Furia Gens
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The gens Furia, originally written Fusia, and sometimes found as Fouria on coins, was one of the most ancient and noble patrician houses at
Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
. Its members held the highest offices of the state throughout the period of the
Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( ) was the era of Ancient Rome, classical Roman civilisation beginning with Overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establis ...
. The first of the Furii to attain the consulship was Sextus Furius in 488 BC.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 190, 192, 1005.


Origin

The antiquity of the Furii is confirmed by the ancient form of the '' nomen'', ''Fusius'', found in the earliest days of the Republic. A similar process derived the nomina '' Papirius, Valerius'' and '' Veturius'' from ''Papisius, Valesius'' and ''Vetusius''. This change probably occurred after the orthographic reform of Appius Claudius Caecus, passed during his censorship in 312 BC. History leaves us in darkness as to the origin of the Furia gens. A legendary figure named Spurius Fusius appears representing the Roman priests in the time of Tullus Hostilius. From sepulchral inscriptions found at Tusculum, we see that the name Furius was very common at that place, and hence it is generally inferred that the Furia gens, like the Fulvia, had come from Tusculum.Chase, p. 130. As the first member of the gens that occurs in history, Sextus Furius, BC 488, is only five years later than the treaty of isopolity which Spurius Cassius Vecellinus concluded with the Latins, to whom the Tusculans belonged, the supposition of the Tusculan origin of the Furia gens does not appear at all improbable. However, the cognomen ''Medullinus'', which belonged to the oldest branch of the gens, may indicate that the family came from the ancient Latin city of Medullia, which was conquered by Ancus Marcius, the fourth King of Rome, toward the end of the 7th century BC. The nomen Furius is a patronymic surname derived from ''Fusus'', apparently an ancient praenomen that had fallen out of use before historical times. This name was preserved, however, as a cognomen used by many of the early Furii, including the families of the ''Medullini'' and the ''Pacili''.


Praenomina

The principal names used by members of this family are '' Lucius, Spurius, Publius, Marcus, Agrippa, Sextus'', and '' Quintus''. The Furii Pacili used '' Gaius'', a name not used by other branches of the gens. Other
praenomina The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...
appear towards the end of the Republic, and may represent
plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the gro ...
branches of the family. The Furii Brocchi are distinguished by their use of '' Gnaeus'' and '' Titus''. A poet during the late second century BC bore the praenomen '' Aulus'', while a Furius of equestrian rank during the time of
Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...
was named '' Numerius''.


