''Fundulus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or h ...

es in the superfamily Funduloidea,

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Fundulidae Fundulidae is the family of topminnows and North American killifishes. Distribution The 46 species are native to North America as far south as Yucatan, and to the islands of Bermuda and Cuba, occurring in both freshwater and marine environments ...

(of which it is the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nomina ...

). It belongs to the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

toothcarp Cyprinodontiformes is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising mostly small, freshwater fish. Many popular aquarium fish, such as killifish and live-bearers, are included. They are closely related to the Atheriniformes and are occasionally ...

s (Cyprinodontiformes), and therein the large suborder Cyprinodontoidei. Most of its closest living relatives are egg-laying, with the notable exception of the splitfin livebearers ( Goodeidae). They are usually smallish; most species reaching a length of at most 4 in (10 cm) when fully grown. However, a few larger species exist, with the giant killifish ('' F. grandissimus'') and the northern studfish ('' F. catenatus'') growing to twice the genus' average size. Many of the 40-odd species are commonly known by the highly ambiguous name "

killifish A killifish is any of various oviparous (egg-laying) cyprinodontiform fish (including families Aplocheilidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Profundulidae and Valenciidae). All together, there are 1,270 species of killifish, the biggest famil ...

" (the general term for egg-laying toothcarps), or the somewhat less ambiguous "

topminnow Fundulidae is the family of topminnows and North American killifishes. Distribution The 46 species are native to North America as far south as Yucatan, and to the islands of Bermuda and Cuba, occurring in both freshwater and marine environments ...

" (a catch-all term for Fundulidae). "Studfish" is a quite unequivocal vernacular name applied to some other ''Fundulus'' species; it is not usually used to refer to the genus as a whole. ''Fundulus'' have evolved to occupy a wide range of

aquatic ecosystem An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem formed by surrounding a body of water, in contrast to land-based terrestrial ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems contain communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment. The t ...

s, including marine, estuarine, and freshwater, making it a good comparative model system for studying evolutionary divergence between marine and freshwater environments. To assist with this research,

Oxford Nanopore Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited is a UK-based company which is developing and selling nanopore sequencing products (including the portable DNA sequencer, MinION) for the direct, electronic analysis of single molecules. History The company ...

long-read reference genomes have been sequenced for ''F. xenicus, F. catenatus, F. nottii'', and '' F. olivaceus'.''

Species

There are currently 39 recognized species in this genus: * ''

Fundulus albolineatus The whiteline topminnow, ''Fundulus albolineatus'', was a type of killifish first identified in 1891. It was endemic to Big Spring, Madison County, Alabama, in the United States. References * * * Whiteline Topminnow Whiteline Topminn ...

'' C. H. Gilbert, 1891 (

Whiteline topminnow The whiteline topminnow, ''Fundulus albolineatus'', was a type of killifish first identified in 1891. It was endemic to Big Spring, Madison County, Alabama, in the United States. References * * * Whiteline Topminnow Whiteline Topmi ...

( extinct)) * ''

Fundulus bermudae The Bermuda killifish (''Fundulus bermudae'') is a small fish which is endemic to the islands of Bermuda in the western Atlantic Ocean. It belongs to the genus '' Fundulus'' in the killifish and topminnow family, Fundulidae. It can grow ...

'' Günther, 1874 (Bermuda killifish) * '' Fundulus bifax'' Cashner & Rogers, 1988 (Stippled studfish) * '' Fundulus blairae'' Wiley & D. D. Hall, 1975 (Western starhead topminnow) * ''

Fundulus catenatus The northern studfish (''Fundulus catenatus'') is the largest of the killifish and is native to the southcentral United States. Appearance and anatomy The mean length for adults is . Northern studfish are sexually dimorphic. Males have horizon ...

'' ( D. H. Storer, 1846) (Northern studfish) * ''

Fundulus chrysotus The golden topminnow (''Fundulus chrysotus'') is a fish of the genus ''Fundulus'' and is a United States native fish mostly distributed throughout the southeast, ranging from Kentucky and Ohio south into Florida. Although it has such a wide distr ...

'' ( Günther, 1866) ( Golden topminnow) * '' Fundulus cingulatus''

Valenciennes Valenciennes (, also , , ; nl, label=also Dutch, Valencijn; pcd, Valincyinnes or ; la, Valentianae) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France. It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced a ...

