the TBF as the "turkey" because of its size and maneuverability in comparison to the F4F Wildcat fighters in the same airgroups.

Operational history

U.S. Navy

On the afternoon of 7 December 1941, Grumman held a ceremony to open a new manufacturing plant and display the new TBF to the public. Coincidentally, on that day, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, as Grumman soon found out. After the ceremony was over, the plant was quickly sealed off to guard against possible sabotage. By early June 1942, a shipment of more than 100 aircraft was sent to the Navy, arriving only a few hours after the three carriers quickly departed from Pearl Harbor, so most of them were too late to participate in the pivotal Battle of Midway.

Six TBF-1s were present on Midway Islandas part of VT-8 (Torpedo Squadron 8)while the rest of the squadron flew Devastators from the aircraft carrier . Both types of torpedo bombers suffered heavy casualties. Out of the six Avengers, five were shot down and the other returned heavily damaged with one of its gunners killed, and the other gunner and the pilot wounded.

Author Gordon Prange posited in ''Miracle at Midway'' that the outdated Devastators (and lack of new aircraft) contributed somewhat to the lack of a complete victory at Midway (the four Japanese fleet carriers were sunk directly by dive bombers instead). Others pointed out that the inexperienced American pilots and lack of fighter cover were responsible for poor showing of US torpedo bombers, regardless of type. Later in the war, with growing American air superiority, better attack coordination and more veteran pilots, Avengers were able to play vital roles in the subsequent battles against Japanese surface forces.

On 24 August 1942, the next major naval aircraft carrier battle occurred at the Eastern Solomons. Based on the carriers and , the 24 TBFs present were able to sink the Japanese light carrier and claim one dive bomber, at the cost of seven aircraft.

The first major "prize" for the TBFs (which had been assigned the name "Avenger" in October 1941, before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor) was at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November 1942, when Marine Corps and Navy Avengers helped sink the Japanese battleship , which had already been crippled the night before.

After hundreds of the original ''TBF-1'' models were built, the ''TBF-1C'' began production. The allotment of space for specialized internal and wing-mounted fuel tanks doubled the Avenger's range. By 1943, Grumman began to slowly phase out production of the Avenger to produce F6F Hellcat fighters, and the Eastern Aircraft Division of General Motors took over production, with these aircraft being designated ''TBM''. The Eastern Aircraft plant was located in Ewing, New Jersey. Grumman delivered a TBF-1, held together with sheet metal screws, so that the automotive engineers could disassemble it, one part at a time, and redesign the aircraft for automotive-style production. This aircraft was known as the "P-K Avenger" ("P-K" being an abbreviation for Parker-Kalon, manufacturer of sheet metal screws). Starting in mid-1944, the ''TBM-3'' began production (with a more powerful powerplant and wing hardpoints for drop tanks and rockets). The dash-3 was the most numerous of the Avengers (with about 4,600 produced). However, most of the Avengers in service were dash-1s until near the end of the war in 1945.

Besides the traditional surface role (torpedoing surface ships), Avengers claimed about 30 submarine kills, including the cargo submarine . They were one of the most effective sub-killers in the Pacific theater, as well as in the Atlantic, when escort carriers were finally available to escort Allied convoys. There, the Avengers contributed to the warding off of German U-boats while providing air cover for the convoys.

After the " Marianas Turkey Shoot", in which more than 250 Japanese aircraft were downed, Admiral Marc Mitscher ordered a 220-aircraft mission to find the Japanese task force. Fighting away from the fleet at the extreme end of their range, the group of Hellcats, TBF/TBMs, and dive bombers took many casualties. However, Avengers from the sank the light carrier as their only major prize. Mitscher's gamble did not pay off as well as he had hoped.

In June 1943, shortly before his 19th birthday, future-president, George H. W. Bush, was commissioned as the youngest naval aviator at the time. Later, while flying a TBM with VT-51 (from ), his Avenger was shot down on 2 September 1944 over the Pacific island of Chichi Jima. However, he released his payload and hit the radio tower target before being forced to bail out over water. Both of his crewmates died. He was rescued at sea by the American submarine . He later received the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Another famous Avenger aviator was Paul Newman, who flew as a rear gunner. He had hoped to be accepted for pilot training, but did not qualify because he was color blind. Newman was on board the escort carrier roughly from Japan when the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima.

The Avenger was the type of torpedo bomber used during the sinking of the two Japanese "super battleships", with the US Navy having complete air superiority in both engagements: and .

