An escaped plant is a cultivated plant that has escaped from agriculture, forestry or garden cultivation and has become naturalized in the wild. Usually not native to an area, escaped plants may become invasive. Therefore, escaped plants are the subject of research in invasion biology.Mulvaney M (2001) The effect of introduction pressure on the naturalisation of ornamental woody plants in south-eastern Australia. In 'Weed Risk Assessment'. (Eds RH Groves, FD Panetta, JG Virtue). (CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood) Some

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or ''garden plants'' are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars th ...

s have characteristics which allow them to escape cultivation and become

weed A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, growing where it conflicts with human preferences, needs, or goals.Harlan, J. R., & deWet, J. M. (1965). Some thoughts about weeds. ''Economic botany'', ''19''(1), 16-24. Pla ...

y in alien ecosystems with far-reaching ecological and economic consequences. Escaped garden plants may be called garden escapes or escaped ornamentals. Sometimes, their origins can even be traced back to

botanical garden A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens. is ...

s. All escaped plants belong to the so-called hemerochoric plants. This term is used across the board for plants that have been introduced directly or indirectly by humans. The term also includes the unintentionally introduced plants that were introduced through seed pollution (speirochoric) or through unintentional transport (agochoric).

Dispersal

Plants may escape from cultivation in various ways, including the dumping of

green waste Green waste, also known as biological waste, is any organic waste that can be composted. It is most usually composed of refuse from gardens such as grass clippings or leaves, and domestic or industrial kitchen wastes. Green waste does not inclu ...

in bushland and road reserves and by birds or other animals eating the fruits or seeds and dispersing them. Others are accidental hitchhikers that escape on ships, vehicles, and equipment. Plants can also escape through sending

stolon In biology, a stolon ( from Latin ''wikt:stolo, stolō'', genitive ''stolōnis'' – "branch"), also known as a runner, is a horizontal connection between parts of an organism. It may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton. Typically, animal ...

s (runners), as stolons are capable of independent growth in other areas. Garden escapees can be adventive, which means they can be established by human influence in a site outside their area of origin. Some plants, such as the opium poppy ''

Papaver somniferum ''Papaver somniferum'', commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable orname ...

'', escaped from cultivation so long ago that they are considered archaeophytes, and their original source may be obscure. Occasionally, seed contamination also introduces new plants that could reproduce for a short period of time. The proportion of adventitious species in open ruderal corridors at such locations can exceed 30% of the flora of these locations. Further, ornamental alien plants can easily escape their confined areas (such as gardens and

greenhouse A greenhouse is a structure that is designed to regulate the temperature and humidity of the environment inside. There are different types of greenhouses, but they all have large areas covered with transparent materials that let sunlight pass an ...

s) and naturalize if the climate outside changes to their benefit. In the US, there are over 5,000 escaped plants, many of which are escaped ornamentals.

Ecological threats

Many invasive neophytes in Australia and New Zealand were originally garden escapees. The Jerusalem thorn forms impenetrable thorny thickets in the

Northern Territory The Northern Territory (abbreviated as NT; known formally as the Northern Territory of Australia and informally as the Territory) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian internal territory in the central and central-northern regi ...

which can be several kilometers in length and width. Two other plants introduced as ornamental garden plants, '' Asparagus asparagoides'' and ''

Chrysanthemoides monilifera ''Osteospermum moniliferum'' (synonym ''Chrysanthemoides monilifera'') is an evergreen flowering shrub or small tree in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is native to southern Africa, ranging through South Africa and Lesotho to Mozambique and Zimb ...

'', now dominate the herbaceous layer in many eucalyptus forests and supplant perennials, grasses, orchids, and lilies. Neophytes that compete aggressively, and which displace and repel populations of native species, may permanently change the

habitat In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...

for native species and can become an economic problem. For example, species of ''

Opuntia ''Opuntia'', commonly called the prickly pear cactus, is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, many known for their flavorful fruit and showy flowers. Cacti are native to the Americas, and are well adapted to arid clima ...