, 1846 (Banded topminnow) * ''

Fundulus confluentus ''Fundulus'' is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Funduloidea, family (biology), family Fundulidae (of which it is the type genus). It belongs to the order (biology), order of toothcarps (Cyprinodontiformes), and th ...

Goode Goode ( or , depending on family) is a surname. Notable people Notable people with the surname include: * Alex Goode (Born 1988), British rugby union player * Alexander D. Goode (1911-1943), US Army chaplain * Andy Goode (born 1980), British ru ...

& T. H. Bean, 1879 (Marsh killifish) * ''

Fundulus diaphanus The banded killifish (''Fundulus diaphanus'') is a North American species of temperate freshwater killifish belonging to the genus ''Fundulus'' of the family Fundulidae. Its natural geographic range extends from Newfoundland to South Carolina, a ...

'' (Lesueur, 1817) ** '' Fundulus diaphanus diaphanus'' ( Lesueur, 1817) (Banded killifish) ** '' Fundulus diaphanus menona'' D. S. Jordan & Copeland, 1877 * ''

Fundulus dispar The Starhead topminnow (''Fundulus dispar'') is a native United States species that ranges from the Ouachita River drainage in Louisiana, the Big Black river in Mississippi, and extends northward into the Mississippi River and Lake Michigan basin ...

'' (

Agassiz Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz ( ; ) FRS (For) FRSE (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born American biologist and geologist who is recognized as a scholar of Earth's natural history. Spending his early life in Switzerland, he rec ...

, 1854) (Starhead topminnow) * ''

Fundulus escambiae The russetfin topminnow (''Fundulus escambiae'') is a North American species of temperate freshwater killifish belonging to the genus ''Fundulus'' of the family Fundulidae Fundulidae is the family of topminnows and North American killifishes. ...

'' ( Bollman, 1887) (Russetfin topminnow) * ''

Fundulus euryzonus ''Fundulus'' is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the superfamily Funduloidea, family Fundulidae (of which it is the type genus). It belongs to the order of toothcarps (Cyprinodontiformes), and therein the large suborder Cyprinodontoidei. Mo ...

'' Suttkus & Cashner, 1981 (Broadstripe topminnow) * ''

Fundulus grandis The Gulf killifish (''Fundulus grandis'') is one of the largest members of the genus ''Fundulus''; it is capable of growing up to 7" in length, whereas the majority of other ''Fundulus'' reach a maximum length of 4". Therefore, ''F. grandis'' is ...

'' S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853 (Gulf killifish) * '' Fundulus grandissimus'' C. L. Hubbs, 1936 (Giant killifish) * '' Fundulus heteroclitus'' (Linnaeus, 1766) ** '' Fundulus heteroclitus heteroclitus'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, t ...

, 1766) (Mummichog) ** '' Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus'' ( Walbaum, 1792) * '' Fundulus jenkinsi'' ( Evermann, 1892) (Saltmarsh topminnow) * '' Fundulus julisia'' J. D. Williams & Etnier, 1982 (Barrens topminnow) * ''

Fundulus kansae ''Fundulus'' is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the superfamily Funduloidea, family Fundulidae (of which it is the type genus). It belongs to the order of toothcarps (Cyprinodontiformes), and therein the large suborder Cyprinodontoidei. Most of ...

'' Garman, 1895 (Northern plains killifish) * ''

Fundulus lima The Baja California killifish (''Fundulus lima'') is a killifish in the family Fundulidae. It is native to the Baja California Peninsula region of northwestern Mexico. This fish was described by L.L. Vaillant in 1894 with the type locality g ...

'' Vaillant, 1894 * '' Fundulus lineolatus'' (

, 1854) (Lined topminnow) * '' Fundulus luciae'' ( S. F. Baird, 1855) (Spotfin killifish) * ''

Fundulus majalis The striped killifish (''Fundulus majalis''), also called the striped mummichog, is a North American species of fundulid killifish. It lives in salt and brackish waters in shallow coastal regions from New Hampshire to Florida, and in the norther ...

'' ( Walbaum, 1792) (Striped killifish, Striped mummichog) * '' Fundulus notatus'' (

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...

, 1820) (

Blackstripe topminnow The blackstripe topminnow, ''Fundulus notatus'', is a small freshwater fish in the family Fundulidae, found in central North America. Distribution The blackstripe topminnow is found in Canada along a roughly 60 kilometre stretch of Ontario's Syd ...

