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Fowlpox is the worldwide disease of
Fowlpox is a common disease in backyard chickens that have not been vaccinated. Most birds survive the infections, although very young or weak birds may be lost. The lesions initially looks like a whitish blister and appear on the comb, wattles and other skin areas. In rare cases lesions can be found on the body, legs and even sometimes the softer parts of the beak. The blisters develop into a dark scab and take about three weeks to heal and drop off. Fowlpox lesions, when in the infected birds mouth and throat can cause difficulty breathing, even death. Scarring may result and consequently exhibition poultry breeders prefer to vaccinate and avoid this disease. Management of the mosquito population can help reduce outbreaks of fowlpox.
Fowlpox has demonstrated the capacity to contain integrated sequence from Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Integrated sequence of REV may contain the complete REV provirus sequence or fragments of genome sequence. Not all fowlpox isolates contain REV integrates. Studies analyzing samples from 50 years ago have detected evidence of REV integrated sequences suggesting the integration of REV may not be a new emergence. Fowlpox with integrated REV sequences have been identified in some live fowlpox vaccine lots, in backyard chickens and in wild birds. Fowlpox infections with integrated REV sequence are linked with the development of lymphoma.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Dry pox is the most common and develops as wart-like eruptions. Fleshy pale lumps form yellow pimples that may enlarge and run together to form masses of yellow crusts. These scabs darken and fall off in about a week. They occur mainly on the comb, wattle and face but can occur on other parts of the body. Wet pox (diphtheritic) forms as ulcerous cheesy masses in the mouth, nose and sometimes throat areas, which can interfere with eating and breathing. Birds with wet pox can appear unwell and in some cases may die. Mortality is usually low in affected flocks. Reduced egg production and poor weight gains are the greatest impacts.
Fowl Pox Vaccine 2023: A Breakthrough in Poultry Health
poultrypioneers.net
Fowlpox - CABI datasheet
Fowlpox in Chickens and Turkeys - Poultry - MSD Veterinary Manual, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
Fowlpox at Backyard Poultry
Information and pictures.
Species Profile - Fowlpox (''Avipoxvirus'')
National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Fowlpox. {{Authority control Chordopoxvirinae Poultry diseases Animal viral diseases
poultry
Poultry () are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of harvesting animal products such as meat, Eggs as food, eggs or feathers. The practice of animal husbandry, raising poultry is known as poultry farming. These birds are most typ ...
caused by virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living Cell (biology), cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are ...
es of the family ''Poxviridae
''Poxviridae'' is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. The family contains 22 genera that are assigned to two subfamilies: ''Chordopoxvirinae'' and ''Entomopoxvirinae''. ''Entomopoxvirinae'' ...
'' and the genus '' Avipoxvirus''. The viruses causing fowlpox are distinct from one another but antigen
In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response.
...
ically similar, possible hosts including chicken
The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated subspecies of the red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus''), originally native to Southeast Asia. It was first domesticated around 8,000 years ago and is now one of the most common and w ...
s, turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
s, quail
Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in the order Galliformes. The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey, or bevy.
Old World quail are placed in the family Phasianidae, and New ...
, canaries, pigeon
Columbidae is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with small heads, relatively short necks and slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. ...
s, and many other species of birds. There are two forms of the disease. The first (dry form) is spread by biting insects (especially mosquito
Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a Family (biology), family of small Diptera, flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word ''mosquito'' (formed by ''Musca (fly), mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish and Portuguese for ''little fly''. Mos ...
es) and wound contamination, and causes lesions on the comb
A comb is a tool consisting of a shaft that holds a row of teeth for pulling through the hair to clean, untangle, or style it. Combs have been used since prehistoric times, having been discovered in very refined forms from settlements dating ba ...
, wattles, and beak
The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure found mostly in birds, but also in turtles, non-avian dinosaurs and a few mammals. A beak is used for pecking, grasping, and holding (in probing for food, eating, manipulating and ...
. Birds affected by this form usually recover within a few weeks. The second (wet form) is contracted by inhalation or ingestion of the virus via dust (i.e. dander, representing virus-infected cells shed from cutaneous lesions) or aerosols, leading to the 'diphtheritic form' of the disease, in which diphtheritic membranes form in the mouth, pharynx
The pharynx (: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the human mouth, mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea (the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs respectively). It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates ...
, larynx
The larynx (), commonly called the voice box, is an organ (anatomy), organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. The opening of larynx into pharynx known as the laryngeal ...
, and sometimes the trachea
The trachea (: tracheae or tracheas), also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all animals' lungs. The trachea extends from ...
. The prognosis for this form is poor.
Fowlpox in chickens
Fowlpox is a common disease in backyard chickens that have not been vaccinated. Most birds survive the infections, although very young or weak birds may be lost. The lesions initially looks like a whitish blister and appear on the comb, wattles and other skin areas. In rare cases lesions can be found on the body, legs and even sometimes the softer parts of the beak. The blisters develop into a dark scab and take about three weeks to heal and drop off. Fowlpox lesions, when in the infected birds mouth and throat can cause difficulty breathing, even death. Scarring may result and consequently exhibition poultry breeders prefer to vaccinate and avoid this disease. Management of the mosquito population can help reduce outbreaks of fowlpox.
Fowlpox has demonstrated the capacity to contain integrated sequence from Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). Integrated sequence of REV may contain the complete REV provirus sequence or fragments of genome sequence. Not all fowlpox isolates contain REV integrates. Studies analyzing samples from 50 years ago have detected evidence of REV integrated sequences suggesting the integration of REV may not be a new emergence. Fowlpox with integrated REV sequences have been identified in some live fowlpox vaccine lots, in backyard chickens and in wild birds. Fowlpox infections with integrated REV sequence are linked with the development of lymphoma.
Clinical signs
There are 2 types of fowlpox: wet pox and dry pox. In all outbreaks, wart-like lumps are visible on many birds, which is a reliable guide to diagnosis. Text was copied from this source, which is available underCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Dry pox is the most common and develops as wart-like eruptions. Fleshy pale lumps form yellow pimples that may enlarge and run together to form masses of yellow crusts. These scabs darken and fall off in about a week. They occur mainly on the comb, wattle and face but can occur on other parts of the body. Wet pox (diphtheritic) forms as ulcerous cheesy masses in the mouth, nose and sometimes throat areas, which can interfere with eating and breathing. Birds with wet pox can appear unwell and in some cases may die. Mortality is usually low in affected flocks. Reduced egg production and poor weight gains are the greatest impacts.
Treatment
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological Dosage form, preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease, infectious or cancer, malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verifi ...
s are available for fowlpox (ATCvet
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System is a drug classification system that classifies the active ingredients of drugs according to the organ or system on which they act and their therapeutic, pharmacological and chemica ...
code: ). Chicken are usually vaccinated with '' pigeonpox virus''. This vaccine is usually given to chickens when between the age of 8–14 weeks of age, via the wing web method of injection. When a bird is given the vaccine they are exposed to a mild version of the active virus, so they should be completely healthy to prevent severe illness. Turkeys are also routinely vaccinated. Once a bird is infected there are no treatments, just preventive measures including the vaccine and mosquito management.poultrypioneers.net
See also
* Turkeypox * PigeonpoxReferences
External links
Fowlpox - CABI datasheet
Fowlpox in Chickens and Turkeys - Poultry - MSD Veterinary Manual, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
Fowlpox at Backyard Poultry
Information and pictures.
Species Profile - Fowlpox (''Avipoxvirus'')
National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Fowlpox. {{Authority control Chordopoxvirinae Poultry diseases Animal viral diseases