'' (prickly pears) have been introduced from America to Australia, and have become wild, thus rendering territories unsuitable for breeding; the same goes for European gorse (''Ulex europaeus'') in New Zealand. ''

Rhododendron ''Rhododendron'' (; : ''rhododendra'') is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the Ericaceae, heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most species are native to eastern Asia and the Himalayan ...

'' species introduced as ornamental garden plants in the

British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner Hebrides, Inner and Outer Hebr ...

crowd out island vegetation. The same can be seen in many acidic

peatland A peatland is a type of wetland whose soils consist of Soil organic matter, organic matter from decaying plants, forming layers of peat. Peatlands arise because of incomplete decomposition of organic matter, usually litter from vegetation, du ...

s in the Atlantic and subatlantic climates. ''

Robinia pseudoacacia ''Robinia pseudoacacia'', commonly known as black locust, is a medium-sized hardwood deciduous tree, belonging to the tribe Robinieae of the legume family Fabaceae. It is native to a few small areas of the United States, but it has been widely pl ...

'' was imported from America to

Central Europe Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern Europe, Eastern, Southern Europe, Southern, Western Europe, Western and Northern Europe, Northern Europe. Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity; however, countries in ...

for its rapid growth, and it now threatens the scarce

steppe In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes. Steppe biomes may include: * the montane grasslands and shrublands biome * the tropical and subtropica ...

and natural forest areas of the drylands. Examples in forests include '' Prunus serotina'' which was initially introduced to speed up the accumulation of

humus In classical soil science, humus is the dark organic matter in soil that is formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter. It is a kind of soil organic matter. It is rich in nutrients and retains moisture in the soil. Humus is the Lati ...

. In North America,

Tamarisk The genus ''Tamarix'' (tamarisk, salt cedar, taray) is composed of about 50–60 species of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae, native to drier areas of Eurasia and Africa. The generic name originated in Latin and may refer to the Tamb ...

trees, native to southern Europe and temperate parts of Asia, have proven to be problematic plants. In nutrient-poor heaths, but rich in grasses and bushes (

fynbos Fynbos (; , ) is a small belt of natural shrubland or heathland vegetation located in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. The area is predominantly coastal and mountainous, with a Mediterranean climate. The fynbos ...

) in the region Cape in

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic O ...

, species of eucalyptus from Australia are growing strongly. As they are largely accustomed to poor soils, and in the Cape region they lack competitors for nutrients and parasites that could regulate their population, they are able to greatly modify the biotope. In

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...

, the

epiphytic An epiphyte is a plant or plant-like organism that grows on the surface of another plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphyt ...

fern '' Phlebodium aureum'', native to the tropical Americas, has spread widely and is considered an invasive plant. Particularly unstable ecosystems, already unbalanced by attacks or possessing certain characteristics, can be further damaged by escaped plants if the vegetation is already weakened. In the humid forests of Australia, escaped plants first colonize along roads and paths and then enter the interior of the regions they surround. '' Thunbergia mysorensis'', native to India, invaded the rainforests around the coastal city of

Cairns Cairns (; ) is a city in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia, on the tropical north east coast of Far North Queensland. In the , Cairns had a population of 153,181 people. The city was founded in 1876 and named after William Cairns, Sir W ...

Queensland Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...

and even invades trees 40 m high. In

Central Australia Central Australia, also sometimes referred to as the Red Centre, is an inexactly defined region associated with the geographic centre of Australia. In its narrowest sense it describes a region that is limited to the town of Alice Springs and ...

, the Eurasian species ''

Tamarix aphylla ''Tamarix aphylla'' is the largest known species of '' Tamarix'', with heights up to . The species has a variety of common names, including Athel tamarisk, Athel tree, and Athel pine. It is an evergreen tree, native across North, East, and Centr ...

'' grows along river banks, repelling native tree species, and wildlife that go together, lowers water levels and increases soil

salinity Salinity () is the saltiness or amount of salt (chemistry), salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensio ...

. As in the United States, tamarisks have proven to be formidable bio-invaders. The fight against this species of trees, which has spread widely since, appears to be almost hopeless.

