Florida Cracker Cattle
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Florida Cracker or Florida Scrub is an American
breed A breed is a specific group of breedable domestic animals having homogeneous appearance (phenotype), homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species. In literature, there exist seve ...
of
cattle Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus '' Bos''. Mature female cattle are calle ...
. It originated in
Spanish Florida Spanish Florida () was the first major European land-claim and attempted settlement-area in northern America during the European Age of Discovery. ''La Florida'' formed part of the Captaincy General of Cuba in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and th ...
and later in the American state of
Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...
and is named for the Florida cracker culture in which it was kept. It is one of the Criollo breeds that descend from the Spanish cattle originally brought to the Americas by the Spanish
Conquistadors Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (; ; ) were Spanish Empire, Spanish and Portuguese Empire, Portuguese colonizers who explored, traded with and colonized parts of the Americas, Africa, Oceania and Asia during the Age of Discovery. Sailing ...
; among the other North American breeds in this group are the Pineywoods, the Corriente and Texas Longhorn. Unlike the Pineywoods – to which it is closely related – the Florida Cracker has not been inter-bred with breeds of North European origin.


History

The Florida Cracker, like other
Criollo cattle ''Criollo'' (or Creole) is a group of cattle breeds descended from Iberian Peninsula, Iberian stock imported to the Americas. The cattle were imported through the Columbian exchange, Columbian Exchange during his second visit to the Caribbean. Cr ...
, derives from cattle brought by the Conquistadores from Spain to the Americas from 1493 onwards; these numbered no more than 300 head in all and were brought to
Hispaniola Hispaniola (, also ) is an island between Geography of Cuba, Cuba and Geography of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and the second-largest by List of C ...
and other Caribbean islands. Cattle from
Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
were landed in
Spanish Florida Spanish Florida () was the first major European land-claim and attempted settlement-area in northern America during the European Age of Discovery. ''La Florida'' formed part of the Captaincy General of Cuba in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and th ...
in 1565, and there was another shipment from the same source in 1640. By the beginning of the 18th century the number of cattle in the Spanish part of what is now the United States – Florida and parts of modern
Alabama Alabama ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South, Deep Southern regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gu ...
,
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...
and
Mississippi Mississippi ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Alabama to the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Louisiana to the s ...
– was estimated at between and head. These were triple-purpose cattle, reared for meat, for milk and for draft work. They were managed extensively, living in semi-feral conditions for much of the time. The cattle were the principal breed in the state until the early 20th century, when heat-tolerant zebuine cattle such as the
Brahman In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
began to arrive, soon followed by
taurine Taurine (), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a naturally occurring amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine. It is named after Latin (cogna ...
cattle of European origin. By the middle of the century indiscriminate cross-breeding of these with the Cracker cattle had brought the Florida breed to the point of disappearance; after 1949 laws relating to free-roaming livestock also contributed to the rapid decline of the Florida Cracker. The Florida state government has been active in the conservation of the breed since the 1970s; a breed society, the Florida Cracker Cattle Association, was formed in 1989 with the support of the state, and in 1991 a
herd-book A breed registry, also known as a herdbook, studbook or register, in animal husbandry, the hobby of animal fancy, is an official list of animals within a specific breed whose parents are known. Animals are usually registered by their breeders wh ...
was established. In 2010 the breed population was about 1,300 head, with some 500 breeding cows and about 150 bulls; in 2022 the number was estimated to be between 2,500 ad 5,000 head. The conservation status of the breed is listed as 'threatened' by The Livestock Conservancy. The Florida Cracker is included in the
Ark of Taste The Ark of Taste is an international catalogue of endangered heritage foods which is maintained by the global Slow Food movement. The Ark is designed to preserve at-risk foods that are sustainably produced, unique in taste, and part of a distin ...
of the international Slow Food Foundation. In 2018 it was declared the official state heritage cattle breed.


Characteristics

The cattle are generally small, with weights in the range for bulls and for cows; in the past there was a still smaller or dwarf type within the breed, known as the Guinea, which weighed about or less. Coat color and pattern is highly variable; the predominant coat types depend partly on the geographical area: solid blacks, duns and reds, with or without brindling, are more common in southern Florida, while color-sided, finched, roan and spotted patterns are more often seen in the northern part of the state. Horns are also variable in both shape and size, and naturally polled animals also occur.


See also

* Agriculture in Florida * Florida Cracker horse


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Florida Cracker Cattle Cattle breeds originating in the United States Cattle landraces Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy Florida cracker culture Symbols of Florida