German studies is an academic field that researches, documents and disseminates

German language German (, ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe, Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and Official language, official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switze ...

literature Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, Play (theatre), plays, and poetry, poems. It includes both print and Electroni ...

, and

culture Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...

in its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies therefore often focus on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Approaches to the discipline vary by country. Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics alongside Germanophone literature and cultural studies. Common names for "German Studies" for the field within German-speaking countries are , , and . In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as ''German studies'', ''German language and literature'', or ''German philology''. Academics who specialize in German studies are referred to as Germanists.

German linguistics

German linguistics is traditionally called

philology Philology () is the study of language in Oral tradition, oral and writing, written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also de ...

in Germany, though most German studies departments house linguists whose focus relates to German or Germanic language(s) in both their historic and present forms. The periods of German's philological development are roughly divided as follows: *

Old High German Old High German (OHG; ) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally identified as the period from around 500/750 to 1050. Rather than representing a single supra-regional form of German, Old High German encompasses the numerous ...

(''Althochdeutsch'') 8th–11th centuries *

Middle High German Middle High German (MHG; or ; , shortened as ''Mhdt.'' or ''Mhd.'') is the term for the form of High German, High German language, German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High ...

(''Mittelhochdeutsch'') 11th–14th centuries * Early New High German (''Frühneuhochdeutsch'') 14th–17th centuries * Modern German (

Standard German Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (, , or, in Switzerland, ), is the umbrella term for the standard language, standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for commun ...

, German dialectology) 18th–21st centuries In addition, the discipline examines German under various aspects: the way it is spoken and written, i.e., spelling; declination; vocabulary; sentence structure; texts; etc. It compares the various manifestations such as social groupings (slang, written texts, etc.) and geographical groupings (dialects, etc.).

German literature studies

The study of German literature is divided into two parts: ''Ältere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft'' deals with the period from the beginnings of German in the early Middle Ages up to post-Medieval times around AD 1750, while the modern era is covered by ''Neuere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft''. The field systematically examines German literature in terms of

genre Genre () is any style or form of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other fo ...

, form, content, and motifs as well as looking at it historically by author and epoch. Important areas include edition philology, history of literature, and textual interpretation. The relationships of German literature to the literatures of other languages (e.g. reception and mutual influences) and historical contexts are also important areas of concentration. German literature studies benefits from the particularly rich printing tradition of the German-speaking world. Given

Johannes Gutenberg Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( – 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and Artisan, craftsman who invented the movable type, movable-type printing press. Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg's inven ...

and thus the modern printing press originates from German-speaking Europe, Germanic texts have historically enjoyed a heightened status among scholars. Other prominent historical figures, such as Martin Luther have also marked the history of literature through his dissemination of the Bible and thereby an early and strong German-speaking reading culture compared to other European publics. Much like other literature-centered fields, German literature studies is concerned with ecocriticism, hermeneutics,

feminism Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern soci ...

, narratology, psychoanalytic criticism, postcolonialism, postmodernism, post-structuralism, reader-response,

semiotics Semiotics ( ) is the systematic study of sign processes and the communication of meaning. In semiotics, a sign is defined as anything that communicates intentional and unintentional meaning or feelings to the sign's interpreter. Semiosis is a ...

, sound studies, spatial theory, speech acts, structuralism, symbology, and queer theory.

German Cultural Studies

The study of German culture encompasses issues related to German politics, German history, Holocaust studies, national identity, German art,

art history Art history is the study of Work of art, artistic works made throughout human history. Among other topics, it studies art’s formal qualities, its impact on societies and cultures, and how artistic styles have changed throughout history. Tradit ...

