Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as Harden-Young ester, is
fructose
Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a Ketose, ketonic monosaccharide, simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galacto ...
sugar
phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6 (i.e., is a
fructosephosphate Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose, and are common in the biochemistry of cells.
Fructosephosphates play integral roles in many metabolic pathways, particularly glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway ...
). The β-
D-form of this compound is common in
cells
Cell most often refers to:
* Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life
Cell may also refer to:
Locations
* Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...
. Upon entering the cell, most
glucose and fructose is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
In glycolysis
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate lies within the
glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose () into pyruvate (). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH ...
metabolic pathway and is produced by phosphorylation of
fructose 6-phosphate. It is, in turn, broken down into two compounds:
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and
dihydroxyacetone phosphate. It is an
allosteric
In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.
The site to which the effector binds is termed the ''allosteric site ...
activator of
pyruvate kinase through distinct interactions of binding and allostery at the enzyme's catalytic site
''The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate.''
Isomerism
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate has only one biologically active
isomer
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers.
Iso ...
, the β-
D-form. There are many other isomers, analogous to those of fructose.
Iron chelation
Fructose 1,6-bis(phosphate) has also been implicated in the ability to bind and sequester Fe(II), a soluble form of iron whose oxidation to the insoluble Fe(III) is capable of generating reactive oxygen species via
Fenton chemistry. The ability of fructose 1,6-bis(phosphate) to bind Fe(II) may prevent such electron transfers, and thus act as an antioxidant within the body. Certain neurodegenerative diseases, like
Alzheimer's
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As t ...
and
Parkinson's, have been linked to metal deposits with high iron content, although it is uncertain whether Fenton chemistry plays a substantial role in these diseases, or whether fructose 1,6-bis(phosphate) is capable of mitigating those effects.
See also
*
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fructosebisphosphate16
Monosaccharide derivatives
Organophosphates
Glycolysis