Branches and cognomina

The cognomina of this gens are ''Aculeo, Bibaculus, Brocchus, Camillus, Crassipes, Fusus, Luscus, Medullinus, Pacilus, Philus'', and ''Purpureo''. The only cognomina that occur on coins are ''Brocchus, Crassipes, Philus'', and ''Purpureo''. The oldest branch of the Furii bore the surname ''Medullinus'', which may indicate that they had originally come from the Latin town of Medullia.Chase, p. 113. All of the early Medullini probably bore the additional surname ''Fusus'', probably an ancient praenomen that had fallen out of use before historical times, from which the nomen ''Furius'' (originally ''Fusius'') was derived. This surname was also borne by the Furii Pacili, who were probably a cadet branch of the Medullini; Chase considers ''Pacilus'' a surname of Oscan origin, suggesting that this branch of the family had Sabine connections. ''Fusus'' was probably applicable to all of the early Furii, but was sometimes dropped or used in place of other surnames. Those Furii mentioned without any surname other than ''Fusus'' probably belonged to either the Medullini or the Pacili, and did not constitute a separate family. The Furii Camilli were descended from the dictator Marcus Furius Camillus, one of the most famous heroes of the early Republic, credited both with the final defeat of Veii, and with driving the
Gauls The Gauls (; , ''Galátai'') were a group of Celts, Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age Europe, Iron Age and the Roman Gaul, Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). Th ...
from Rome following the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BC. He was a younger son of Lucius Furius Medullinus Fusus, who had thrice served as consular tribune. A ''camillus'' was a youth entrusted with certain religious obligations, a role likely to be filled by the younger son of a prominent magistrate. The family then vanishes during the last three centuries of the Republic, but reappears under the early
Empire An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outpost (military), outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a hegemony, dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the ...
. According to
Ronald Syme Sir Ronald Syme, (11 March 1903 – 4 September 1989) was a New Zealand-born historian and classicist. He was regarded as the greatest historian of ancient Rome since Theodor Mommsen and the most brilliant exponent of the history of the Roma ...
, their fortune was restored by
Augustus Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (), was the founder of the Roman Empire, who reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in A ...
, who tried to revive several impoverished patrician families. Of the other surnames borne by families of the Furii, ''Aculeo'', "sharp", is probably derived from ''aculeus'', a spur; ''Bibaculus'' originally referred to a tippler; ''Brocchus'' to someone with prominent teeth;Chase, p. 109. ''Crassipes'' means "thick-footed";Chase, p. 110. ''Luscus'' "one-eyed"; and ''Philus'' is borrowed from the Greek Φιλος. The cognomen ''Purpureo'', "rosy, purple", might originally have referred to a person's complexion, but may also have alluded to the family's wealth and influence, or some trading connection; a coin of this family depicts a murex-shell, the source of the expensive dye Tyrian purple, with which the most luxurious clothing was coloured. The '' toga picta'', originally worn by the Roman kings, and later by triumphant generals, and the broad stripe of the ''toga praetexta'', worn by senators and curule magistrates, were dyed with Tyrian purple. A similar reference to ''togae'' was made by a family of the patrician gens Sulpicia, which bore the cognomen ''Praetextatus''.Crawford, ''Roman Republican Coinage'', p. 238. There are some persons bearing the gentile name ''Furius'', who were plebeians, since they are mentioned as tribunes of the plebs; and those persons either had gone over from the patricians to the plebeians, or they were descended from freedmen or a particular family of the Furii, as is expressly stated in the case of one of them.


Members


Early Fusii

* Spurius Fusius, appointed by the Roman priests to undertake a ritual oath on behalf of the city prior to the combat of the Horatii and the Curiatii, during the reign of Tullus Hostilius.


Furii Fusi

* Sextus Furius,
consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states thro ...
in 488 BC. He is listed by Festus in 486 BC, possibly a
military tribune A military tribune () was an officer of the Roman army who ranked below the legate and above the centurion. Young men of Equestrian rank often served as military tribunes as a stepping stone to the Senate. The should not be confused with the ...
, as one of a group who was burned for conspiring with the consul Spurius Cassius. * Spurius Furius Fusus, consul in 481 BC. * Sextus Furius Fusus, father of Agrippa Furius Fusus, the consular tribune of 391 BC. * Marcus Furius Fusus, consular tribune in 403 BC. * Agrippa Furius Sex. f. Fusus, consular tribune in 391 BC.


Furii Medullini

* Lucius Furius Medullinus Fusus, consul in 474 BC. * Publius Furius Medullinus Fusus, consul in 472 BC. He was one of the '' triumviri agro dando'' who were appointed to assign land to the Roman
colonists A settler or a colonist is a person who establishes or joins a permanent presence that is separate to existing communities. The entity that a settler establishes is a settlement. A settler is called a pioneer if they are among the first settli ...
after the capture of
Antium Antium was an Ancient history, ancient coastal town in Latium, south of Rome. An oppidum was founded by people of Latial culture (11th century BC or the beginning of the 1st millennium BC), then it was the main stronghold of the Volsci people unti ...
, in 467 BC. In 464, he served as legate under his brother, Spurius, and was slain in the Aequian war. * Spurius Furius Medullinus Fusus, consul in 464 BC, conducted war against the Aequi. * Agrippa Furius Fusus, consul in 446 BC. * Lucius Furius S. f. Medullinus Fusus, the father of Camillus, was consular tribune in 432, 425, and 420 BC. * Lucius Furius L. f. S. n. Medullinus, the elder brother of Camillus, was consul in 413 and 409 BC, and consular tribune in 407, 405, 398, 397, 395, 394, and 391 BC. * Spurius Furius L. f. S. n. Medullinus, also a brother of Camillus, was consular tribune in 400 BC.'' Fasti Capitolini'', ; 1904, 114; ; 1940, 59, 60. * Lucius Furius S. f. L. n. Medullinus, consular tribune in 381 and 370 BC, and censor in 363 BC. * Spurius Furius S. f. L. n. Medullinus, consular tribune in 378 BC, commanded in the war with the Volsci of
Antium Antium was an Ancient history, ancient coastal town in Latium, south of Rome. An oppidum was founded by people of Latial culture (11th century BC or the beginning of the 1st millennium BC), then it was the main stronghold of the Volsci people unti ...
.


