Fragile (Yes Album)
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''Fragile'' is the fourth studio album by the English
progressive rock Progressive rock (shortened as prog rock or simply prog) is a broad genre of rock music that primarily developed in the United Kingdom through the mid- to late 1960s, peaking in the early-to-mid-1970s. Initially termed " progressive pop", the ...
band Yes, released in the UK on 12 November 1971 and in the US on 4 January 1972 by
Atlantic Records Atlantic Recording Corporation (simply known as Atlantic Records) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson. Over the course of its first two decades, starting from the release of its first recor ...
. It was the band's first album to feature keyboardist Rick Wakeman, who replaced Tony Kaye after the group had finished touring their breakthrough record, '' The Yes Album'' (1971). The band entered rehearsals in London in August 1971, but Kaye's reluctance to play electronic keyboards led to his departure from the group. He was quickly replaced by Wakeman, whose virtuosity, compositional skills, and experience with the electric piano, organ, Mellotron, and Moog synthesiser expanded the band's sound. Due to budget and time constraints, four tracks on the album are group arrangements; the remaining five are short solo pieces by each band member. The opening track, " Roundabout", became a popular song. The artwork for the album was the band's first to be designed by Roger Dean, who would design many of their future covers. ''Fragile'' received a mostly positive reception, with some criticism directed at the solo tracks. It became a greater commercial success than its predecessor, reaching No. 4 on the US '' Billboard'' Top LPs chart and No. 7 on the
UK Albums Chart The Official Albums Chart is the United Kingdom's industry-recognised national record chart for album, albums. Entries are ranked by sales and audio streaming. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the O ...
. The Fragile Tour saw Yes perform over 100 dates across the UK and the US, during which they became a headlining act. An edited version of "Roundabout" was released as a single in the US in January 1972, which reached No. 13 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. ''Fragile'' was certified Platinum in the UK by the
British Phonographic Industry BPI (British Recorded Music Industry) Limited, trading as British Phonographic Industry (BPI), is the British recorded music industry's trade association. It runs the BRIT Awards; is home to the Mercury Prize; co-owns the Official Charts C ...
(BPI) and double platinum in the US by the
Recording Industry Association of America The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is a trade organization that represents the music recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors that the RIAA says "create, manufacture, and/o ...
(RIAA), where it has sold over two million copies. It has been remastered several times, with some containing previously unreleased tracks. Music critic Jim DeRogatis cited the album as "the prog album most celebrated by FM-rock radio."


