The Ford Pinto engine was the unofficial name for a four-cylinder

internal combustion engine An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal co ...

built by Ford Europe. In Ford sales literature, it was referred to as the EAO or OHC engine and because it was designed to the metric system, it was sometimes called the " metric engine". The internal Ford codename for the unit was the T88-series engine. European Ford service literature refers to it as the Taunus In-Line engine (hence the TL codenames). In North America it was known as the Lima In-Line (LL), or simply the Lima engine due to its being manufactured at Lima Engine in

Lima, Ohio Lima ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Allen County, Ohio, United States. The municipality is located in northwest Ohio along Interstate 75 approximately north of Dayton, southwest of Toledo, and southeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana. As o ...

. It was used in many European Ford

cars A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded as t ...

and was exported to the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...

to be used in the

Ford Pinto The Ford Pinto is a subcompact car that was manufactured and marketed by Ford Motor Company in North America from 1971 until 1980 model years. The Pinto was the first subcompact vehicle produced by Ford in North America. The Pinto was marketed ...

, a successful

subcompact car Subcompact car is a North American classification for cars smaller than a compact car. It is broadly equivalent to the B-segment (Europe), supermini (Great Britain) or A0-class (China) classifications. According to the U.S. Environmental Pr ...

of the 1970s, hence the name which is used most often for the unit. In Britain, it is commonly used in many

kit car A kit car is an automobile available as a set of parts that a manufacturer sells and the buyer then assembles into a functioning car. Usually, many of the major mechanical systems such as the engine and transmission are sourced from donor v ...

s and

hot rods Hot rods are typically American cars that might be old, classic, or modern and that have been rebuilt or modified with large engines optimised for speed and acceleration. One definition is: "a car that's been stripped down, souped up and made ...

, especially in the 2-litre size.

Pinto OHC (TL)

In Europe, the Pinto OHC was introduced in 1970 to replace the Essex V4 used in the Corsair as that range was subsumed into the Mk3

Cortina Cortina may refer to: Things * Cortina (tango), a short piece of music played during a tango dance event * Ford Cortina, a medium-sized family car built by Ford of Britain from 1962 to 1982 **Lotus Cortina, a 1963–1968 performance variant on the ...

and Taunus V4 for the German Fords range (mainly the new

Taunus The Taunus is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany, located north of Frankfurt. The tallest peak in the range is ''Großer Feldberg'' at 878 m; other notable peaks are ''Kleiner Feldberg'' (825 m) and '' Altkönig'' (798 m). The Taunus range spans ...

TC). It was the first Ford engine to feature a belt-driven

overhead camshaft An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine where the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combustion ...

(thus the name). Early Pinto engines suffered from excessive cam and follower wear, this was later addressed by nitriding the cam lobes and followers, and the fitment of a spray bar, which sprayed oil directly at the camshaft. All standard production Pinto engines had a cast iron cylinder block and a cast iron, crossflow, single overhead camshaft cylinder head with two valves per cylinder operated by finger followers. Applications: * Ford Taunus/

Ford Cortina The Ford Cortina is a medium-sized family car that was built initially by Ford of Britain, and then Ford of Europe in various guises from 1962 to 1982, and was the United Kingdom's best-selling car of the 1970s. The Cortina was produced in fi ...

(TC1 (1970-76), TC2 (1976-82)) * Ford Escort Mk1 RS2000 * Ford Escort Mk2 RS2000, Mexico *

Ford Capri The Ford Capri is a fastback coupé built by Ford of Europe, designed by Philip T. Clark, who was also involved in the design of the Ford Mustang. It used the mechanical components from the Mk2 Ford Cortina and was intended as the European ...

(Mk2 & Mk3 (1974-86)) *

Ford Sierra The Ford Sierra is a mid-size car or large family car manufactured and marketed by Ford Europe from 1982-1993, designed by Uwe Bahnsen, Robert Lutz and Patrick le Quément — and noted for its aerodynamic styling producing a drag coeffici ...

