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''Grok'' () is a
neologism In linguistics, a neologism (; also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered ...
coined by the American writer Robert A. Heinlein for his 1961
science fiction Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space ...
novel '' Stranger in a Strange Land''. While the ''
Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
'' summarizes the meaning of ''grok'' as "to understand intuitively or by empathy, to establish rapport with" and "to empathize or communicate sympathetically (with); also, to experience enjoyment", Heinlein's concept is far more nuanced, with critic Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr. observing that "the book's major theme can be seen as an extended definition of the term." The concept of ''grok'' garnered significant critical scrutiny in the years after the book's initial publication. The term and aspects of the underlying concept have become part of communities such as
computer science Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer science spans Theoretical computer science, theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to Applied science, ...
.


Descriptions in ''Stranger in a Strange Land''

Critic David E. Wright Sr. points out that in the 1991 "uncut" edition of ''Stranger'', the word ''grok'' "was used first ''without any explicit definition'' on page 22" and continued to be used without being explicitly defined until page 253 (emphasis in original). He notes that this first
intensional definition In logic, extensional and intensional definitions are two key ways in which the objects, concepts, or referents a term refers to can be defined. They give meaning or denotation to a term. An intensional definition gives meaning to a term by sp ...
is simply "to drink", but that this is only a metaphor "much as English 'I see' often means the same as 'I understand'". Critics have bridged this absence of explicit definition by citing passages from ''Stranger'' that illustrate the term. A selection of these passages follows:


Etymology

Robert A. Heinlein originally coined the term ''grok'' in his 1961 novel '' Stranger in a Strange Land'' as a Martian word that could not be defined in Earthling terms, but can be associated with various literal meanings such as "water", "to drink", "to relate", "life", or "to live", and had a much more profound figurative meaning that is hard for terrestrial culture to understand because of its assumption of a singular reality. According to the book, drinking water is a central focus on Mars, where it is scarce. Martians use the merging of their bodies with water as a simple example or symbol of how two entities can combine to create a new reality greater than the sum of its parts. The water becomes part of the drinker, and the drinker part of the water. Both ''grok'' each other. Things that once had separate realities become entangled in the same experiences, goals, history, and purpose. Within the book, the statement of divine
immanence The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world. It is held by some philosophical and metaphysical Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of ...
verbalized among the main characters, "thou art God", is logically derived from the concept inherent in the term ''grok''. Heinlein describes Martian words as "guttural" and "jarring". Martian speech is described as sounding "like a bullfrog fighting a cat". Accordingly, ''grok'' is generally pronounced as a guttural ''gr'' terminated by a sharp ''k'' with very little or no vowel sound (a narrow IPA transcription might be ). William Tenn suggests Heinlein in creating the word might have been influenced by Tenn's very similar concept of ''griggo'', earlier introduced in Tenn's story '' Venus and the Seven Sexes'' (published in 1949). In his later afterword to the story, Tenn says Heinlein considered such influence "very possible".


Adoption and modern usage


In computer programmer culture

Uses of the word in the decades after the 1960s are more concentrated in computer culture, such as an ''
InfoWorld ''InfoWorld'' (''IW'') is an American information technology media business. Founded in 1978, it began as a monthly magazine. In 2007, it transitioned to a Web-only publication. Its parent company is International Data Group, and its sister pu ...
'' columnist in 1984 imagining a computer saying, "There isn't any software! Only different internal states of hardware. It's all hardware! It's a shame programmers don't grok that better." The
Jargon File The Jargon File is a glossary and usage dictionary of slang used by computer programmers. The original Jargon File was a collection of terms from technical cultures such as the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT AI Lab ...
, which describes itself as "The Hacker's Dictionary" and has been published under that name three times, puts ''grok'' in a programming context: The entry existed in the very earliest forms of the Jargon File in the early 1980s. The book '' Perl Best Practices'' defines ''grok'' as understanding a portion of computer code in a profound way. It goes on to suggest that to ''re-grok'' code is to reload the intricacies of that portion of code into one's memory after some time has passed and all the details of it are no longer remembered. In that sense, ''to grok'' means to load everything into memory for immediate use. It is analogous to the way a processor caches memory for short term use, but the only implication by this reference was that it was something a human (or perhaps a Martian) would do.