Furii Camilli

* Marcus Furius L. f. S. n. Camillus, consular tribune in 401, 398, 394, 386, 384, and 381 BC, and dictator in 396, 390, 389, 368, and 367 BC. * Spurius Furius M. f. L. n. Camillus, the son of Camillus, was one of the first
praetor ''Praetor'' ( , ), also ''pretor'', was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to disch ...
s appointed following the creation of the office in 367 BC. * Lucius Furius M. f. L. n. Camillus, dictator in 350 and consul in 349 BC. * Lucius Furius S. f. M. n. Camillus, consul in 338 and 325 BC. * Marcus Furius P. f. P. n. Camillus, consul in AD 8. * Furia M. f. P. n. Camilla, afterward Livia Medullina Camilla, betrothed to the young
Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; ; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), or Claudius, was a Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusus and Ant ...
, died on the day that she and the future emperor were to wed. * Marcus Furius M. f. P. n. Camillus Scribonianus, afterward Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, consul in AD 32, instigated a revolt against Claudius in 42, but was quickly defeated and sent into exile. * Furius L. f. L. n. Camillus Scribonianus, exiled in AD 53, for having consulted the Chaldeans about the time when the emperor Claudius was to die.


Furii Pacili

* Quintus Furius Pacilus Fusus, Pontifex Maximus in 449 BC, held the ''comitia'' at which the tribunes of the plebs were appointed. His two ''cognomina'' are not securely attested. * Gaius Furius Pacilus Fusus, consul in 441 BC, and consular tribune in 426 BC. * Gaius Furius C. f. Pacilus, consul in 412 BC. * Gaius Furius C. f. C. n. Pacilus, consul in 251 BC. during the
First Punic War The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and grea ...
.


Furii Phili

* Marcus Furius Philus, grandfather of Publius Furius Philus, the consul of 223 BC. * Spurius Furius M. f. Philus, the father of Publius, the consul of 223 BC. * Publius Furius S. f. M. n. Philus, praetor ''circa'' 224 BC and in 216, consul in 223, censor in 214. He received a triumph for his victories over the Gauls during his consulship. He was also augur when he died in 213. * Publius Furius P. f. S. n. Philus, informed Scipio of the design of Lucius Caecilius Metellus and others to abandon Rome after the
Battle of Cannae The Battle of Cannae (; ) was a key engagement of the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Ancient Carthage, Carthage, fought on 2 August 216 BC near the ancient village of Cannae in Apulia, southeast Italy. The Carthaginians and ...
. * Publius Furius Philus, praetor in 174 BC, then
promagistrate In ancient Rome, a promagistrate () was a person who was granted the power via ''prorogation'' to act in place of an ordinary magistrate in the field. This was normally ''pro consule'' or ''pro praetore'', that is, in place of a consul or praeto ...
in
Hispania Citerior Hispania Citerior (English: "Hither Iberia", or "Nearer Iberia") was a Roman province in Hispania during the Roman Republic. It was on the eastern coast of Iberia down to the town of Cartago Nova, today's Cartagena in the autonomous community of ...
in 173 and 172. At his return to Rome in 171, he was accused of extortion by some Spanish allies and chose to go into exile in Praeneste. * Lucius Furius Philus, '' triumvir monetalis'' between 189 and 180 BC. Praetor in 171, he obtained
Sardinia Sardinia ( ; ; ) is the Mediterranean islands#By area, second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the Regions of Italy, twenty regions of Italy. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia an ...
as his province. He also became pontiff in 176, serving until his death in 170. * Lucius Furius Philus, consul in 136 BC. * Marcus Furius L. f. Philus, ''triumvir monetalis'' in 119 BC. His coins commemorate the victory of Quintus Fabius Maximus over the
Allobroges The Allobroges (Gaulish language, Gaulish: *''Allobrogis'', 'foreigner, exiled'; ) were a Gauls, Gallic people dwelling in a large territory between the Rhône river and the Alps during the Iron Age Europe, Iron Age and the Roman period. The Allob ...
the previous year.