(1982-1992) * Ford Granada Mk1&2 (Mk1 (1974-77); Mk2 (1977-85)) * Ford Scorpio/Granada Mk3 *

Ford Transit The Ford Transit is a family of light commercial vehicles manufactured by the Ford Motor Company since 1965, primarily as a cargo van, but also available in other configurations including a large passenger van (marketed as the Ford Tourneo i ...

(1978-1994) *

TVR Tasmin 200 Tasmin is a female given name. People with the name Tasmin include: * Tasmin Archer (born 1963), English pop singer * Tasmin Little (born 1965), English classical violinist * Tasmin Lucia-Khan (born 1980), British journalist and news presenter * Ta ...

The Pinto engine was available in five displacements: , earlier , later , and the . Later . Due to emission requirements, it was phased out towards the end of the 1980s to be replaced by the CVH engine and DOHC engine, the latter being (contrary to popular belief) a completely new design and not a twin-cam development of the Pinto unit. The only

DOHC An overhead camshaft (OHC) engine is a piston engine where the camshaft is located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier overhead valve engines (OHV), where the camshaft is located below the combustion ch ...

direct derivative of Pinto engine is the Cosworth YB 16-valve engine, powering

and Ford Escort RS Cosworth variants and featuring a cast aluminium alloy cylinder head developed specially by Cosworth fitted to a modified Pinto cast iron block. The final Pinto engines used in Ford of Europe production vehicles were the litre versions used in the Sierra until 1991, and the last units were used in the Transit until 1994.

1.3 (TL13)

The smallest member of the family was the which had a bore and stroke. It was produced in two

compression ratio The compression ratio is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine at their maximum and minimum values. A fundamental specification for such engines, it is measured two ways: the stat ...

versions: * TL13L – the low compression (LC) variant, which developed / depending on

carburetor A carburetor (also spelled carburettor) is a device used by an internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine. The primary method of adding fuel to the intake air is through the venturi tube in the main meter ...

model, had a compression ratio of 8.0:1 and the engine codes started with 'JA' * TL13H — the high compression (HC) variant, which developed / depending on carburetor model had a compression ratio of 9.0:1 and the engine codes started with 'JC' The fuel was supplied by the

Motorcraft Motorcraft is an auto part brand owned and operated by Ford Motor Company. Products under the "Motorcraft" brand include spark plugs, batteries, brakes, fuel filter, A/C condensers and accumulators, motor oil, automatic transmission fluid, amo ...

single-barrel (1V) carburetor in the early models (until April 1979), and

VV ("variable venturi") carburetor for the vehicles built after April 1979. Applications: * 1970–1982 Ford Taunus (engine codes JAA/JCA, JAC/JCC, JAR/JCR) * 1972–1974

(engine code JCE) * 1982–1984

(engine code JCT)

1.6 (TL16)

Early low compression variant (TL16L)

Initially, the had a bore of and shared the crankshaft with the 1.3 L model with a stroke of giving the displacement of . The TL16L had a compression ratio of 8.2:1 and developed of power and of torque depending on the carburettor and application. As the 1.3 L model, it used the

1V and, later, the

VV carburetors. The engine code of the low compression variant started with 'LA'. Applications: * 1970–1982 Ford Taunus /

(engine codes LAA, LAD, LAR) * 1979–1986

(engine code LAT) * 1975–1985

(engine codes LAC, LAN)

Early high compression variant (TL16H)

The HC version of the early had the same bore and stroke as the LC version, but the compression ratio was higher (9.2:1), allowing it to produce of power and of torque. It used the same carburetor models as the low compression version (

1V and

VV). Applications: * 1970–1982 Ford Taunus /

(engine codes LCA, LCJ, LCR) * 1982–1984

(engine codes LCT, LCS) * 1975–1985

(engine codes LCE, LCN) * 1981–1985 Ford Granada (engine code LCK) * 1983–1984 Anadol A8-16 SL

Increased performance (GT) variant (TL16G)

From the beginning of the production run, the had a special, 'sporty' version which featured: * modified cylinder head (larger inlet valves and 2.0 L camshaft with higher valve lifts) * DGAV 32/36

Weber carburetor Weber Carburetors is an automotive manufacturing company founded in 1923, known for their carburetors. History Eduardo Weber began his automotive career working for Fiat, first at their Turin plant (in 1914) and later at a dealership in Bologna ...

