''Filopaludina martensi'' is a

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

of large

freshwater snail Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks which live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs ...

with a

gill A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they ar ...

and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is es ...

in the family

Viviparidae Viviparidae, sometimes known as the river snails or mystery snails, are a family of large operculate freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks. This family is classified in the informal group Architaenioglossa according to the taxonomy ...

Description

The shape of the shell is ovate-conic. The apex is acute and violet-black in colour. The umbilicus of the shell is very narrow. There are fine spiral lines on the shell. The color of the shell is green or dark brown-blackish. The shell has 6-7 convex whorls. Whorls are with upper spiral lines, some are obsolescently sculptured. The last whorl is swollen. The

aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An ...

is oblique, ovately rounded. The aperture is

cerulean Cerulean (), also spelled caerulean, is a shade of blue ranging between azure and a darker sky blue. The first recorded use of ''cerulean'' as a colour name in English was in 1590. The word is derived from the Latin word '' caeruleus'', "d ...

-white in colour. The upper part of the aperture is not acute. The

peristome Peristome (from the Greek ''peri'', meaning 'around' or 'about', and ''stoma'', 'mouth') is an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure. Some plants, fungi, and shelled gastropods have peristomes. In mosses In mosses, ...

is straight, thick, blunt, often outwardly blackish. The width of the shell is up to . The height of the shell is up to . The length of the aperture is up to . The operculum has the color of horn with golden shining and it is widely ovate. There are concentric lines on the operculum.

Taxonomy

This species was firstly described by

Eduard von Martens Eduard von Martens (18 April 1831 – 14 August 1904) also known as ''Carl'' or ''Karl Eduard von Martens'', was a German zoologist. Born in Stuttgart in 1831, von Martens attended university in Tübingen, where he graduated in 1855. He then mo ...

under the name ''Paludina cingulata'' in 1860 based on specimen collected by Henri Mouhot.

Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld (3 June 1807, Vienna – 8 October 1873) was an Austrian naturalist and one of the leading scientists on board the Austrian frigate ''Novara'' during its round-the-world voyage. He was heavily involved in the deve ...

created a new replacement name ''Vivipara martensi'' for this species in 1864, because the name '' Vivipara cingulata'' was already used for a fossil species by Philippe Matheron before.

Subspecies

Three subspecies are recognized, but this species and its subspecies require revision. * ''Filopaludina martensi cambodiensis'' Brandt, 1974 * ''Filopaludina martensi martensi'' (Frauenfeld, 1864) * ''Filopaludina martensi munensis'' Brandt, 1974

Distribution

This species is found in

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailan ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

, Laos,

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

and

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...

. The

type locality Type locality may refer to: * Type locality (biology) * Type locality (geology) See also * Local (disambiguation) * Locality (disambiguation) {{disambiguation ...

is "

Siam Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

" (a detailed type locality was not given).

Ecology

''Filopaludina martensi'' lives in canals and ponds. It feeds (as do all other Viviparidae) as a

filter feeder Filter feeders are a sub-group of suspension feeding animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feedin ...

. There are in development 0-14 juveniles in a brood-pouch of a female. Female gave birth to juveniles mainly at night.. Parasites of ''Filopaludina martensi martensi'' include: * '' Paragonimus siamensis'' as the first

intermediate host In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include a ...

. * at least three species of Echinostomatidae Parasites of ''Filopaludina martensi'' include trematode '' Multicotyle purvisi''.

Human use

''Filopaludina martensi'' is used as part of the cuisine of Thailand.

References

*This article incorporates public domain text from Martens, 1860

External links

* * Kobelt W. (1909). "Die Gattung ''Paludina'' Lam. (''Vivipara'' Montfort) (Neue Folge). In Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen". '' Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz'', Nürnberg, 1(21a): pp
97
��430, plates 15–77.
page 203
��204
table 41
fig. 7–8. {{Taxonbar , from=Q5392479 Viviparidae Taxa named by Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld