List of dialects
Descended from the Western Slavic language spoken by the Polans, the dialects are: :* Kociewie dialect :* Bory Tucholskie dialect :* Krajna dialect :* Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect :*Features of the region
Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include: # *telt > tlet: pleć, mleć, plewy # * tórt’ > trot: krowa # *ľ̥ > l̥ except *Pľ̥T́PK (after labials, before palatals/labials, and velars) # *Pľ̥T́PK > PilT́PK: wilk, milczeć or > łu after dentals: słup, długi, or oł after cz, ż, sz: mołwa, czółno, żółty, or eł after labials: chełm, chełpić się, wełna, pełny # *ŕ̥T > ‘ar: twardy, tarł, ziarno # voicing of coda stops and sibilants if the next word begins with a vowel or liquid # sporadic retention of bilabial v (v > w) słoje, prało, especially initially: łosk, łojna, łoda, reinforced by the labialization of initial o # -j- before palatals: niejsiejcie (niesiecie), ciojcia, na pojle, nojgi, tajkie # ḷ > ł > u̯: u̯ep, u̯za, pu̯uk # depalatalization of word final palatal labials # softening of n, t, d after i, y: drab́ińa, žyᶦ̯t́o, žyᶦ̯d́ek # phonemization of ḱ, ǵ from retaining them when they occursed before *y, ъ̥, e as well as denasalization of ę (kę/gę > ke/ge) # Tendency for assimilation and simplification: ## velarization of n before k (phonemic?) ## -ść, -śń > -ś: zleś, gryź, pleś, maś (maść) ## weakening loss of -ł- at the end of an inlaut (śródgłos): gᵘ̭ova ## strz, zdrz, trz, drz > szcz, żdż, cz, dż ## rs, r-z > rz skarzyć się, dzierzawa, marznie, gospodarztwo, stolarzki ## kk, szsz > k, sz leḱi, bliszy # the prepositions and prefixes w(-), z(-) > we, ze, especially if before a similar a syllable starting with a phoneme of a similar place of articulation # śrz, źrz > śr, źr or > śtrz, źdrz # traces of *jь > je, jeskra, jegliwie # placement of stress on the penultimate syllable # Preference for pochylone o, kłůtka # ir > er (serce, śmierć, piersi) or ér # Raising of y closer to i or diphthongization # i > y after sz, ż, cz, dż, c, dz, rz (which later diphthongized like y above) # diphthongization of u > uᵘ̭, ůᵘ̭, or ȯᵘ̭, and further > ů, ȯ, or ö # Fronting, flattening, and narrowing of á ## before tautosyllabic j in the imperative: czekej ## in some names? see Old Polish # Diphtongization of á> áu̯, ou̯, ȯu̯, áᵘ̭, ȯᵘ̭: tráu̯va, prȯu̯vda # é > y after hard and soft consonant: brzyg. Kujawy/Sieradz changed é > y after hard consonants, but > i after soft # e > o, á before tautosyllabic u̯ (ł): páu̯ne, ḱáu̯basa, kȯᵘ̭ḱou̯ka # diphthongization of o > u̯o (not just initially) # as a result of o > u̯o, u̯o > u̯oe̯ > ᵘ̭oe̯, ᵘ̭o̭e # diphthongization of ȯ > u̯ȯ or even u̯ȯy̯, ᵘ̯ȯʸ̯, ȯy̯, ᵘ̯ᵒ̇y̯ᵉ (e is above y̯), ᵘ̯ᵒ̯y̯ᵉ, and sometimes u̯y, uy̯ (and ultimately?) > u # Old Polish ą̆ (in a short syllable) > y̨ or į after a soft consonant in the east, along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and sometimes total nasal loss before sibilants # Old Polish ą̄ (in a long syllable) > ų along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and sometimes total nasal loss before sibilants # -iszcze > -isko # spread of the suffixes -aty, -ity # use of od(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to ot(-)) # Loss of mobile e in the endings -ek, -ec in some names # Spread of -yszek # use of z(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to s(-)) # Replacement of old locative plural -’ex > -ach (which was originally feminine) # Replacement of genitive singular ending for feminine nouns ending in a consonant -’e with -’i (z ziemi) # Levelling of the nominative and accusative singular neuter endings -ē and -ĕ by spreading -é, polé # Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa, dwa okna, and in the north further replacement of the feminine dwie with dwa # Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń-, vyᶦ̯ńde, zańde, přeńde # Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę # Spread of hard labial in l-forms of melę/pelę via contamination of ḿel-, ṕel, and the l-forms mełł-, pełl- # spread of the first person plural verb ending -my (over -m) under influence of the pronoun my, or in the north of -ma via contamination of -my with -va # Spread of -ma in the first person plural imperative verb form via contamination with -m(y) and -va, nieśma, nieźma # constructions such as nosił(a) jeśḿ > nosiłeśḿ > nosiłem (after m), and potential voicing of the stem, zaniůzem, zaniůs # the first person plural past ending -im (nieślim, from nieśli (je)smъ) sometimes softened via analogy with -(je)ś, -(je)ście as well as flattening with the pronoun my, resulting in nieśliśmy, in some subdialects replace with -śma, -źma with contamination of nieśli(je)śḿ and niosła(je)sva. In the north forms such as nieślimy were formed as a result of phonetic reduction of the old aorist nieślichmy. # Rise of masculine personal nouns.Citations
References
Bibliography
*Stanisław Dubisz, Halina Karaś, Nijola Kolis: ''Dialekty i gwary polskie''. 1st edition. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, 1995. ISBN 83-2140989-X. Polish dialects Culture of Greater Poland Voivodeship Culture of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship {{Polish language