The Evergreen Game is a famous

chess Chess is a board game for two players. It is an abstract strategy game that involves Perfect information, no hidden information and no elements of game of chance, chance. It is played on a square chessboard, board consisting of 64 squares arran ...

game won by

Adolf Anderssen Karl Ernst Adolf Anderssen (6 July 1818 – 13 March 1879)"Anderssen, Adolf" in ''Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 385. was a German chess master. ...

against

Jean Dufresne Jean Dufresne (14 February 1829 – 13 April 1893) was a German chess player and chess composer. He was a student of Adolf Anderssen, to whom he lost the "Evergreen game" in 1852. Life Dufresne was born and died in Berlin. The son of a wealthy J ...

in 1852. This was probably an . At the time, there was no formal title of "World Champion", but the German mathematics professor Anderssen was widely considered the best player in the world after winning the first major international chess tournament in London in 1851. Though not in the same class as Anderssen, Dufresne, a popular author of chess books, was also a strong player. It is usually assumed that the game was played in Berlin, where Dufresne lived and Anderssen often visited, but no details of the game's circumstances were given in the original publication in the September and October 1852 issues of the Berlin-based '' Deutsche Schachzeitung''. Winter, Edward
''Anderssen v Dufresne: The Evergreen Game''
/ref> Beginning with

Howard Staunton Howard Staunton (April 1810 – 22 June 1874) was an English chess master who is generally regarded as the world's strongest player from 1843 to 1851, largely as a result of his 1843 victory over Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-A ...

in 1853, the game has been extensively analysed over the years, particularly the critical positions before and after White's remarkable 19th move, Rad1. Although defensive resources for Black have since been found, Anderssen's

combination In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations). For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are ...

remains much admired. After Anderssen's death in 1879,

Wilhelm Steinitz William Steinitz (born Wilhelm Steinitz; May 14, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was a Bohemian-Austrian, and later American, chess player. From 1886 to 1894, he was the first World Chess Champion. He was also a highly influential writer and c ...

published a tribute in '' The Field'' in which he annotated Anderssen's two most famous games, the Evergreen and the

Immortal Game The Immortal Game was a chess game played in 1851 between Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky during the London 1851 chess tournament, an event in which both players participated. It was itself a game, however, not played as part of the to ...

against

Lionel Kieseritzky Lionel Adalbert Bagration Felix Kieseritzky (; – ) was a Baltic German chess master and theoretician, known for his contributions to chess theory, as well for a game he lost against Adolf Anderssen, known as the "Immortal Game". Kieseritzky's ...

. Annotating 19.Rad1, Steinitz wrote, "An evergreen in the laurel crown of the departed chess hero", thus giving this game its name.

The game

White White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no chroma). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully (or almost fully) reflect and scatter all the visible wa ...

: Adolf Anderssen Black: Jean Dufresne

Opening Opening may refer to: Types of openings * Hole * A title sequence or opening credits * Grand opening of a business or other institution * Inauguration * Keynote * Opening sentence * Opening sequence * Opening statement, a beginning statemen ...

Evans Gambit The Evans Gambit is a chess opening characterised by the moves: :1. e4 e5 :2. Nf3 Nc6 :3. Bc4 Bc5 :4. b4 The Evans Gambit is an attacking line of the Giuoco Piano. White offers a pawn to divert the black bishop on c5. If Black accepts, W ...

('' ECO'' C52) 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4 :The Evans Gambit, an opening popular in the 19th century and still occasionally seen today. White gives up to gain an advantage in . 4... Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. d4 exd4 :A solid alternative, unknown to theory at the time, is 6...d6 7.Qb3 Qd7 8.0-0 Bb6 with the idea of ...Na5, driving White's bishop off the dangerous a2-g8 diagonal. ( Spielmann- Salwe, Vienna 1908) 7. 0-0 d3 (diagram) :Black attempts to slow White's rapid development by depriving the of its preferred c3 square and forcing White to spend a

tempo In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for 'time'; plural 'tempos', or from the Italian plural), measured in beats per minute, is the speed or pace of a given musical composition, composition, and is often also an indication of the composition ...

capturing the

pawn Pawn most often refers to: * Pawn (chess), the weakest and most numerous chess piece in the game * Pawnbroker or pawnshop, a business that provides loans by taking personal property as collateral Pawn or The Pawn may also refer to: Places * Pa ...

. This move was favoured by Dufresne, but is today considered inferior. Most popular today is 7...Nge7, in order to answer 8.cxd4 or 8.Ng5 with 8...d5. Other alternatives include 7...dxc3, (the risky "Compromised Defence"), 7...Nf6, and 7...d6. 8. Qb3 :Immediately attacking the f7-pawn.

FIDE Master FIDE titles are awarded by the international chess governing body FIDE (''Fédération Internationale des Échecs'') for outstanding performance. The highest such title is Grandmaster (GM). Titles generally require a combination of Elo rating and ...

Graham Burgess suggests 8.Re1 instead. 8... Qf6 9. e5 Qg6 :White's e5-pawn cannot be taken: if 9...Nxe5, then 10.Re1 d6 11.Bg5, when 11...Qf5 (11...Qg6 12.Nxe5 dxe5 13.Rxe5+ wins the bishop) 12.Nxe5 wins the

knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of a knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church, or the country, especially in a military capacity. The concept of a knighthood ...