Furii Bibaculi

* Furius Bibaculus, ''magister'' of the Salii, and father of Lucius Furius Bibaculus, the praetor.Broughton, vol. I, p. 237. * Lucius Furius Bibaculus, praetor between 226 and 219 BC. Like his father, he was one of the Salian priests, and continued to perform his religious duties during his magistracy. * Lucius Furius L. f. Bibaculus, a quaestor, fell in the
Battle of Cannae The Battle of Cannae (; ) was a key engagement of the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Ancient Carthage, Carthage, fought on 2 August 216 BC near the ancient village of Cannae in Apulia, southeast Italy. The Carthaginians and ...
, 216 BC. * Marcus Furius Bibaculus, a satiric poet of the first century BC.


Furii Purpureones

* Spurius Furius Purpureo, father of Lucius Furius Purpureo, the consul of 196 BC. * Lucius Furius S. f. S. n. Purpureo, praetor in 200 BC, triumphed over the Gauls at
Cremona Cremona ( , , ; ; ) is a city and (municipality) in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po (river), Po river in the middle of the Po Valley. It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local city a ...
. He then became consul in 196. * Furius Purpureo, ''triumvir monetalis'' between 179 and 170 BC. * Furius Purpureo, ''triumvir monetalis'' between 169 and 158 BC.


Furii Crassipedes

* Marcus Furius Crassipes, legate under the praetor Lucius Furius Purpureo in 200 BC, during the war against the
Gauls The Gauls (; , ''Galátai'') were a group of Celts, Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age Europe, Iron Age and the Roman Gaul, Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). Th ...
. He was praetor in 187 and 173. * Publius Furius Crassipes, curule aedile in 84 BC. He minted coins during his magistracy. * Furius Crassipes, quaestor in Bithynia, 51 BC, and husband of
Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...
's daughter, Tullia. * Furius Crassipes, officer of Sextus Pompeius in Sicily between 43 and 36 BC. * Lucius Furius L. f. Crassipes, praetor or propraetor in Macedonia at an uncertain date.


Furii Brocchi

* Gnaeus Furius Brocchus, father of the ''triumvir monetalis'' of 63 BC. * Lucius Furius Cn. f. Brocchus, ''triumvir monetalis'' in 63 BC. * Titus Furius Brocchus, the uncle of Quintus Ligarius, a soldier defended by
Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...
. * Gnaeus Furius Brocchus, detected in adultery, and grievously punished.