* tubular exhaust manifold With such an improvement package, the engine produced of power and of torque. Applications: * 1970–1973 Ford Taunus GT (engine code LEA) * 1970–1976 Ford Taunus GXL (engine code LEA) 1970-1976 Ford Cortina GT (engine code LEA) * 1970–1976

GXL (engine code LEA) * 1976–1982 Ford Taunus /

S / GLS / Ghia S (engine codes LEC, LEE) * 1975–1978 Ford Escort Mexico * 1972–1976

GT (engine codes LEC, LEE)

Late variant (TL16E)

At the beginning of 1984, Ford Pinto engine displacement range switched from 1.3/1.6/2.0 to 1.6/1.8/2.0. The newly introduced 1.8 L engine used the 2.0 L crankshaft, so to uniform engine parts for the whole range after dropping the 1.3 L — the 1.6 L was redesigned to also take the 2.0 L crankshaft which had a stroke. This of course led to bringing the bore down to to keep the displacement within range — it was now . The TL16E became now the only available 1.6 L engine of the Pinto range. Although the compression ratio was raised to 9.5:1, the power figures did not differ much from the earlier TL16H version — the engine developed of power and of torque. This engine is sometimes referred to as 1.6 E-Max engine. Applications: * 1984–1989

(engine codes LSE, LSD)

1.8 (TL18H)

The Pinto engine was introduced in 1984 as a replacement for the "old" 1.6 L. The engine had an bore and stroke giving the displacement of . Output was of power and . Fuel was supplied by the Pierburg 2E3 28/32 carburetor. Applications: * 1984–1989

(engine codes REB, RED, REF) * 1985–1992

Ford Scorpio The Ford Scorpio is an executive car that was produced by Ford Europe from 1985 to 1998. It was the replacement for the European Ford Granada line (although in the UK and Ireland the Scorpio was marketed under the Granada name until 1994). L ...

(engine code REC)

2.0 (TL20)

The was used in many Ford vehicles from the early 1970s. Due to its robustness and high tuning potential, it was often used as an aftermarket engine upgrade or base for building race and rally engines — not exclusively in Ford cars. The engine has bore of and stroke giving the displacement of . It was manufactured in several variants:

Low compression variant (TL20L)

Three completely different LC variants of the 2.0 L were produced. One was used on the 1970–1982 Ford Taunus export version to Sweden — fitted with the Weber DGAV 32/32 carburetor and compression ratio lowered to 8.2:1 to meet the rigorous emission specifications; it delivered of power and of torque. The second one was used on 1978–1991

s and P100 models. With modified induction and Motorcraft 1V carburetor, it produced of power and of torque available at only 2800 rpm. The compression ratio in this case was also 8.2:1. The Transits also used the third variant called the "Economy" engine. The power figure of this one was even lower — it developed only . Applications: * 1970–1982 Ford Taunus Sweden export version (engine code NA) * 1978–1994

(engine codes NAT, NAV, NAW, NAX, NBA) * 1988–1993 Ford P100 (engine code NAE) * 1977–1986

"Economy" version (engine code NUT)

Standard (high compression) variant (TL20H)

Although Ford marked its standard 2.0 L engine as HC, it actually uses engine codes meant for the 'increased performance variant' engines (coding starting with 'NE'), these have a compression ratio of to 9.2:1. This engine used different carburettor models across the years: * Weber DGAV 32/36 - on all cars up to 1987 * Weber DFTH 30/34 - from 1987 until the end of production run (1989) * Weber DFAV 32/36 - on engines exported to USA The engine produced of power and of torque, though a few models with a higher output were produced (for example an version used in 1976 Ford Escort RS2000). Applications: * 1973–1980 Ford Escort RS2000 (engine codes NEA, NE) * 1974–1982 Ford Taunus /

(engine codes NEG, NER) * 1975–1985

(engine codes NEE, NEN) * 1973–1984 Ford Granada (engine codes NEB, NEH, NEK) * 1983–1989

(engine codes NES, NET, NEJ, NE5) * 1985–1989 Ford Granada and

(engine code NEL, NER, NE4) * 1971–1974

Injection variant (TL20EFI)