, migration, film studies, museum studies, memory studies, German Literature, and media. The sub-field is highly interdisciplinary drawing from both the

humanities Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture, including Philosophy, certain fundamental questions asked by humans. During the Renaissance, the term "humanities" referred to the study of classical literature a ...

and

social sciences Social science (often rendered in the plural as the social sciences) is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of society, societies and the Social relation, relationships among members within those societies. The term was former ...

to examine issues related to contemporary German-speaking countries. Such approaches are often focalized through the lens of the German-speaking nation at present. Thus, the study of countries such as Austria and Switzerland, as well as other German-speaking groups, are often focalized not only through their shared German linguistic and cultural heritage, but for their distinct national and diasporic contexts. German cultural studies therefore incorporates the historical areas of German influence across Europe and overseas as it relates to both migration and colonization. German cultural studies is most common in departments located outside of a German-speaking country, acting in many forms as a form of area studies related to the German Sprachraum. A heightened focus on German cultural studies became apparent following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and has increasingly been tied to the field of European Studies.

DAAD Centers for German and European Studies

In the years following the fall of the wall, the German federal government established Centers for German and European Studies throughout North America. This effort sought to increase transatlantic political, cultural, and academic cooperation between the United States and post-Soviet Europe, with a strong focus on Germany's increased importance within the European Union as a reunified state. Sponsored by the German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD), thes
Centers for German and European studies
mark a distinct departure from traditional German studies programs and are often housed within broader internationally oriented departments dealing with international affairs, area studies, or public policy within North America. The DAAD Centers for German and European Studies in North America are listed as follows:
BMW Center for German and European Studies
at

Georgetown University Georgetown University is a private university, private Jesuit research university in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded by Bishop John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore), John Carroll in 1789, it is the oldest Catholic higher education, Ca ...

Center for German and European Studies
at Brandeis University
Centers for German and European Studies
at the University of Wisconsin and

University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota Twin Cities (historically known as University of Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint ...

Center for German and European Studies
at the

University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California), is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after t ...

Joint Initiative in German and European Studies
at the University of Toronto
Center for German and European Studies
at the

University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Public university, public research university with campuses near University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver and University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada ...

Le Centre Canadien d’Études Allemandes et Européennes
at the Université de Montréal
The Program for the Study of Germany and Europe
at

Harvard University Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...

DAAD Centers for German and European Studies beyond North America include the following:
Institute of German and European Studies
Tongji University, Yangpu District, Shanghai
Haifa Center for German and European Studies
–

University of Haifa The University of Haifa (, ) is a public research university located on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel. Founded in 1963 as a branch of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the University of Haifa received full academic accreditation as an inde ...

European Forum at the Hebrew University
- at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Center of German and European Studies

Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul
and the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Center for German and European Studies
at the University of Tokyo
Center for German and European Studies
at Chung-Ang University in

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and t ...

German teacher education

At least in Germany and Austria, German studies in academia play a central role in the education of German school teachers. Their courses usually cover four fields: *

Linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), Morphology (linguistics), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds ...

of German (') * German language and literature of up to about 1750 (') * German language and literature since approximately 1750 (') * Specifics of the didactics of teaching German (') Several universities offer specialized curricula for school teachers, usually called "'". In Germany, they are leading to a two step exam and certificate by the federated states of Germany cultural authorities, called the ' ("state exam").

History

As an unsystematic field of interest for individual scholars, German studies can be traced back to Tacitus' ''Germania''. The publication and study of legal and historical source material, such as Medieval Bible translations, were all undertaken during the German Renaissance of the sixteenth century, truly initiating the field of German studies. As an independent university subject, German studies was introduced at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Georg Friedrich Benecke, the Brothers Grimm, and Karl Lachmann. The Nazi period, and immediate predecessor periods before and after

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, left large parts of the field, which had drifted off more and more into race-biological thinking, greatly compromised and damaged, as major proponents on both the literature (e.g. Prof. Josef Nadler in Vienna) and the linguistics side (e.g. Prof. Eberhard Kranzmayer in Graz) were actively working for the Nazi Party (Kranzmayer, Höfler) and their racist goals (Nadler) While great efforts have been made in the denazification of the field, some biases are suggested by overseas Germanist to have remained. After all, post-war academia, with "Nazi party membership among university professors greatly exceed ngthat of the population at large," was not a complete restart, least of all, in German philology, where 90% of university teachers were NSDAP members.