Background and recording

On 31 July 1971, Yes performed the final concert of their 1970–71 tour at Crystal Palace Park, London in support of their previous album, '' The Yes Album'' (1971). The tour was significant for the band as it included their first set of gigs in the US which helped them gain momentum as ''The Yes Album'' and its single, " Your Move", reached the US top 40. The line-up during this time consisted of lead vocalist
Jon Anderson Jon Anderson (born John Roy Anderson, 25 October 1944) is a British, and latterly American, singer, songwriter and musician, best known as the former lead singer of the progressive rock band Yes (band), Yes, which he formed in 1968 with bassis ...
, bassist Chris Squire, drummer Bill Bruford, keyboardist Tony Kaye, and guitarist Steve Howe. Following the tour, Yes started work on their next studio album that was originally conceived as a
double Double, The Double or Dubble may refer to: Mathematics and computing * Multiplication by 2 * Double precision, a floating-point representation of numbers that is typically 64 bits in length * A double number of the form x+yj, where j^2=+1 * A ...
with a combination of studio and live tracks,Hedges, p. 59 but it could not be realised due to the increased amount of time required to make it. Ideas to record in
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,
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with producer Tom Dowd also never came to fruition. Rehearsals took place in August 1971 in a small studio in Shepherd Market in London. As recording began, Kaye was reluctant to expand his sound beyond his
Hammond organ The Hammond organ is an electric organ invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert, first manufactured in 1935. Multiple models have been produced, most of which use sliding #Drawbars, drawbars to vary sounds. Until 1975, sound was created ...
and piano and play newer instruments, like the Mellotron or Moog synthesiser, causing artistic disagreements with his bandmates, particularly Anderson and Squire. Kaye was sacked from Yes, and at manager Brian Lane's insistence, surrendered his royalties from the first three albums in exchange for a cash sum of around $10,000. A replacement was quickly found in Rick Wakeman, a classically trained pianist with experience playing a wide variety of keyboards. Wakeman was a member of the folk rock band
Strawbs The Strawbs are an English rock band founded in 1964 as the Strawberry Hill Boys. The band started out as a bluegrass group, but eventually moved on to other styles such as folk rock and progressive rock. They are best known for their hi ...
and an in-demand
session musician A session musician (also known as studio musician or backing musician) is a musician hired to perform in a recording session or a live performance. The term sideman is also used in the case of live performances, such as accompanying a reco ...
. He was offered a spot with
David Bowie David Robert Jones (8 January 194710 January 2016), known as David Bowie ( ), was an English singer, songwriter and actor. Regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Bowie was acclaimed by critics and musicians, pa ...
's touring band on the same day that he was asked to join Yes, but chose Yes due to the opportunity for more artistic freedom. He learned that the band were going to return to the US for another tour and flatly refused, but quickly realised that he was holding out on a good offer and accepted. Wakeman recalled the basis of " Roundabout" and " Heart of the Sunrise" were worked out by the end of his first day with the band. Squire spoke about that first session: "That marked the first real appearance of the Mellotron and Moog synthesiser on that—adding the flavour of those instruments to a piece we'd basically already worked out".Hedges, p. 58 Wakeman was surprised to see how often the group argued amongst themselves, and at one point shortly after his arrival thought they were going to split. Recording took place in August and September 1971 at Advision Studios using a 16-track tape machine. Eddy Offord, who served as a recording engineer on '' Time and a Word'' (1970), assumed his role while sharing production duties with the band. ''
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'' reported that the album cost $30,000 to produce. According to Michael Tait, the band's lighting director, Lane came up with the album's title while on the phone to "some press guy" enquiring about it: "He was looking at some photos from that Crystal Palace gig, saw the monitors at the front of the stage and, like all equipment, they had 'Fragile' stamped on the back". Bruford claimed he in fact suggested the title because he thought the band "was breakable" at the time.Bruford, p. 72 While the band were recording, Wakeman remembered children being brought into the studio to watch them play.


Composition and music

''Fragile'' contains nine tracks; four are "group arranged and performed" with the remaining five being "the individual ideas, personally arranged and organised" by the five members, as described in the liner notes. Squire reasoned that this approach was necessary in part to save time and reduce studio costs: "We have a lot of mouths to feed. Rick ... had to buy a vast amount of new equipment when he joined, and it all costs much more money than people seem to imagine." According to Bruford: "There was this endless discussion about how the band could be used ... I felt we could use all five musicians differently ... So I said—brightly—'Why don't we do some individual things, whereby we all use the group for our own musical fantasy? I'll be the director, conductor, and maestro for the day, then you do your track, and so on.'" Wakeman commented on the album's structure: "Some critics thought this was just being flash. The thinking behind this was that we realised there would be a lot of new listeners coming to the band. They could find out where each individual player's contribution lay."Welch, p. 117


Side one

" Roundabout" was written by Anderson and Howe and has become an iconic track and is one of Yes's best-known songs. Howe recalled that the track was originally "a guitar instrumental suite ... I sort of write a song without a song. All the ingredients are there—all that's missing is the song. "Roundabout" was a bit like that; there was a structure, a melody and a few lines."Morse, p. 28 The introduction was created by two piano chords played backwards,Morse, p. 29 and Howe recorded the acoustic guitar part in the studio corridor as the recording room made it "sound too dead". Wakeman's Hammond organ solo was recorded in one take, and credits Bruford who advised him to hold back on his performance during run-throughs of the song but to "go for it" when recording. "Cans and Brahms" is Wakeman's adaptation of an excerpt of the third movement of Symphony No. 4 in E minor by
Johannes Brahms Johannes Brahms (; ; 7 May 1833 – 3 April 1897) was a German composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period (music), Romantic period. His music is noted for its rhythmic vitality and freer treatment of dissonance, oft ...
, with an electric piano used for the string section, grand piano for the woodwinds, organ for the brass, electric harpsichord for reeds, and synthesiser as contrabassoon. Wakeman said the piece took an estimated 15 hours to create in the studio, and said it was most likely Bruford who inspired its title from looking at Wakeman playing each section while wearing his headphones. He looked back on the piece as "dreadful", as contractual problems with
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, with whom he was signed as a solo artist, prevented him from writing a composition of his own. Anderson described "We Have Heaven" as a "rolling idea of voices and things", with its two main sets of chants containing the phrases "Tell the Moon dog, tell the March hare" and "He is here, to look around".Welch, p. 116 The track ends with the sound of a door closing followed by running footsteps, which segues into the atmospheric introduction to the next track, the group arranged " South Side of the Sky". Wakeman contributed piano interludes to the track and "Heart of the Sunrise", but did not receive credit because of publishing disputes with his two contracts. Although he was promised money by executives at Atlantic, he claims he never received it and avoided making a fuss because he was keen to be part of the music.