Related terms

Escaped plants can fall within the definition of, and may have a relation to, these botanical terminologies below: Tulipa_-_Wildtulpe

Flor do cerrado na beira do lago - panoramio

*Agriophyte: Refers to plant species that have invaded natural or near-natural vegetation and can survive there without human intervention. Established in their new natural habitats, they remain part of natural vegetation even after human influence has ceased, and are independent of humans in their continued existence. Examples in

are waterweed,

Douglas fir The Douglas fir (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'') is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family. It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Or ...

and Japanese knotweed * Alien: A non native species introduced by man. * Archaeophyte: An alien species introduced by human activity long ago, such as the

sweet chestnut The sweet chestnut (''Castanea sativa''), also known as the Spanish chestnut or European chestnut, is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. A ...

s introduced by the Romans in Germany and now part of natural vegetation, and the opium and field poppies. *Epecophyte: Species of recent appearance, usually numerous and constant in the country, but confined to artificial habitats, such as

meadows A meadow ( ) is an open habitat or field, vegetated by grasses, herbs, and other non-woody plants. Trees or shrubs may sparsely populate meadows, as long as they maintain an open character. Meadows can occur naturally under favourable condition ...

and

ruderal A ruderal species is a plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural for example, wildfires or avalanchesor the consequences of human activities, such as construction ( of roads, of buildings, mining, e ...

vegetation. They are dependent on humans for existence that their habitats require constant renewal. * Ephemerophyte: Species that are only introduced inconsistently, that die briefly from culture or that would disappear again without constant replenishment of seeds. In other words, they can establish themselves temporarily, but they are not in a position to meet all the conditions relating to the territory. A cold winter, or an unusual

drought A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions.Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, ...

, can lead to the death of these plants; most of the time, they are not able to fight against the local flora in extreme conditions. * Hemerochory: Plants or their seeds may have been transported voluntarily (introduction) or involuntarily by humans in a territory which they could not have

colonized 475px, Map of the year each country achieved List of sovereign states by date of formation, independence. Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing occupation of or control over foreign territories or peoples f ...

by their own natural mechanisms of dissemination, or at least much more slowly. They are able to maintain themselves in this new vital space without voluntary help from man. Many

an cultivated and ornamental plants are hemorochoric – insofar as they have escaped and subsist independently of cultivation. These are the forms of hemerochory: **Agochoric: Plants that are spread through accidental transport with, among other things, ships, trains, and cars. On land, agochoric plants used to be common in harbors, at train stations, or along railway lines. Australia, like New Zealand, has taken stringent measures to prevent the spread by seed or human

transport Transport (in British English) or transportation (in American English) is the intentional Motion, movement of humans, animals, and cargo, goods from one location to another. Mode of transport, Modes of transport include aviation, air, land tr ...

. Agricultural implements imported into Australia must be thoroughly cleaned. Air travelers from other continents are forced to thoroughly clean the soles of their shoes.Tim Low: Feral Future. The Untold Story of Australia's Exotic Invaders, p. 73 **Ethelochoric: Deliberate introduction by seedlings, seeds, or plants in a new habitat by humans. Many cultivated plants which currently play an important role in

human nutrition Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and good health. Poor nutrition is a chronic problem often linked to poverty, food security, or a poor understanding of nutrition ...

have been deliberately disseminated by humans.

Wheat Wheat is a group of wild and crop domestication, domesticated Poaceae, grasses of the genus ''Triticum'' (). They are Agriculture, cultivated for their cereal grains, which are staple foods around the world. Well-known Taxonomy of wheat, whe ...

barley Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikele ...

lentil The lentil (''Vicia lens'' or ''Lens culinaris'') is an annual plant, annual legume grown for its Lens (geometry), lens-shaped edible seeds or ''pulses'', also called ''lentils''. It is about tall, and the seeds grow in Legume, pods, usually w ...

, broad bean and

flax Flax, also known as common flax or linseed, is a flowering plant, ''Linum usitatissimum'', in the family Linaceae. It is cultivated as a food and fiber crop in regions of the world with temperate climates. In 2022, France produced 75% of t ...