University departments and research institutions

;Austria * Institute for German Studies (Institut für Germanistik),

University of Vienna The University of Vienna (, ) is a public university, public research university in Vienna, Austria. Founded by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, Duke Rudolph IV in 1365, it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world and among the largest ...

* Institute for German Studies (Institut für Germanistik), University of Graz, the first ''Germanistik'' in Austria founded at the request of Anton Emanuel Schönbach in 1873 ;Bénin *Département d'Etudes Germanique (DEG), Université d'Abomey-Calavi ;Botswana * Department of Education and Language Skills, Botho University ;Brazil * Department of German Language and Literature Studies University of São Paulo, Brazil ;Canada * Department of German Language and Literature, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario * Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Toronto ;China * Department of German, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Haidian District,

Beijing Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as ...

;Czech Republic * Department of German and Austrian Studies, Charles University in Prague * Department of German Studies, Palacký University in Olomouc ;India * Jawaharlal Nehru University India ;Ireland * Department of Germanic Studies, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Ireland * Department of German, National University of Ireland – University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ;Germany "German studies" is taught at many German universities. Some examples are: * Germanistisches Seminar der Universität Bonn, Institut für Germanistik, vergleichende Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn * Institut für deutsche Sprache und Literatur I & II, Albertus-Magnus-Universität zu Köln * Institut für Germanistik I & II, Hamburg University * Germanistisches Seminar, Heidelberg University Faculty of Modern Languages * Institut für deutsche Philologie, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich * Germanistisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster * Deutsches Seminar, Tübingen University Faculty of Modern Languages ;Greece * Faculty of German Language and Literature, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens * School of German Language and Literature, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki ;Russia * Department of Area Studies,

Moscow State University Moscow State University (MSU), officially M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,. is a public university, public research university in Moscow, Russia. The university includes 15 research institutes, 43 faculties, more than 300 departments, a ...

;South Africa * School of Languages and Literatures,

University of Cape Town The University of Cape Town (UCT) (, ) is a public university, public research university in Cape Town, South Africa. Established in 1829 as the South African College, it was granted full university status in 1918, making it the oldest univer ...

* Department of Afrikaans and Dutch, German and French, University of the Free State * School of Languages, North-West University * Ancient Modern Languages Cultures, University of Pretoria * School of Languages and Literatures, Rhodes University * Department of Modern Foreign Languages, University of Stellenbosch * Department of Foreign Languages,

University of the Western Cape The University of the Western Cape (UWC; ) is a Public university, public research university in Bellville, South Africa, Bellville, near Cape Town, South Africa. The university was established in 1959 by the Politics of South Africa, South ...

* Department of Literature, Language and Media, University of the Witwatersrand ;Spain * Área de Filología Alemana, University of Salamanca ;Uganda * Department of European and Oriental Languages, German Studies, Makerere University ;United Kingdom (UK) * Department of German, University of Oxford * Department of German, University of Cambridge * Department of German,

University of Manchester The University of Manchester is a public university, public research university in Manchester, England. The main campus is south of Manchester city centre, Manchester City Centre on Wilmslow Road, Oxford Road. The University of Manchester is c ...

* Department of German Studies,

University of Warwick The University of Warwick ( ; abbreviated as ''Warw.'' in post-nominal letters) is a public research university on the outskirts of Coventry between the West Midlands and Warwickshire, England. The university was founded in 1965 as part of ...

;United States of America (USA) * Department of German Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson * German Program of the Department of World Languages & Literatures, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville * Department of German Studies, Brown University * Department of German,

* Department of Germanic Languages,

University of California, Los Angeles The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California, United States. Its academic roots were established in 1881 as a normal school the ...

* Department of German Studies, University of Cincinnati * Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO * Department of Germanic Languages,

Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...