The postwar disappearance on 5 December 1945 of a flight of five American Avengers, known as Flight 19, was later added to the Bermuda Triangle legend, first written about by Edward Van Winkle Jones in an Associated Press article published in September 1950.

During World War II, the US aeronautical research arm NACA used a complete Avenger in a comprehensive drag-reduction study in their large Langley wind tunnel.

Royal Navy

The Avenger was also used by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA), where it was initially known as the " Tarpon". Initial test flights were carried out by British Admiralty test pilot Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner at RAF Boscombe Down. However, this name was later discontinued and the Avenger name used instead, as part of the process of the FAA universally adopting the U.S. Navy's names for American naval aircraft. The first 402 aircraft were known as Avenger Mk I, 334 TBM-1s from Grumman were called the Avenger Mk II, and 334 TBM-3 were designated the Mk III. An interesting kill by a Royal Navy Avenger was the destruction of a V-1 flying bomb on 9 July 1944. The much faster V-1 was overtaking the Avenger when the Telegraphist Air Gunner in the dorsal turret, Leading Airman Fred Shirmer, fired at it from . For this achievement, Shirmer was Mentioned in Dispatches, later being awarded the DSM for the 1945 Operation Meridian action at Palembang. In the January 1945 British carrier raid on the Soengei Gerong oil refinery during Operation Meridian, an FAA Avenger shot down a Nakajima Ki-44 "Tojo" in low level combat over the jungle. Three Avengers were modified to carry the Highball "bouncing bomb" (given the new codename Tammany Hall), but when trials were unsuccessful, they were returned to standard configuration and passed to the Royal Navy.

One hundred USN TBM-3Es were supplied to the FAA in 1953 under the US Mutual Defense Assistance Program. The aircraft were shipped from Norfolk, Virginia, many aboard the Royal Navy aircraft carrier . The Avengers were fitted with British equipment by Scottish Aviation and delivered as the Avenger AS.4 to several FAA squadrons including No. 767, 814, 815, 820 and 824. The aircraft were replaced from 1954 by Fairey Gannets and were passed to squadrons of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve including Nos. 1841 and 1844 until the RNVR Air Branch was disbanded in 1957. The survivors were transferred to the French Navy in 1957–1958.

Royal New Zealand Air Force

The only other operator in World War II was the Royal New Zealand Air Force which used the type primarily as a bomber, equipping Nos. 30 and 31 Squadrons, with both operating from South Pacific island bases during 1944 in support of the Bougainville campaign. Some of the Avengers were later transferred to the British Pacific Fleet.

In 1945, Avengers were involved in pioneering trials of aerial topdressing in New Zealand that led to the establishment of an industry which markedly increased food production and efficiency in farming worldwide. Pilots of the Royal New Zealand Air Force's No. 42 Squadron spread fertilizer from Avengers beside runways at Ohakea Air Base and provided a demonstration for farmers at Hood Aerodrome, Masterton, New Zealand.

Royal Canadian Navy

One of the primary postwar users of the Avenger was the Royal Canadian Navy, which obtained 125 former US Navy TBM-3E Avengers from 1950 to 1952 to replace their Fairey Fireflies. By the time the Avengers were delivered, the RCN was shifting its primary focus to anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and the aircraft was rapidly becoming obsolete as an attack platform. Consequently, 98 of the RCN Avengers were fitted with an extensive number of novel ASW modifications, including radar, electronic countermeasures (ECM) equipment, and sonobuoys, and the upper ball turret was replaced with a sloping glass canopy that was better suited for observation duties. The modified Avengers were designated ''AS 3''. A number of these aircraft were later fitted with a large magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) boom on the rear left side of the fuselage and were redesignated ''AS 3M''. However, RCN leaders soon realized the Avenger's shortcomings as an ASW aircraft, and in 1954 they elected to replace the AS 3 with the Grumman S-2 Tracker, which offered longer range, greater load-carrying capacity for electronics and armament, and a second engine, a great safety benefit when flying long-range ASW patrols over frigid North Atlantic waters. As delivery of the new license-built CS2F Trackers began in 1957, the Avengers were shifted to training duties, and were officially retired in July 1960.

Camouflage research

TBM Avengers were used in wartime research into counter-illumination camouflage. The torpedo bombers were fitted with Yehudi lights, a set of forward-pointing lights automatically adjusted to match the brightness of the sky. The planes therefore appeared as bright as the sky, rather than as dark shapes. The technology, a development of the Canadian navy's diffused lighting camouflage research, allowed an Avenger to advance to within before being seen.

Civilian use

Many Avengers have survived into the 21st century working as spray-applicators and water-bombers throughout North America, particularly in the Canadian province of New Brunswick.