, for example. **Speirochoric: Unintentional introduction by seeds. As all seed samples also contain the seeds of the grasses of the field from which they were obtained, the trade-in seeds of useful plants has also allowed the spread of other species. Speirochoric plants are therefore sown on soil prepared by man and compete with useful plants. Wild chamomile,

poppy A poppy is a flowering plant in the subfamily Papaveroideae of the family Papaveraceae. Poppies are herbaceous plants, often grown for their colourful flowers. One species of poppy, '' Papaver somniferum'', is the source of the narcotic drug ...

cornflower ''Centaurea cyanus'', commonly known as cornflower or bachelor's button (among other names), is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to Europe. In the past, it often grew as a weed in cornfields (in the broad sense of "co ...

, corn buttercup are example of plants that were unintentionally scattered. * Neophyte: An alien species introduced by man after 1500 AD.

Example species

Examples of escaped plants and/or garden escapees include: * '' Alchemilla mollis'' * '' Allium schoenoprasum'' * '' Allium ursinum'' * ''

Anredera cordifolia ''Anredera cordifolia'', commonly known as the Madeira vine or mignonette vine, is a South American species of ornamental plant, ornamental succulent vine of the family Basellaceae. The combination of fleshy leaves and thick aerial tubers makes t ...

'' * '' Aquilegia vulgaris'' * '' Araujia sericifera'' * '' Ardisia crenata'' * ''

Asclepias tuberosa ''Asclepias tuberosa'', commonly known as butterfly weed, is a species of milkweed native to eastern and southwestern North America. It is commonly known as butterfly weed because of the butterfly, butterflies that are attracted to the plant by ...

'' * '' Asparagus aethiopicus'' * '' Baccharis halimifolia'' * '' Bartlettina sordida'' * '' Berberis thunbergii'' * ''

Borago officinalis Borage ( or ; ''Borago officinalis''), also known as starflower, is an annual herb in the flowering plant family Boraginaceae native to the Mediterranean region. Although the plant contains small amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, some parts ar ...

'' * '' Bryophyllum delagoense'' * '' Buddleja davidii'' * '' Calystegia silvatica'' * '' Cardiospermum halicacabum'' * ''

Carpobrotus edulis ''Carpobrotus edulis'' is a creeping plant with succulent leaves in the genus '' Carpobrotus'', native to South Africa. Its common names include hottentot-fig, sour fig, ice plant, highway ice plant, or vygie. Description ''Carpobrotus eduli ...

'' * ''

Castanea sativa The sweet chestnut (''Castanea sativa''), also known as the Spanish chestnut or European chestnut, is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the Temperate climate, te ...

'' * '' Cenchrus setaceus'' * '' Centranthus ruber'' * '' Cestrum elegans'' * '' Cestrum parqui'' * '' Clematis orientalis'' * '' Clerodendrum bungei'' * '' Consolida ajacis'' * '' Convallaria majalis'' * '' Coreopsis basalis'' * ''Crocosmia'' spp. * '' Cyclamen persicum'' * '' Cymbalaria muralis'' * '' Delairea odorata'' * '' Dichondra repens'' * ''

Digitalis purpurea ''Digitalis purpurea'', the foxglove or common foxglove, is a toxic species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, native to and widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It has also naturalized in parts of North Ame ...

'' * ''

Dolichandra unguis-cati ''Dolichandra unguis-cati'', commonly known as cat's claw creeper, funnel creeper, or cat's claw trumpet, In Hawai'i it is called Hug-me-tight. is a rapidly growing climbing vine belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It affects all plant layers o ...

'' * '' Doronicum orientale'' * '' Echinops exaltatus'' * '' Echium candicans'' * '' Elodea canadensis'' * '' Epiphyllum oxypetalum'' * '' Eriocapitella hupehensis'' * '' Erythranthe moschata'' * '' Eschscholzia californica'' * ''

Foeniculum vulgare Fennel (''Foeniculum vulgare'') is a flowering plant species in the carrot family. It is a hardy, perennial herb with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It is indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean but has become widely naturalized ...

'' * ''

Galega officinalis ''Galega officinalis'', commonly known as galega or goat's-rue, is a herbaceous plant in the subfamily Faboideae of the legume Family (biology), family Fabaceae. It is native species, native to parts of northern Africa, western Asia and Europe, ...