* Department of German Studies,

Cornell University Cornell University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university based in Ithaca, New York, United States. The university was co-founded by American philanthropist Ezra Cornell and historian and educator Andrew Dickson W ...

* Department of German Studies, Dartmouth College * Department of German, Duke University * Department of German,

* Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures,

* Department of Germanic Studies, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL *Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign *Department of Germanic Studies, Indiana University * German and Scandinavian Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst * Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures,

University of Michigan The University of Michigan (U-M, U of M, or Michigan) is a public university, public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Mi ...

, Ann Arbor, MI * Department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch,

* Department of German,

New York University New York University (NYU) is a private university, private research university in New York City, New York, United States. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin as a Nondenominational ...

* Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill * Department of German,

Northwestern University Northwestern University (NU) is a Private university, private research university in Evanston, Illinois, United States. Established in 1851 to serve the historic Northwest Territory, it is the oldest University charter, chartered university in ...

* Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures,

Ohio State University The Ohio State University (Ohio State or OSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio, United States. A member of the University System of Ohio, it was founded in 1870. It is one ...

, Columbus, Ohio * Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures,

University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania (Penn or UPenn) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. One of nine colonial colleges, it was chartered in 1755 through the efforts of f ...

* Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania * Department of Germanic Languages and Literature,

University of Pittsburgh The University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) is a Commonwealth System of Higher Education, state-related research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The university is composed of seventeen undergraduate and graduate schools and colle ...

, Pennsylvania * Department of German,

Princeton University Princeton University is a private university, private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial ...

* Department of Germanic Studies,

University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public university, public research university in Austin, Texas, United States. Founded in 1883, it is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System. With 53,082 stud ...

* Department of Classical & Modern Languages,

Truman State University Truman State University (TSU or Truman) is a Public university, public Liberal arts college, liberal arts university in Kirksville, Missouri, United States. It had 3,664 enrolled students in the fall of 2024 pursuing degrees in 55 undergraduate ...

, Kirksville, Missouri * Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages,

Vanderbilt University Vanderbilt University (informally Vandy or VU) is a private university, private research university in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1873, it was named in honor of shipping and railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provide ...

, Nashville, Tennessee * Department of Germanic and Russian, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont * Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Virginia * Department of Germanics,

University of Washington The University of Washington (UW and informally U-Dub or U Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, the University of Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast of the Uni ...

, Seattle, Washington * Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri * Department of German, Nordic, and Slavic, University of Wisconsin – Madison * Department of German,

Yale University Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Stat ...

*Department of Linguistics & Germanic, Slavic, Asian and African Languages,

Michigan State University Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in East Lansing, Michigan, United States. It was founded in 1855 as the Agricultural College of the State o ...

;Zimbabwe *Department of Languages, Literature and Culture University of Zimbabwe