Forest Protection Limited (FPL) of Fredericton, New Brunswick, once owned and operated the largest civilian fleet of Avengers in the world. FPL began operating Avengers in 1958 after purchasing 12 surplus TBM-3E aircraft from the Royal Canadian Navy."History: Timeline."
''forestprotectionlimited.com.'' Retrieved: 17 November 2012. Use of the Avenger fleet at FPL peaked in 1971 when 43 aircraft were in use as both water bombers and spray aircraft. The company sold three Avengers in 2004 (C-GFPS, C-GFPM, and C-GLEJ) to museums or private collectors. The Central New Brunswick Woodsmen's Museum has a former FPL Avenger on static display. An FPL Avenger that crashed in 1975 in southwestern New Brunswick was recovered and restored by a group of interested aviation enthusiasts and is currently on display at the Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum. FPL was still operating three Avengers in 2010 configured as water-bombers, and stationed at Miramichi Airport. One of these crashed just after takeoff on 23 April 2010, killing the pilot. The last FPL Avenger was retired on 26 July 2012 and sold to the Shearwater Aviation Museum in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

There are several other Avengers, usually flying as warbirds in private collections around the world today. They are a popular airshow fixture in both flying and static displays.

In 2020 the Commemorative Air Force (CAF) were flying three TBM Avengers with one based with the Rocky Mountain Wing in Grand Junction, Colorado; another with the Missouri Wing at St Charles Smartt Field; and their newest with the Capital Wing in Culpeper, Virginia. Each of these allow non-CAF members to ride in the aircraft for a Living History Flight Experience.

Variants

TBF

;XTBF-1
:Prototypes each powered by a R-2600-8 engine, second aircraft introduced the large dorsal fin. (2 built)
;TBF-1
:Initial production model based on the second prototype. (1,526 built)
;TBF-1C
:TBF-1 with provision for two wing guns and fuel capacity increased to . (765 built)
;TBF-1B
:Paper designation for the Avenger I for the Royal Navy.
;TBF-1D
:TBF-1 conversions with centimetric radar in radome on right wing leading edge.
;TBF-1CD
:TBF-1C conversions with centimetric radar in radome on right wing leading edge.
;TBF-1E
:TBF-1 conversions with additional electronic equipment.
;TBF-1J
:TBF-1 equipped for bad weather operations
;TBF-1L
:TBF-1 equipped with retractable searchlight in bomb bay.
;TBF-1P
:TBF-1 conversion for photo-reconnaissance
;TBF-1CP
:TBF-1C conversion for photo-reconnaissance
;XTBF-2
:TBF-1 re-engined with a XR-2600-10 engine.
;XTBF-3
:TBF-1 re-engined with R-2600-20 engines.
;TBF-3
:Planned production version of the XTBF-3, cancelled

TBM

;TBM-1
:as TBF-1. (550 built)
;TBM-1C
:as TBF-1C. (2336 built)
;TBM-1D
:TBM-1 conversions with centimetric radar in radome on right wing leading edge.
;TBM-1E
:TBM-1 conversions with additional electronic equipment.
;TBM-1J
:TBM-1 equipped for all weather operations
;TBM-1L
:TBM-1 equipped with retractable searchlight in bomb bay.
;TBM-1P
:TBM-1 conversion for photo-reconnaissance
;TBM-1CP
:TBM-1C conversion for photo-reconnaissance
;TBM-2
:One TBM-1 re-engined with a XR-2600-10 engine.
;XTBM-3
:Four TBM-1C aircraft with R-2600-20 engines.
;TBM-3
:as TBM-1C, double cooling intakes, engine upgrade, minor changes. (4,011 built)
;TBM-3D
:TBM-3 conversion with centimetric radar in radome on right wing leading edge.
;TBM-3E
:as TBM-3, stronger airframe, search radar, ventral gun deleted. (646 built).
;TBM-3H
:TBM-3 conversion with surface search radar.
;TBM-3J
:TBM-3 equipped for all weather operations
;TBM-3L
:TBM-3 equipped with retractable searchlight in bomb bay.
;TBM-3M
:TBM-3 conversion as a Tiny Tim rocket launcher.
;TBM-3N
:TBM-3 conversion for night attack.
;TBM-3P
:TBM-3 conversion for photo-reconnaissance.
;TBM-3Q
:TBM-3 conversion for electronic countermeasures, retained gun turret.
;TBM-3R
:TBM-3 conversions as seven-passenger, Carrier onboard delivery transport.
;TBM-3S
:TBM-3 conversion as an anti-submarine strike version.
;TBM-3U
:TBM-3 conversion as a general utility and target version.
;TBM-3W
:TBM-3 conversion as the first ship based airborne early warning control and relay platform with AN/APS-20 radar in ventral radome.
;XTBM-4
:Prototypes based on TBM-3E with modified wing incorporating a reinforced center section and a different folding mechanism. (3 built)
;TBM-4
:Production version of XTBM-4, 2,141 on order were cancelled.