The injected 2.0 L used the Ford EEC-IV engine control system which brought the output up to of power and of torque, although much of this increased performance can be attributed to the improved design of the EFI variants cylinder head. As the EEC-IV installation on most of those engines contains some

Bosch Bosch may refer to: People * Bosch (surname) * Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450 – 1516), painter * Van den Bosch, a Dutch toponymic surname * Carl Bosch, a German chemical engineer and nephew of Robert Bosch * Robert Bosch, founder of Robert Bosch Gm ...

parts that are easily visible in the engine compartment (air flow meter of the electromechanical "flap" type, injectors, fuel pressure regulator etc.), it is often - but falsely believed that they are fitted with the Bosch L-Jetronic injection system. Some of the TL20EFI engines have closed-loop lambda control, while others are lacking that feature. Applications: * 1985–1992

(engine codes N4, NRD, N4B: 74 kW; NRB, NR2, N4A, N4I: 85 kW) * 1985–1992 Ford Granada and

(engine code NRA, NRC, NRI) * 1991–1994

(engine code NCA)

Single point injection variant (TL20CFI)

This variant was used in Ford Transit exclusively. The power output was . Applications: * 1985–1992

(engine code N6T)

Cosworth YB (CH20EFI)

In the beginning of the 1980s,

Cosworth Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958, specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines, powertrain, and electronics for automobile racing (motorsport) and mainstream automotive industri ...

developed a 16-valve performance head conversion for the Pinto engine. This was seen by a Ford executive who asked Cosworth to develop it with a

turbo In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pr ...

for use in the new Ford Sierra RS Cosworth. The engine is therefore based on a modified Pinto block topped with the Cosworth-developed alloy head and

Garrett Garrett may refer to: Places ;United States * Garrett, Illinois * Garrett, Indiana * Garrett, Kentucky (multiple places) ** Garrett, Floyd County, Kentucky, an unincorporated community ** Garrett, Meade County, Kentucky, an unincorporated communi ...

turbo.

Lima OHC (LL)

2.0

The 2.0 litre version was a narrower-bore version of the original 2.3 liter "Lima" four. Bore and stroke are , respectively, for an overall displacement of . This engine was installed in the 1983-1988 Ford Rangers and in some Argentinian Ford Taunus. ;Applications: *

Ford Ranger Ford Ranger is a nameplate that has been used on multiple model lines of pickup trucks sold by Ford worldwide. The nameplate has been used for distinct model lines of vehicles worldwide since 1982 from the compact and mid-size pickup category ...

(North America) * Ford Taunus Argentina models

2.3 (LL23)

The

used the OHC version, a unit introduced in 1974 which has a bore and stroke. This version lasted until 1997 in various guises. The earliest units produced and . This engine has also been known as the Lima engine, after the Lima Engine plant in

, where it was first manufactured (it was also manufactured in

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

starting in 1974). In 1979-80, a draw-through, non

intercooled An intercooler is a heat exchanger used to cool a gas after compression. Often found in turbocharged engines, intercoolers are also used in air compressors, air conditioners, refrigeration and gas turbines. Internal combustion engines Most ...

turbo version was produced for Mustang Cobras and some Capris. Lack of dealership and owner training resulted in many stuck turbochargers and other maintenance problems. They were limited to of boost, though Ford Motorsport sold a wastegate with an adjustable rod which allowed an increase up to . It was used in this carbureted form in a number of passenger cars, from the Fairmont Futura Turbo to the 1979 Indy Pace Car edition Mustang. In 1983, Ford introduced a fuel-injected version of the turbocharged engine, which was used in the Thunderbird Turbo Coupe and the Turbo GT trim of the

Mustang The mustang is a free-roaming horse of the Western United States, descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish. Mustangs are often referred to as wild horses, but because they are descended from once- domesticated animals, t ...

. In 1984, the Mustang SVO was introduced with an intercooler, initially producing and later increased to in 1985½. After the SVO was discontinued, the intercooler was added to the Turbo Coupe. Output for this turbo/intercooled version was and for the 1987-88 models with the five-speed (T-5)

manual transmission A manual transmission (MT), also known as manual gearbox, standard transmission (in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States), or stick shift (in the United States), is a multi-speed motor vehicle transmission system, where gear chang ...