Bibliography

Books

* ''Atlas Deutsche Sprache'' D-ROM Berlin: Directmedia Publishing. 2004. * ''Die Deutschen Klassiker'' (CD-ROM). * Berman, Antoine: ''L'épreuve de l'étranger. Culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin''. Paris: Gallimard, 1984. . * Beutin, Wolfgang. ''Deutsche Literaturgeschichte. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart''. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1992. * Bogdal, Klaus-Michael, Kai Kauffmann, & Georg Mein. ''BA-Studium Germanistik. Ein Lehrbuch''. In collaboration with Meinolf Schumacher and Johannes Volmert. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 2008. * Burger, Harald. ''Sprache der Massenmedien''. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984. * Ernst, Peter. ''Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft''. Vienna: WUV, 2004. * Fohrmann, Jürgen & Wilhelm Voßkamp, eds. ''Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Germanistik im 19. Jahrhundert''. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1994. * Hartweg, Frédéric G. ''Frühneuhochdeutsch. Eine Einführung in die deutsche Sprache des Spätmittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit''. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2005. * Hermand, Jost. ''Geschichte der Germanistik''. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1994. * Hickethier, Knut. ''Film- und Fernsehanalyse''. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1993. * Hickethier, Knut, ed. ''Aspekte der Fernsehanalyse. Methoden und Modelle.'' Hamburg: Lit, 1994. * Hohendahl, Peter Uwe. ''German Studies in the United States: A Historical Handbook''. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. * Kanzog, Klaus. ''Einführung in die Filmphilologie''. Munich: Schaudig, Bauer, Ledig, 1991. * Muckenhaupt, Manfred: ''Text und Bild. Grundfragen der Beschreibung von Text-Bild-Kommunikation aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht''. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986. * Prokop, Dieter: ''Medienprodukte. Zugänge – Verfahren – Kritik''. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1981. * Schneider, Jost, ed. ''Methodengeschichte der Germanistik''. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2009. * Schumacher, Meinolf. ''Einführung in die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters''. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2010. * Shitanda, So. "Zur Vorgeschichte und Entstehung der deutschen Philologie im 19. Jh.: Karl Lachmann und die Brüder Grimm", in ''Literarische Problematisierung der Moderne. Medienprodukte : Zugänge-- Verfahren-- Kritik'', ed. by Teruaki Takahashi. Munich: Iudicium, 1992. * Van Cleve, John W. and A. Leslie Willson. ''Remarks on the Needed Reform of German Studies in the United States''. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1993.

Journals

* '' Acta Germanica'' *''Arbitrium'' *''German Life and Letters'' *'' German Politics and Society'' * '' German Studies Review'' *'' The Germanic Review'' *''Germanistik'' *'' Germanistik in Ireland'' *'' The German Quarterly'' *'' Goethe Yearbook'' *''Journal of Austrian Studies'' * '' The Journal of English and Germanic Philology'' * '' Journal of Germanic Linguistics'' *''Lessing Yearbook'' *'' Modern Language Notes (German Issue)'' *''Monatshefte'' *''Michigan Germanic Studies'' *'' New German Critique'' *''Oxford German Studies'' *''Publications of the English Goethe Society'' *''Seminar'' * ''Teaching German (Unterrichtspraxis)'' *'' Text+Kritik'' *''Transit'' *''Zeitschrift für interkulturelle Germanistik'' *''Zeitschrift für Germanistik''

References

External links

* BUBL Link (UK-based
Catalogue of Internet Resources Concerning the German Language
(well organized; covers many aspects of the language and the study of it)

* http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wess/wesslit.html (Dartmouth's German-Studies Web links, annotated and arranged by topic) * https://web.archive.org/web/20051104142631/http://libadm87.rice.edu/ref/german.cfm (Rice University's guide to German studies, including printed literature and links to German newspapers and magazines) * http://www.germanistik.net/ germanistik.net (tries to get the user straight to the best sources of help; in German) * Germanistik im Netz – Erlanger Liste (The 'Erlanger Liste' is currently the largest collection of links to the various aspects of G***, including such archives, publishers, etc.; in German) * Literaturwissenschaft online ("Literaturwissenschaft online" Kiel University's e-learning site with live and archived lectures; free of charge; in German.)
Bibliographie der Deutschen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft
("BDSL Online" is the electronic version of the largest bibliography in the field of German language and literature studies. Access to report years 1985–1995 is free of charge.) * https://web.archive.org/web/20060418211215/http://www.doaj.org/ljbs?cpid=8 (DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals, Literature and Languages) * https://web.archive.org/web/20060411030830/http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/Medienprojekt/Literatur/9.med.analy.html (University of Hamburg site with media studies bibliography)

Departmental Ratings
(USA)
Directory of some German resources in libraries and research centers throughout California

American Library Association German Studies Web
;Library guides
University of Leeds German, Russian and Slavonic Studies

University of Wisconsin-Madison German-language Humanities
{{Authority control Culture of Germany European studies Germanic philology Humanities Germanic studies