Royal Navy Avenger

;Tarpon GR.I
:RN designation of the TBF-1, 400 delivered.
;Avenger Mk.II
:RN designation of the TBM-1/TBM-1C, 334 delivered.
;Avenger Mk.III
:RN designation of the TBM-3, 222 delivered
;Avenger Mk.IV
:RN designation of the TBM-3S, 70 cancelled
;Avenger AS4
:RN designation of the TBM-3E, delivered postwar with minimum modifications
;Avenger AS5
: RN designation of the TBM-3S, delivered postwar & fitted with British equipment
;Avenger AS6
: RN designation of the TBM-3S, fitted with British equipment including a centerline radome. A total of one hundred TBM-3E & TBM-3S were delivered to the Royal Navy in 1953.

Royal Canadian Navy Avengers

;Avenger AS3
:Modified by RCN for anti-submarine duty, dorsal gun turret removed, 98 built
;Avenger AS3M
:AS3 with magnetic anomaly detector boom added to rear fuselage
;Avenger Mk.3W2
:Similar to TBM-3W, with large ventral radome. 8 operated.

Operators

;
*Brazilian Navy operated three Avengers in the 1950s for deck crew training aboard the carrier Minas Gerais (A-11).
;
*Royal Canadian Navy operated Avengers until replaced by the CS2F Tracker in 1960.
;
* Cuban Navy received 7 TBM-3S2 in 1956; however, they were out of service by 1960.
;
* Aéronavale operated Avengers in the 1950s.
;
* Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force operated Hunter-Killer Avengers groups in the 1950s and 1960s.
;
*Royal Netherlands Navy – the Dutch Naval Aviation Service operated Avengers during the 1950s.
;
*Royal New Zealand Air Force
** No. 30 Squadron RNZAF
** No. 31 Squadron RNZAF
** No. 41 Squadron RNZAF
** No. 42 Squadron RNZAF
** Central Fighter Establishment
;
* Nicaraguan Air Force
;
*Royal Navy – Fleet Air Arm
** 700 Naval Air Squadron
** 703 Naval Air Squadron
** 706 Naval Air Squadron
** 711 Naval Air Squadron
** 733 Naval Air Squadron
** 736 Naval Air Squadron
** 738 Naval Air Squadron
** 744 Naval Air Squadron
** 751 Naval Air Squadron
** 756 Naval Air Squadron
** 763 Naval Air Squadron
** 764 Naval Air Squadron
** 768 Naval Air Squadron
** 774 Naval Air Squadron
** 778 Naval Air Squadron
** 782 Naval Air Squadron
** 783 Naval Air Squadron
** 785 Naval Air Squadron
** 787 Naval Air Squadron
** 797 Naval Air Squadron
** 798 Naval Air Squadron
** 820 Naval Air Squadron
** 828 Naval Air Squadron
** 832 Naval Air Squadron
** 845 Naval Air Squadron
** 846 Naval Air Squadron
** 848 Naval Air Squadron
** 849 Naval Air Squadron
** 850 Naval Air Squadron
** 851 Naval Air Squadron
** 852 Naval Air Squadron
** 853 Naval Air Squadron
** 854 Naval Air Squadron
** 855 Naval Air Squadron
** 856 Naval Air Squadron
** 857 Naval Air Squadron
;
*United States Navy
*United States Marine Corps
;
* Uruguayan Navy operated 16 TBF Avengers in the 1949 to 1963.

Notable incidents

* A famous incident involving the TBM / TBF Avenger aircraft was the disappearance of Flight 19, a training flight of five Avengers that originated from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale and was lost in December 1945 over the Bermuda Triangle.
* During an airshow on 17 April 2021, TBM #91188 carried out a successful ditching south of Cocoa Beach, Florida near Patrick Space Force Base, in shallow surf. Valiant Air Command, the group that owns the plane, recovered the TBM for transport to Titusville, Florida to undergo extensive repairs.

Surviving aircraft

Specifications (TBF Avenger)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

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External links

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Pilot's handbook of flight operating instructions : Navy model TBM-3 airplane, British model Avenger III airplane
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The Museum of Flight Digital Collections

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