'' * '' Galinsoga parviflora'' * '' Hedera helix'' * '' Hedera hibernica'' * ''

Helianthus annuus The common sunflower (''Helianthus annuus'') is a species of large annual forb of the daisy family Asteraceae. The common sunflower is harvested for its edible oily seeds, which are often eaten as a snack food. They are also used in the pro ...

'' * '' Helianthus tuberosus'' * '' Hemerocallis fulva'' * ''

Heracleum mantegazzianum ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'', commonly known as giant hogweed, is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. ''H. mantegazzianum'' is also known as cartwheel-flower, giant cow parsley, giant cow parsnip, or hogsb ...

'' * '' Hesperis matronalis'' * ''

Ilex aquifolium ''Ilex aquifolium'', the holly, common holly, English holly, European holly, or occasionally Christmas holly, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest As ...

'' * ''

Impatiens glandulifera ''Impatiens glandulifera'', Himalayan balsam, is a large annual plant native to the Himalayas. Via human introduction it is now present across much of the Northern Hemisphere and is considered an invasive species in many areas. Uprooting or cutt ...

'' * '' Impatiens parviflora'' * '' Ipomoea cairica'' * '' Ipomoea indica'' * ''

Iris pseudacorus ''Iris pseudacorus'', the yellow flag, yellow iris, or water flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet ''pseudacorus'' means "false acorus", r ...

'' * '' Isatis tinctoria'' * ''

Juglans regia ''Juglans regia'', known by various common names including the common walnut, English walnut, or Persian walnut amongst other names, is a species of walnut. It is native to Eurasia in at least southwest and central Asia and southeast Europe, ...

'' * '' Kalanchoe delagoensis'' * '' Kniphofia uvaria'' * '' Laburnum anagyroides'' * '' Lamiastrum galeobdolon'' * ''

Lantana camara ''Lantana camara'' (common lantana) is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family (Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics. It is a very adaptable species, which can inhabit a wide variety of ecosystems; once it has been introduced i ...

'' * '' Lavandula stoechas'' * '' Lespedeza bicolor'' * '' Ligustrum lucidum'' * '' Lilium lancifolium'' * '' Linaria purpurea'' * ''

Lonicera maackii ''Lonicera maackii'', the Amur honeysuckle, is a species of honeysuckle in the family Caprifoliaceae that is native to temperate eastern Asia; specifically in northern and western China south to Yunnan, Mongolia, Primorsky Krai in southeastern S ...

'' * '' Lysimachia punctata'' * '' Lythrum salicaria'' * '' Macfadyena unguis-cati'' * '' Melastoma sanguineum'' * '' Monarda punctata'' * '' Nothoscordum gracile'' * '' Nymphaea mexicana'' * '' Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata'' * ''

Opuntia ficus-indica ''Opuntia ficus-indica'', the Indian fig opuntia, fig opuntia, or prickly pear, is a species of cactus that has long been a domesticated crop plant grown in agricultural economies throughout Arid climate, arid and Semi-arid climate, semiarid part ...

'' * '' Oxalis debilis'' * ''

Papaver cambricum ''Papaver cambricum'', Synonym (taxonomy), synonym ''Meconopsis cambrica'', the Welsh poppy, is a perennial plant, perennial flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It has yellow to orange flowers and is widely grown as a garden plant. ...

'' * '' Pelargonium peltatum'' * ''

Phlox paniculata ''Phlox paniculata'' is a species of flowering plant in the Polemoniaceae, phlox family (Polemoniaceae). It is native plant, native to parts of the eastern and central United States. It is extensively cultivated in temperate climate, temperate r ...

'' * '' Physalis alkekengi'' * '' Prunus serotina'' * ''

Reynoutria japonica ''Reynoutria japonica'', synonyms ''Fallopia japonica'' and ''Polygonum cuspidatum'', is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the knotweed and buckwheat family Polygonaceae. Common names include Japanese knotweed and Asian knotweed. It is ...