Side two

Side two opens with Bruford's track, " Five per Cent for Nothing". With a running time of thirty-five seconds, it is his "first attempt at composition—but we've all got to start somewhere".Morse, p. 31 According to Tait, its original title was "Suddenly It's Wednesday", but it was changed in reference to Yes paying off their former manager Roy Flynn with the deal of five percent of future royalties. Yes performed the track live in 2014 and 2016 on tours that featured ''Fragile'' performed in its entirety. Howe said the secret to playing it successfully was to finish together. During rehearsals he kept close track of the beat count and would cue the rest of the band to it by dropping his guitar's headstock. Even with that, it took considerable practice for all musicians to end on the same beat. Anderson's lyrics to " Long Distance Runaround" address "the craziness of religion" and how people are "taught that Christianity is the only way", which he called a "stupid doctrine". The lyrics to the second verse were inspired by the Kent State shootings in 1970 and the US government's crackdown on young people for criticising the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
. The song segues, after Howe plays a guitar run with an Echoplex delay effect, into Squire's solo track, "The Fish (Schindleria Praematurus)". Tait recalled that Anderson called him from Advision one evening and said, 'I want the name of a prehistoric fish in eight syllables. Call me back in half an hour'". Tait subsequently found '' Schindleria praematurus'', a
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
of marine fish, in a copy of ''
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''.Hedges, p. 62 "Mood for a Day" is Howe's solo track, which was his second acoustic guitar solo put on a Yes album, following "Clap". He played a Conde flamenco guitar, but considers the album version substandard in comparison to how he learned to play it on stage years later. " Heart of the Sunrise" originated as a love song that Anderson wrote for his then-wife Jennifer, which covered the sunrise and the inability for humans to fully understand it, and the "excitement and friction" of London's streets and one man feeling lost in it. The track is where Wakeman's classically trained background came into play; he introduced the band to recapitulation, a musical concept where previous segments in a piece are revisited.Morse, p. 32 Bruford considers it as the group's breakthrough piece in terms of originality: "It had the drama and the poise and the kind of fey, pastoral English-y lyrics at the beginning where the music all gives way to a slightly feminine vocal." Howe originally played the song on the ES-5 Switchmaster, but it failed to produce satisfactory results. He found success with his Gibson ES-175. Several seconds after the song, the sound of a door opening is heard before a reprise of "We Have Heaven" is played, acting as a
hidden track In the field of recorded music, a hidden track (sometimes called a ghost track, secret track or unlisted track) is a song or a piece of audio that has been placed on a CD, audio cassette, LP record, or other recorded medium, in such a way as t ...
.


Artwork

''Fragile'' marks the start of the band's long association with English artist Roger Dean, who would design many of their future album covers, their logo, and live stage sets. In 1971 Dean submitted a portfolio to Phil Carson, then European General Manager of
Atlantic Records Atlantic Recording Corporation (simply known as Atlantic Records) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson. Over the course of its first two decades, starting from the release of its first recor ...
, who said he would contact Dean for work when one of his bands needed a cover artist, which became Yes. Prior to starting on the cover, Dean had come up with a
creation myth A creation myth or cosmogonic myth is a type of cosmogony, a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it., "Creation myths are symbolic stories describing how the universe and its inhabitants came to be. Cre ...
narrative about a child who dreamt she was living on a planet that started breaking up, so they built a "space ark" to find another planet to live on while towing the broken pieces with them. Dean was aware that the album's title described "the psyche" of the group at the time, which influenced his "very literal" design of a fragile
bonsai Bonsai (; , ) is the Japanese art of Horticulture, growing and shaping miniature trees in containers, with a long documented history of influences and native Japanese development over a thousand years, and with unique aesthetics, cultural hist ...
world that was going to break up.Welch, p. 119 The band had wished for an image of a fractured piece of
porcelain Porcelain (), also called china, is a ceramic material made by heating Industrial mineral, raw materials, generally including kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between . The greater strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to oth ...
, but Dean ended up breaking the planet into two pieces as a compromise. Dean produced three versions of the cover with the planet in green, red, and blue, in an attempt to "get the right look." Bruford thought Dean "brilliantly parlayed that idea ne of ''Fragile''up to the prescient image of the fragile planet earth, with implications of a delicate and breakable eco-system." Dean continued the narrative in his artwork for Yes's first live album, '' Yessongs'' (1973), but his style had evolved by this time and the planet no longer looked like the ''Fragile'' original. The LP's accompanying booklet contains two additional Dean paintings; the front cover depicts five creatures huddled under a
root In vascular plants, the roots are the plant organ, organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often bel ...
system, and the back depicts a person climbing up a rock formation. The inside features several photographs of the band with a page dedicated to each member, with smaller illustrations and photographs of their wives and children. Anderson's page contains a short poem, and Wakeman's includes a list of acknowledgements, including
Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition and proficiency from an early age ...
, The White Bear pub in
Hounslow Hounslow ( ) is a large suburban district of West London, England, west-southwest of Charing Cross. It is the administrative centre of the London Borough of Hounslow, and is identified in the London Plan as one of the 14 metropolitan cen ...
, and Brentford F.C.


