''Gemmuloborsonia'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Turridae Turridae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family name for a number of predatory sea snails, Marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). ...

Description

This genus was previously provisionally included in the family Clavatulidae as the characters of the shell and the

radula The radula (; : radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters ...

of this genus resemble more the characters of this family than those of the family

Horaiclavidae Horaiclavidae is a family of predatory sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomi ...

. However, it differs from the other genera in this family by its weak

columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (, Arabic: ) was a prominent Roman writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture and ancient Roman cuisin ...

r pleats and the multispiral

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called " ...

in the Recent specie. However the extinct species type has a paucispiral, globose and almost smooth protoconch. This must then be considered an

apomorphic In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to hav ...

character state. The fusiform shell is moderately small. The

spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...

is relatively high and the base is contracted. The spire shows a peripheral cord with

gemmule Gemmules are internal buds found in sponges and are involved in asexual reproduction. It is an asexually reproduced mass of cells, that is capable of developing into a new organism i.e., an adult sponge. Role in asexual reproduction Asexual re ...

s. The

anal sinus An anal sinus (rectal sinus) is a furrow formed between any two adjacent anal columns of the anal canal The anal canal is the part that connects the rectum to the anus, located below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It is located within the ...

is deep and its crest reaches the peripheral cord. The distinct columellar pleat is blunt.

Distribution

Originally only known as a fossil from the

Upper Miocene The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. The Tortonian and Messinian stages comprise the Late Miocene sub-epoch, which lasted from 11.63 Ma (million years ago) to 5.333 Ma. The ...

Lower Pleistocene The Early Pleistocene is an unofficial sub-epoch in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, representing the earliest division of the Pleistocene Epoch within the ongoing Quaternary Period. It is currently estimated to span th ...

of the

Tethys Ocean The Tethys Ocean ( ; ), also called the Tethys Sea or the Neo-Tethys, was a prehistoric ocean during much of the Mesozoic Era and early-mid Cenozoic Era. It was the predecessor to the modern Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Eurasia ...

and found in the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

, bathyal Recent species from

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

, the

Mozambique Channel The Mozambique Channel (, , ) is an arm of the Indian Ocean located between the Southeast African countries of Madagascar and Mozambique. The channel is about long and across at its narrowest point, and reaches a depth of about off the coa ...

, and the Philippines have been discovered. The genus appears to be rather widely distributed through the Indo-Pacific

Species

Species within the genus ''Gemmuloborsonia'' include: * '' Gemmuloborsonia clandestina'' Puillandre, Cruaud & Kantor, 2009 * ''

Gemmuloborsonia colorata ''Gemmuloborsonia colorata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae. Description The length of the shell attains 45.5 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs at depths between 490 m and 550 m off ...

'' (Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001) * '' Gemmuloborsonia didyma'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996 * † '' Gemmuloborsonia fierstinei'' Shuto, 1989 * '' Gemmuloborsonia jarrigei'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * '' Gemmuloborsonia karubar'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996 * '' Gemmuloborsonia moosai'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996 * '' Gemmuloborsonia neocaledonica'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996

References

Shuto, Tsugio. "Gemmuloborsonia, a new genus of the family Turridae (Gastropoda) from the Plio-Pleistocene Cabatuan Formation, northwest Luzon." Nihon Koseibutsu Gakkai hokoku, kiji 153 (1989): 48-54
* Puillandre N., Cruaud C. & Kantor Y.I. (2010). ''Cryptic species in Gemmuloborsonia (Gastropoda: Conoidea).'' Journal of Molluscan Studies, 76(1):11-23

External links

Sysoev, Alexander, and Philippe Bouchet. "Taxonomic reevaluation of Gemmuloborsonia Shuto, 1989 (Gastropoda: Conoidea), with a description of new Recent deep-water species." Journal of Molluscan Studies 62.1 (1996): 75-87

Puillandre, N., C. Cruaud, and Yu I. Kantor. "Cryptic species in Gemmuloborsonia (Gastropoda: Conoidea)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 76.1 (2010): 11-23.

Abdelkrim J., Aznar-Cormano L., Fedosov A., Kantor Y., Lozouet P., Phuong M., Zaharias P. & Puillandre N. (2018). Exon-capture based phylogeny and diversification of the venomous gastropods (Neogastropoda, Conoidea). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35(10): 2355-2374
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