Garad

Garad ( Harari: ገራድ, , , Oromo: ''Garaada'') is a term used to refer to a clan leader or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states, most notably the Adal Sultanate.

Etymology

The origin of the term ''Garad'' is uncertain. According to Enrico Cerulli, Garad originates from the era of the Adal emirate. Garad denotes a headman within a ''"Gaar"'' (clan). In the Somali language ''Garad'' roughly translates to "chief" or "wise man", as well as "wisdom". Garad also denotes a ''"chief"'' in Harari and Silt'e languages respectively.

History

Several Muslim states and dominions including Hadiya Sultanate, Sultanate of Darfur, Ganz province, Harla and Somali Sultanate leaders were known as Garads.

Within Somali clans the use of the traditional hereditary title ''"Garad"'' is most widespread among the Dhulbahante and Karanle and was also used by the Habr Awal up until the 1940s. According to tradition the Somali Girhi's founding Garad ''"Aboker"'' lived five centuries ago in Harar. Tradition among the Somali Geledi clan claim Aw Kalafow, a descendant of Abadir, was the first to use the title ''Garad''. Enrico Cerulli and others state that the Harari titles such as ''Garad'' were embraced by Somali chiefs.

In the early seventeenth century Emirate of Harar, Garad was the title given to tax collectors on behalf of the state. According to Richard Caulk, Garad was a bygone Harari title that was introduced to the Oromo of Hararghe whom also began using it. Garads were also commanders of the army called the Malassay in the Harar Emirate. An eighteen century Harari chronicle states the Harar region went through major upheavals in the late 1700s which led to the destruction of several villages administrated by Garads.

Somali Garad clans

There are many Somali clans suffixed with Garad, in particular subclans of the Dhulbahante, which include:
* Farah Garad
* Mohamoud Garad
*Guuleed Garad
*Ali Garad
*Yasin Garad
*Abdi Garad

Places

* Garad Wiil-Waal Airport, airport in Jijiga, Ethiopia
*Garado, city in Wollo Province of Amhara Region derived from Garad.
*Garad Erer, hill overlooking Porc-Epic Cave near Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
*Garad, port city in Puntland, Somalia

Notable Garads

* Mahfuz of Adal Sultanate
*Dhuh Barar, last leader of the Somali Tolje'lo Isaaq dynasty
*Deria Abdalla, 4th chief of the Habr Awal clan as well as the father of the clan's first Sultan, Abdulrahman Deria
*Mohammed of Hadiya Sultanate, father of Empress Eleni of Ethiopia
*Ibrahim, of Sultanate of Darfur
*Usman Oda of Emirate of Harar, father of Oromo scholar Bakri Sapalo
*Abun Adashe of Adal Sultanate
* Dhidhin, first chief of the Somali Warsangali clan
* Abubaker Qecchin of Adal Sultanate
*Sediso K’albo, last leader of the Gan- Silt'e dynasty
*Side, forefather of Halaba people
*Aboker, first chief of Somali Girhi clan
* Jama Ali, current chief of the Somali Dhulbahante clan
*Hassan Injamo of Kebena
*Aze of Hadiya
*Ādan Ṣadiq of Imamate of Aussa, a Somali Issa chief
*Abass, continued jihad in Ethiopian territory even after Imam Ahmed Gurey's death
* Abdiqani Jama, grand chief of the Dhulbahante clan and one of the signatories of the Somaliland declaration of independence

References

{{Reflist

Horn of Africa
Darfur
Society of Somalia
Adal Sultanate
Royal titles