Release

''Fragile'' was released on 12 November 1971 in the UK. It was originally set for release a month prior, but the US division of Atlantic Records were concerned of bootlegged copies arriving early in the US and delayed its release. In addition ''The Yes Album'' and the single " Your Move" had started to gain momentum on the US charts, and Atlantic were not keen to put out a new release so soon. By December 1971, an estimated 10,000 copies of ''Fragile'' had made their way to the US. ''Fragile'' was released in the US on 4 January 1972. It peaked at number 4 on the U.S. '' Billboard'' Top LPs chart and number 7 in the UK. In March 1972, the album reached Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In 1998, it was certified double Platinum for selling 2 million copies in the US. ''Fragile'' was certified Silver by the
British Phonographic Industry BPI (British Recorded Music Industry) Limited, trading as British Phonographic Industry (BPI), is the British recorded music industry's trade association. It runs the BRIT Awards; is home to the Mercury Prize; co-owns the Official Charts C ...
for 300,000 copies sold. "Roundabout" was released as a single in the US with a shortened duration of 3:27, with "Long Distance Runaround" on the B-side. The cut was done by Atlantic's radio department without the band's knowledge, and Anderson and Howe were particularly shocked at the severe edits, but Anderson said it helped boost Yes's popularity and more people turned out to see them. It peaked at No. 13 on the ''Billboard'' Pop Singles chart in April 1972.


Reissues

''Fragile'' was first reissued on CD in the United States and Europe in 1990. A remastered edition for CD and cassette by Joe Gastwirt followed in 1994, which includes a reprise of "We Have Heaven" after "Heart of the Sunrise" for a track running time of 11:32. In 2002, Rhino and
Elektra Records Elektra Records (or Elektra Entertainment) is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of contemporary folk and rock music between the ...
released ''Fragile'' in stereo and 5.1 surround sound mixes for the DVD-Audio format. The band's cover of "America" is included, along with other supplemental features. 2003 saw Rhino and Elektra put out a new remastered CD conducted by Dan Hersch, with "America" and an early rough mix of "Roundabout" as bonus tracks. In 2006, two new " audiophile" remasters were released. Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab put out a "24 KT Gold" edition for CD headed by Shawn Britton, and a 200-gram LP from Analogue Productions by Kevin Gray and Steve Hoffman. Warner Japan released ''Fragile'' in 2011 in a hybrid stereo/multi-channel edition for the
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format as part of their Warner Premium Sound series. The 2003 reissue was included in the album box set ''The Studio Albums, 1969–1987'', released in 2013. ''Fragile'' was released in a new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mix on CD, DVD-Audio, and
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by Steven Wilson, on 30 October 2015. The Blu-ray disc features six previously unreleased tracks. A six-disc super deluxe edition of ''Fragile'' was released on 28 June 2024 featuring a new Steven Wilson 5.1 surround sound, stereo, Dolby Atmos, and instrumental mix along with remaster of the original mix. The box set also came with two discs of rarities and live material (notable performances from 19 February 1972 concert in Academy of Music, New York).