Others

* Lucius Furius,
tribune of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune () was the first office of the Roman Republic, Roman state that was open to the plebs, plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the pow ...
in 307 BC, prevented the ''comitia'' from electing Appius Claudius Caecus to the consulship, unless he consented to lay down his
censorship Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governmen ...
, in accordance with the law. * Gaius Furius Chresimus, a farmer accused of having poisoned his neighbours' fields, was acquitted by the aedile Spurius Postumius Albinus, perhaps in 191 BC. * Gaius Furius Aculeo, quaestor of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus in 190 BC, was convicted of peculatus in 187. * Spurius Furius, ''triumvir monetalis'' between 189 and 180 BC. * Marcus Furius Luscus, plebeian aedile in 187 BC. * Gaius Furius, ''duumvir navalis'' in 178 and legate in 170 BC. * Aulus Furius Antias, a poet of the first century BC, admired by Aulus Gellius and Vergil. * , as tribune of the plebs in 99 BC, with the support of Gaius Marius, vetoed a bill recalling
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus () was an ancient Roman statesman and general. He was a leader of the Optimates, the conservative faction of the Roman Senate. He was a bitter political opponent of Gaius Marius. He was Roman consul, consul in 1 ...
from exile. For this he was subsequently brought to trial, but was lynched by the outraged assembly before the proceedings could begin. * Furius, a ''navarchus'' of Heracleia, was put to death by
Verres Gaius Verres ( 114 – 43 BC) was a Roman magistrate, notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily. His extortion of local farmers and plundering of temples led to his prosecution by Cicero, whose accusations were so devastating that his defence advo ...
, despite his innocence. * Numerius Furius, an '' eques'' in the time of
Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...
. * Publius Furius, one of the military colonists to whom
Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (, ; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman of the late Roman Republic. A great commander and ruthless politician, Sulla used violence to advance his career and his co ...
had assigned lands at Faesulae, and an accomplice in the Catilinarian conspiracy. * Aulus Furius A. f. Tertius, was present at Ephesus when Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus gave an order exempting Jewish Roman citizens from military service in 49 BC. * Titus Furius Victorinus, an eques who held several senior appointments under the emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. * Furius Anthianus, a jurisconsult of uncertain date, probably not later than the period of
Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – March 235), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty. Alexander took power in 222, when he succeeded his slain co ...
.Besier. * Gaius Furius Sabinus Aquila Timesitheus, praetorian prefect in AD 241. * Furia Sabinia Tranquillina, the wife of Gordian III, and Roman empress from AD 241 to 244. * Marcus Maecius Memmius Furius Baburius Caecilianus Placidus, consul in AD 343. * Furius Dionysius Filocalus, a scribe active in the time of Pope Damasus I.


See also

* List of Roman gentes


Notes


References


Citations


Bibliography

* Marcus Tullius Cicero, '' De Oratore'', '' In Catilinam'', '' In Verrem'', '' Pro Ligario''. * Gaius Sallustius Crispus ( Sallust), ''Bellum Catilinae'' (The Conspiracy of Catiline). * Diodorus Siculus, ''
Bibliotheca Historica ''Bibliotheca historica'' (, ) is a work of Universal history (genre), universal history by Diodorus Siculus. It consisted of forty books, which were divided into three sections. The first six books are geographical in theme, and describe the h ...
'' (Library of History). * Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Romaike Archaiologia'' (Roman Antiquities). * Titus Livius (
Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding i ...
), ''
Ab Urbe Condita ''Ab urbe condita'' (; 'from the founding of Rome, founding of the City'), or (; 'in the year since the city's founding'), abbreviated as AUC or AVC, expresses a date in years since 753 BC, 753 BC, the traditional founding of Rome. It is ...
'' (History of Rome). * Valerius Maximus, ''Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings). * Titus Flavius Josephus, '' Antiquitates Judaicae'' (Jewish Antiquities). * Publius Cornelius Tacitus, ''
Annales Annals are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year. The equivalent word in Latin and French is ''annales'', which is used untranslated in English in various contexts. List of works with titles contai ...
'', '' Historiae''. *
Suda The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; ; ) is a large 10th-century Byzantine Empire, Byzantine encyclopedia of the History of the Mediterranean region, ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas () or Souidas (). It is an ...
. * Pierre-François Besier, ''Dissertatio Philologico-Juridica Inauguralis de Furio Anthiano JCto, ejusque, quae in Pandecta Exstant, Fragmentis'' (Dissertation on the Jurisconsult Furius Anthianus, Whose Fragments Appear in the Pandectae), Haak & Co. and the Widow of Mozes Cyfveer, Leiden (1803). * '' Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). * Hermann Dessau, ''Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae'' (Select Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''ILS''), Berlin (1892–1916). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897). * T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952–1986). * Michael Crawford, ''Roman Republican Coinage'', Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001). *
Ronald Syme Sir Ronald Syme, (11 March 1903 – 4 September 1989) was a New Zealand-born historian and classicist. He was regarded as the greatest historian of ancient Rome since Theodor Mommsen and the most brilliant exponent of the history of the Roma ...
, ''Roman Papers'', edited by Ernst Badian and Anthony R. Birley, 7 volumes, Oxford, 1979–1991. * Michel Humm,
Appius Claudius Caecus, La République accomplie
', Ecole Française de Rome, 2005. {{Refend Roman gentes