Examples of usage

A typical tech usage from the ''Linux Bible'' characterizes the
Unix Unix (, ; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multi-user computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, a ...
software development Software development is the process of designing and Implementation, implementing a software solution to Computer user satisfaction, satisfy a User (computing), user. The process is more encompassing than Computer programming, programming, wri ...
philosophy as "one that can make your life a lot simpler once you grok the idea". The book '' Cyberia'' covers its use in this subculture extensively: * The main web page for cURL, an open source tool and programming library, describes the function of cURL as "cURL groks URLs". * The keystroke logging software used by the NSA for its remote intelligence gathering operations is named GROK. * One of the most powerful parsing filters used in
Elasticsearch Elasticsearch is a Search engine (computing), search engine based on Apache Lucene, a free and open-source search engine. It provides a distributed, Multitenancy, multitenant-capable full-text search engine with an HTTP web interface and schema ...
software's logstash component is named ''grok''. * A reference book by Carey Bunks on the use of the GNU Image Manipulation Program is titled ''Grokking the GIMP''. * The generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by xAI is named Grok''.''


In counterculture

*
Tom Wolfe Thomas Kennerly Wolfe Jr. (March 2, 1930 – May 14, 2018)Some sources say 1931; ''The New York Times'' and Reuters both initially reported 1931 in their obituaries before changing to 1930. See and was an American author and journalist widely ...
, in his book '' The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test'' (1968), describes a character's thoughts during an acid trip: "He looks down, two bare legs, a torso rising up at him and like he is just noticing them for the first time... he has never seen any of this flesh before, this stranger. He groks over that..." *In his counterculture
Volkswagen Volkswagen (VW; )English: , . is a German automotive industry, automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Established in 1937 by German Labour Front, The German Labour Front, it was revitalized into the global brand it ...
repair manual, ''How to Keep Your Volkswagen Alive: A Manual of Step-by-Step Procedures for the Compleat Idiot'' (1969), dropout aerospace engineer
John Muir John Muir ( ; April 21, 1838December 24, 1914), also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the national park, National Parks", was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologi ...
instructs prospective used VW buyers to "grok the car" before buying. *The word was used numerous times by Robert Anton Wilson in his works '' The Illuminatus! Trilogy'' and '' Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy''. For instance, in ''The Eye in the Pyramid'', volume one of ''Illuminatus'': *And in ''The Trick Top Hat'', volume two of ''Schrödinger's Cat'':


See also

* Anschauung – related "sense-perception" concept in Kantian philosophy * * Being-in-the-world – a term in the existentialist philosophy of
Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; 26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher known for contributions to Phenomenology (philosophy), phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. His work covers a range of topics including metaphysics, art ...
, aimed at deconstructing the subject–object distinction *
Geek The word ''geek'' is a slang term originally used to describe Eccentricity (behavior), eccentric or non-mainstream people; in current use, the word typically connotes an expert or enthusiast obsessed with a hobby or intellectual pursuit. In th ...
* Grokking (machine learning) - a transition to
generalization A generalization is a form of abstraction whereby common properties of specific instances are formulated as general concepts or claims. Generalizations posit the existence of a domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteri ...
that occurs many training iterations after the interpolation threshold, after many iterations of seemingly little progress * Introjection vs assimilation in Fritz and Laura Perls' gestalt therapy – analogous to memorizing vs grokking *
Knowledge by acquaintance Bertrand Russell makes a distinction between two different kinds of knowledge: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. Whereas knowledge by description is something like ordinary propositional knowledge (e.g. "I know that snow i ...
and knowledge by description – a distinction in philosophy between familiarity with a person, place, or thing and knowledge of facts *
Logos ''Logos'' (, ; ) is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric, as well as religion (notably Logos (Christianity), Christianity); among its connotations is that of a rationality, rational form of discourse that relies on inducti ...
– a term in Western philosophy that has been used to describe various forms of knowledge and reasoning * Nerd *
Phenomenology (psychology) Phenomenology or phenomenological psychology, a sub-discipline of psychology, is the scientific study of subjective experiences. It is an approach to psychological subject matter that attempts to explain experiences from the point of view of the ...
– the study of subjective experience *


References


External links

*
SF citations for grok
gathered for the ''
Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first editio ...
'' by Jesse Sheidlower of the Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction * * * * WikiQuote on ''Stranger in a Strange Land'' includes many uses of ''grok'' {{Heinlein (books) Hippie movement Science fiction themes Robert A. Heinlein 1961 neologisms Words originating in fiction Sources of knowledge