Critical reception

''Fragile'' received a mostly positive reception upon its release. ''Billboard'' magazine selected the album in its "Billboard Pick" feature, describing it as "vibrant, soothing, tumultuous, placid and instrumentally brilliant" and Anderson's vocals "deliciously ingratiating". In his review for ''Rolling Stone'', Richard Cromelin pointed out the album's "gorgeous melodies, intelligent, carefully crafted, constantly surprising arrangements, concise and energetic performances" and "cryptic but evocative lyrics", but pointed out that Yes "tend to succumb to the show-off syndrome. Their music (notably "We Have Heaven") often seems designed only to impress and tries too hard to call attention to itself". Kurt White reviewed the album in '' The Daily Reporter'', calling Wakeman a "very talented organist". He named "Roundabout" the album's finest cut, "an eight-minute masterpiece incorporating unusual rhythm and music". He notes that despite its "limitations and faults", ''Fragile'' remains "interesting and enjoyable". ''
Melody Maker ''Melody Maker'' was a British weekly music magazine, one of the world's earliest music weeklies; according to its publisher, IPC Media, the earliest. In January 2001, it was merged into "long-standing rival" (and IPC Media sister publicatio ...
'' gave a mixed review on 20 November 1971. It opened with: "'Fragile' does not seem to go anywhere or have any theme except displaying Yes' technical ability ... It's not until 'Heart of the Sunrise' that they get there. It's all a little too much like exercises, clever and beautifully played". The review praised "Roundabout" for Howe's guitar work and compared its style to "Yours is No Disgrace" from ''The Yes Album''. Ed Keheller for ''
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'' magazine summarised his review of the album with "''Fragile'' is unquestionably their most cohesive and mettlesome undertaking". In 2005, ''Fragile'' was included in the musical reference publication '' 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die''. In his review for
AllMusic AllMusic (previously known as All-Music Guide and AMG) is an American online database, online music database. It catalogs more than three million album entries and 30 million tracks, as well as information on Musical artist, musicians and Mus ...
, Bruce Eder gave the album five stars out of five. He writes: "''Fragile'' was Yes' breakthrough album, propelling them in a matter of weeks from a cult act to an international phenomenon; not coincidentally, it also marked the point where all of the elements of the music (and more) that would define their success for more than a decade fell into place fully formed. The science-fiction and fantasy elements that had driven the more successful songs on ... ''The Yes Album'', were pushed much harder here, and not just in the music but in the packaging of the album: the Roger Dean-designed cover was itself a fascinating creation that seemed to relate to the music and drew the purchaser's attention in a manner that few records since the heyday of the psychedelic era could match." In 2014, readers of ''
Rhythm Rhythm (from Greek , ''rhythmos'', "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a " movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions". This general meaning of regular r ...
'' voted it the sixth greatest drumming album in the history of progressive rock.


Track listing

Details are taken from the 1971 US Atlantic album (UK release does not list running times); other releases may show different information.


2024 Super Deluxe Edition


Personnel

Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Yes *
Jon Anderson Jon Anderson (born John Roy Anderson, 25 October 1944) is a British, and latterly American, singer, songwriter and musician, best known as the former lead singer of the progressive rock band Yes (band), Yes, which he formed in 1968 with bassis ...
 – lead and backing vocals * Steve Howe – electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals * Chris Squire – bass guitars, backing vocals, additional electric guitar * Rick Wakeman –
Hammond organ The Hammond organ is an electric organ invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert, first manufactured in 1935. Multiple models have been produced, most of which use sliding #Drawbars, drawbars to vary sounds. Until 1975, sound was created ...
,
grand piano A piano is a keyboard instrument that produces sound when its keys are depressed, activating an Action (music), action mechanism where hammers strike String (music), strings. Modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, tuned to a c ...
, RMI 368 Electra-Piano and Harpsichord, Mellotron, Minimoog synthesiser * Bill Bruford – drums, percussion Production *Yes – production * Eddy Offord – engineer, production *Gary Martin – assistant engineer * Roger Dean – artwork, photography *David Wright – colour photo of Bruford on drums * Brian Lane – bank loan arrangement


Charts


Weekly charts


Year-end charts


Certifications


Notes


References


Sources

* * * * * * *


External links

* Official Yes website a
YesWorld
{{Authority control Yes (band) albums Albums with cover art by Roger Dean (artist) 1971 albums Atlantic Records albums Albums produced by Eddy Offord Albums produced by Jon Anderson Albums produced by Bill Bruford Albums produced by Steve Howe (musician) Albums produced by Chris Squire Albums produced by Rick Wakeman