'' * '' Rhododendron ponticum'' * ''

Ribes rubrum The redcurrant or red currant (''Ribes rubrum'') is a member of the genus ''Ribes'' in the gooseberry family. It is native to western Europe. The species is widely cultivated and has escaped into the wild in many regions. Description ''Ribes ...

'' * '' Ricinus communis'' * ''

'' * '' Rubus hawaiensis'' * '' Ruellia simplex'' * '' Senecio angulatus'' * '' Senecio elegans'' * '' Senna pendula'' * '' Silene armeria'' * '' Solanum lycopersicum'' * '' Sparaxis tricolor'' * '' Stachytarpheta mutabilis'' * '' Sphagneticola trilobata'' * '' Talinum paniculatum'' * '' Thymus praecox'' * '' Tradescantia fluminensis'' * '' Tulipa sylvestris'' * ''

Vanilla × tahitensis ''Vanilla ''×'' tahitensis'' is a Hybrid (biology), hybrid Orchidaceae, orchid in the genus ''Vanilla (genus), Vanilla''. It was Species description, first described by the botanist John William Moore (botanist), John William Moore in 1933 from ...

'' * ''

Vinca major ''Vinca major'', with the common names bigleaf periwinkle, large periwinkle, greater periwinkle and blue periwinkle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, native to the western Mediterranean. Growing to tall and spreading i ...

'' * ''

Vinca minor ''Vinca minor'' (common names lesser periwinkle or dwarf periwinkle) is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family, native to central and southern Europe. Other vernacular names used in cultivation include small periwinkle, common peri ...

'' * '' Watsonia meriana''

Gallery

File:Iceplant.jpg, Iceplant refugees along the California Coast File:Isatis tinctoria (6124347445).jpg, Dyer's woad's escape to disturbed roadsides File:Centranthus ruber growing on wall (Ireland).jpg, Red valerian finding refuge atop old walls File:Castor_bean_in_distubred_area.jpg, Castor bean usually finds refuge on wastelands File:SK-TigerLily.JPG, Tiger lily occurs as a garden escapee in Eastern U.S. File:Buddleja davidii next to rails at train station Düsseldorf-Zoo.jpg, ''

Buddleja ''Buddleja'' (; ''Buddleia''; also historically given as ''Buddlea'') is a genus comprising over 140 species of flowering plants endemicity, endemic to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The generic name bestowed by Carl Linnaeus, Linnaeus posthu ...

'' self-sown along a railroad File:Oxalis_latifolia_LeavesFlowers_BotGardBln0906.jpg, ''

Oxalis latifolia ''Oxalis latifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the Oxalidaceae, woodsorrel family known by the common names garden pink-sorrel and broadleaf woodsorrel. It is native to Mexico and parts of Central and South America. However, it has propag ...

'' has escaped gardens through

seed dispersal In spermatophyte plants, seed dispersal is the movement, spread or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their seeds, including both abiotic vectors, ...

. File:Kalanchoe delagoensis in Dapeng Fortress, Shenzhen.jpg, Mother of millions finding refuge in Dapeng Fortress, Shenzhen

Bibliography

* Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten (2003): ''Hagebutte & Co: Blüten, Früchte und Ausbreitung europäischer Pflanzen.'' Fauna, Nottuln. ISBN 3-93-598090-6. * Christian Stolz (2013): ''Archäologische Zeigerpflanzen: Fallbeispiele aus dem Taunus und dem nördlichen Schleswig-Holstein. Plants as indicators for archaeological find sites: Case studies from the Taunus Mts. and from the northern part of Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)''. Schriften des Arbeitskreises Landes- und Volkskunde 11. * Herrando-Moraira, S., Nualart, N., Herrando-Moraira, A. et al. Climatic niche characteristics of native and invasive Lilium lancifolium. Sci Rep 9, 14334 (2019)
Climatic niche characteristics of native and invasive Lilium lancifolium

References

{{reflist

External links

ESCAPED GARDEN PLANTS AS A KEY THREATENING PROCESSEscape from confinement or garden escape (pathway cause)
Invasive species Environmental conservation Environmental terminology Habitat

Dispersal

Ecological threats

Related terms

Example species

Gallery

See also

Bibliography

References

External links