. In addition to the 1983-1984 Mustang Turbo GT and 1983-1986 Turbo Coupe, the nonintercooled version of the engine was also used in the 1985-89

Merkur XR4Ti The Merkur XR4Ti is a performance-oriented 3-door hatchback sold in North America from 1985 to 1989. A product of the Ford Motor Company, the car was a version of the European Ford Sierra adapted to U.S. regulations. The XR4Ti project was champion ...

and 1984-1986 Mercury Cougar XR7, producing and . A dual-spark version (with two spark plugs per cylinder, distributor-less ignition, and reduced main bearing sizes) was introduced in the 1989

and 1991

Ford Mustang The Ford Mustang is a series of American automobiles manufactured by Ford. In continuous production since 1964, the Mustang is currently the longest-produced Ford car nameplate. Currently in its sixth generation, it is the fifth-best selli ...

. This version produced and . ;Applications: * Naturally aspirated ** 1986-1987

Ford Aerostar The Ford Aerostar is a range of vans that was manufactured by Ford from the 1986 to the 1997 model years. The first minivan produced by Ford, the model line was marketed against the Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari and the first two generations of th ...

** 1977-1982 Ford Courier ** 1974-1980

** 1983-1997

/Mazda B-Series (North America) ** 1974-1993

** 1975–1979 Ford Maverick Brazilian models ** Ford Jeep CJ-5 Brazilian models ** Ford Rural, F-75 pick up Brazilian models ** Ford Taunus Argentina models **

Argentina models ** Ford Falcon (Argentina) ** 1978-1983

Ford Fairmont The Ford Fairmont is a model line of compact cars that was manufactured by Ford from the 1978 to 1983 model years. The successor of the Ford Maverick, the Fairmont marked the third generation of compact sedans sold by Ford in North America and ...

** 1974-1980

Mercury Bobcat Mercury commonly refers to: * Mercury (planet), the nearest planet to the Sun * Mercury (element), a metallic chemical element with the symbol Hg * Mercury (mythology), a Roman god Mercury or The Mercury may also refer to: Companies * Mercu ...

** 1979-1986

Mercury Capri Capri (later Mercury Capri) is a nameplate marketed by the Lincoln-Mercury division of Ford Motor Company on three distinct series of automobiles between 1970 and 1994. From 1970 to 1978, the Capri was a sport compact marketed in North Americ ...

** 1978-1983

Mercury Zephyr The Ford Fairmont is a model line of compact cars that was manufactured by Ford from the 1978 to 1983 model years. The successor of the Ford Maverick, the Fairmont marked the third generation of compact sedans sold by Ford in North America and ...

** 1983–1986 Ford LTD ** 1983-1986

Mercury Marquis The Mercury Marquis is a model line of automobiles that was marketed by the Mercury division of Ford Motor Company from the 1967 to 1986 model years. Deriving its name from a French nobility title, the Marquis was introduced as a rebadged coun ...

* Turbo ** 1979–1981 Ford Mustang ** 1979-1981 Mercury Capri ** 1980 Ford Fairmont (all body styles except wagons) ** 1980 Mercury Zephyr (all body styles except wagons) ** 1985–1989

** 1983–1986 Thunderbird Turbo Coupe ** 1984–1986 Mercury Cougar XR7 ** 1983–1984 Mustang Turbo GT (W Code) ** 1983–1984 Capri Turbo RS * Turbo/Intercooler ** 1984–1986 Ford Mustang SVO ** 1987–1988 Ford Thunderbird Turbo Coupe

2.5 (LL25)

A stroked by version of the 2.3 OHC

engine appeared in 1998 yielding 2500cc's . In addition to longer stroke, it used higher-flow cylinder heads utilizing narrower valve stems. Crankshaft counterbalance weights were increased in count from 4 to 8. Output was and . It was replaced in 2001 by the Mazda-derived Duratec 23, but Ford Power Products continues to sell this engine as the LRG-425. Applications: * 1998–2001

* 1998–2001 Mazda B2500