) * '' Fundulus nottii'' (

, 1854) (Bayou topminnow) * '' Fundulus olivaceus'' ( D. H. Storer, 1845) (Blackspotted topminnow) * '' Fundulus parvipinnis'' Girard, 1854 (California killifish) * '' Fundulus persimilis'' R. R. Miller, 1955 (Yucatan killifish) * ''

Fundulus philpisteri ''Fundulus'' is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Funduloidea, family (biology), family Fundulidae (of which it is the type genus). It belongs to the order (biology), order of toothcarps (Cyprinodontiformes), and th ...

'' García-Ramírez, Contreras-Balderas & Lozano-Vilano, 2007 * '' Fundulus pulvereus'' ( Evermann, 1892) (Bayou killifish) * ''

Fundulus rathbuni ''Fundulus'' is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the superfamily Funduloidea, family Fundulidae (of which it is the type genus). It belongs to the order of toothcarps (Cyprinodontiformes), and therein the large suborder Cyprinodontoidei. Mo ...

'' D. S. Jordan & Meek, 1889 (Speckled killifish) * ''

Fundulus relictus Lover's Lake killifish (''Fundulus relictus'') is a rare, threatened species of killifish endemic to the Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. It was formerly described alongside its relatives as abunda ...

Able Able may refer to: * Able (1920 automobile), a small French cyclecar * Able (rocket stage), an upper stage for Vanguard, Atlas, and Thor rockets * Able (surname) * ABLE account, a savings plan for people with disabilities * Able UK, British ship ...

Felley Felley is a civil parish in the Ashfield district, in Nottinghamshire, England, located between Hucknall and Sutton-in-Ashfield. According to the 2001 census, the parish had a population of four. At the 2011 Census the population remained minimal ...

, 1988 (Lover's Lake killifish) * ''

Fundulus rubrifrons ''Fundulus'' is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Funduloidea, family (biology), family Fundulidae (of which it is the type genus). It belongs to the order (biology), order of toothcarps (Cyprinodontiformes), and th ...

'' ( D. S. Jordan, 1880) (Redface topminnow) * '' Fundulus saguanus'' Rivas, 1948 * '' Fundulus sciadicus''

Cope The cope (known in Latin as ''pluviale'' 'rain coat' or ''cappa'' 'cape') is a liturgical vestment, more precisely a long mantle or cloak, open in front and fastened at the breast with a band or clasp. It may be of any liturgical colours, litu ...

, 1865 (Plains topminnow) * '' Fundulus seminolis'' Girard, 1859 (Seminole killifish) * '' Fundulus similis'' ( S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853) (Longnose killifish) * ''

Fundulus stellifer The southern studfish (''Fundulus stellifer'') is a ray-finned fish of the family Fundulidae, the tooth carps, that is native to the southeastern United States. Description The southern studfish is long. The male has elongated posterior dorsal ...

'' ( D. S. Jordan, 1877) (Southern studfish) * ''

Fundulus waccamensis The Waccamaw killifish (''Fundulus waccamensis'') is a species of fish in the family Fundulidae. It is endemic to Lake Waccamaw, a lake in North Carolina, United States, and its tributaries. Distribution and habitat Reliable reports of this spec ...

'' C. L. Hubbs &

Raney Raney is a surname, and may refer to: *Albert Raney, Sr. (contemporary), developer of Mystic Caverns in Arkansas, USA * Catherine Raney (born 1980), American Olympic speed skater * Chad Raney (born 1970), American entrepreneur; founder of Lone Star ...

, 1946 (Waccamaw killifish) * ''

Fundulus xenicus The diamond killifish (''Fundulus xenicus'') is a species of North American killifish found in salt marshes, hypersaline flats and mangrove along the Gulf Coast of the United States. This species grows to a length of . It is found in the aquariu ...

'' Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 (Diamond killifish) * ''

Fundulus zebrinus ''Fundulus zebrinus'' is a species of fish in the Fundulidae known by the common name plains killifish. It is native to North America, where it is distributed throughout the Mississippi River, Colorado River, and Rio Grande drainages, and other r ...

'' D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1883 (Plains killifish) Formerly placed in ''Fundulus'' were the closely related diamond killifish ('' Adinia xenica'') and the somewhat more distantly related Cuban killifish ('' Cubanichthys cubensis'', a

pupfish Pupfish are a group of small killifish belonging to ten genera of the family Cyprinodontidae of ray-finned fish. Pupfish are especially noted for being found in extreme and isolated situations. They are primarily found in North America, South ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2359231 Freshwater fish genera Fundulidae Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède