Expansion (geometry)

In geometry, expansion is a polytope operation where facets are separated and moved radially apart, and new facets are formed at separated elements ( vertices, edges, etc.). Equivalently this operation can be imagined by keeping facets in the same position but reducing their size.

The expansion of a regular polytope creates a uniform polytope, but the operation can be applied to any convex polytope, as demonstrated for polyhedra in Conway polyhedron notation (which represents expansion with the letter ). For polyhedra, an expanded polyhedron has all the faces of the original polyhedron, all the faces of the dual polyhedron, and new square faces in place of the original edges.

Expansion of regular polytopes

According to Coxeter, this multidimensional term was defined by Alicia Boole StottCoxeter, ''Regular Polytopes'' (1973), p. 123. p.210 for creating new polytopes, specifically starting from regular polytopes to construct new uniform polytopes.

The ''expansion'' operation is symmetric with respect to a regular polytope and its dual. The resulting figure contains the facets of both the regular and its dual, along with various prismatic facets filling the gaps created between intermediate dimensional elements.

It has somewhat different meanings by dimension. In a Wythoff construction, an expansion is generated by reflections from the first and last mirrors. In higher dimensions, lower dimensional expansions can be written with a subscript, so e₂ is the same as t_0,2 in any dimension.

By dimension:
* A regular polygon expands into a regular 2n-gon.
** The operation is identical to truncation for polygons, e = e₁ = t_0,1 = t and has Coxeter-Dynkin diagram .
* A regular polyhedron (3-polytope) expands into a polyhedron with vertex figure ''p.4.q.4''.
**This operation for polyhedra is also called cantellation, e = e₂ = t_0,2 = rr, and has Coxeter diagram .
**:
**: For example, a rhombicuboctahedron can be called an ''expanded cube'', ''expanded octahedron'', as well as a ''cantellated cube'' or ''cantellated octahedron''.
* A regular 4-polytope (4-polytope) expands into a new 4-polytope with the original cells, new cells in place of the old vertices, p-gonal prisms in place of the old faces, and r-gonal prisms in place of the old edges.
** This operation for 4-polytopes is also called runcination, e = e₃ = t_0,3, and has Coxeter diagram .
* Similarly a regular 5-polytope expands into a new 5-polytope with facets , , × prisms, × prisms, and ''×'' duoprisms.
** This operation is called sterication, e = e₄ = t_0,4 = 2r2r and has Coxeter diagram .

The general operator for expansion of a regular n-polytope is t_0,n-1. New regular facets are added at each vertex, and new prismatic polytopes are added at each divided edge, face, ... ridge, etc.

See also

* Conway polyhedron notation

Notes

References

*
* Coxeter, H. S. M., '' Regular Polytopes''. 3rd edition, Dover, (1973) .
* Norman Johnson ''Uniform Polytopes'', Manuscript (1991)
** N.W. Johnson: ''The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs'', Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966

{{Polyhedron_operators

Euclidean geometry
Polytopes