(if the knight is recaptured with 12...dxe5, then 13.Qb5+ followed by 14.Rxe5+ wins). 10. Re1 (diagram) :In his 2023 book ''Re-Engineering the Chess Classics'', in which he analyzes 35 classic chess games with the aid of modern

chess engines Chess is a board game for two players. It is an abstract strategy game that involves no hidden information and no elements of chance. It is played on a square board consisting of 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The players, referred to ...

, Grandmaster Matthew Sadler criticizes this move, preferring 10.Rd1, with the idea of regaining the pawn after the inevitable ...d6. Matthew Sadler, ''Re-Engineering the Chess Classics - A Silicon Reappraisal of Thirty-Five Classic Games'', pp15-20, New In Chess, 2023 10... Nge7 11. Ba3 :Consistent with the previous move, but 11.Qd1 and 11.Re3, eliminating the d3-pawn, are preferred by engines. 11... b5 :Rather than defending his own position, Black offers a counter-

sacrifice Sacrifice is an act or offering made to a deity. A sacrifice can serve as propitiation, or a sacrifice can be an offering of praise and thanksgiving. Evidence of ritual animal sacrifice has been seen at least since ancient Hebrews and Gree ...

to activate his a8 rook with tempo. Sadler considers that White should be "somewhat worse" after 11...d5 12.exd6 cxd6 13.Re3 0-0 14.Bxd3 Qh6 15.Nbd2 Be6. Burgess suggests 11...a6, to allow the b-pawn to advance later with tempo. 12. Qxb5 Rb8 13. Qa4 Bb6 :Black cannot

castle A castle is a type of fortification, fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by Military order (monastic society), military orders. Scholars usually consider a ''castle'' to be the private ...

because 14.Bxe7 would win a piece, as the

on c6 cannot simultaneously protect the knight on e7 and the bishop on a5. 14. Nbd2 Bb7 :Black must castle without delay. 15. Ne4 Qf5? :A poor move that loses a tempo. 15...0-0 16.Bxd3 also gives White a very dangerous attack (Neishtadt, 1961). Neishtadt, Yakov
''Shakhmaty do Steinitsa''
Fizkultura i sport, Moscow 1961 Better was 15...d2! 16.Nexd2 0-0 ( Lasker), although White still has a clear advantage. 16. Bxd3 Qh5 17. Nf6+? :A dramatic sacrifice, but this move is objectively bad, turning a won position into an equal one. 17.Ng3 Qh6 18.Bc1 Qe6 19.Bc4 wins material in a simpler way. 18.Nf5 is also winning. 17... gxf6 18. exf6 Rg8 19. Rad1! (diagram) :A somewhat controversial move, which has been both exulted and criticised over the years. It sets a deep , which Black walks into. In ''Common Sense in Chess'' (1895), the then- world champion

Emanuel Lasker Emanuel Lasker (; December 24, 1868 – January 11, 1941) was a German chess player, mathematician, and philosopher. He was the second World Chess Champion, holding the title for 27 years, from 1894 to 1921, the longest reign of any officially ...

praised it as "one of the most subtle and profound moves on record". However, probably influenced by the analysis of Paul Lipke which revealed defensive possibilities for Black, he later criticised the move, saying that 19.Be4 would have won relatively easily. Lasker's analysis turned out to be faulty, however. Analysis by Jacob Murey and German Fridshtein published in the Soviet magazine '' 64'' in 1975 found that after 19.Be4 Qh3! 20.g3 Rxg3+ 21.hxg3 Qxg3+ 22.Kh1 Bxf2 23.Bxe7! (Lasker's 23.Re2? is refuted by 23...Nd4!) 23...Qh3+! 24.Nh2 Bxe1 25.Rxe1 Qh4! 26.Qd1! Nxe7 27.Bxb7 Qxf6 the game will likely end in a draw. Subsequent analysts such as Zaitsev and Kasparov have agreed with this assessment. Murey, Jacob; Fridshtein, German;'' 64'', ''"Poistine Neuvyadayemaya"'' (''"Truly Evergreen "''), 1975, No. 38 page 11 19... Qxf3? :"Who would have played anything else here?!" (Lipke, 1898). White cannot play 20.gxf3 since the g2-pawn is pinned by the rook on g8. Black now threatens to take either on f2 or g2, both major threats to the white king, but Anderssen has a shattering resource available. :Dissatisfied with the lack of analysis in the game's original publication,

published a detailed analysis of several of Black's alternatives in the '' Chess Player's Chronicle'' in 1853. Staunton analysed 19...Ne5, 19...d6, 19...Bc5, 19...Rxg2+ and 19...Qh3, concluding that Black was lost in all lines. :This was the accepted view for many years, until the German master Paul Lipke published analysis in the May and June 1898 issues of the ''Deutsche Schachzeitung''. Lipke, Paul
''Ein Blick in die Tiefen Anderssen'scher Combinationen''
''Deutsche Schachzeitung'' Vol 52, May 1898 pp. 129–34 & June 1898 pp. 161–63 Lipke recommended 19...Rg4!? for Black, concluding that it offered Black excellent drawing chances with . Lipke's main line went 19...Rg4 20.Bc4 Qf5! 21.Rxd7! Kxd7 22.Ne5+ Kc8 23.Nxg4 Nd5 24.Qd1 Nd8 25.Re5 Bxf2+ 26.Kh1 Nf4 27.h3 and now either 27...Qb1 or 27...Nxg2 will probably draw for Black. Analysis published in the early 1930s by O. Hoppe and H. Heckner found a win for White after 25.Bd3! (instead of 25.Re5), but Black can also improve with 24...Nxf6 (Kasparov). Zaitsev's 21...Rxg2+ (rather than 21...Kxd7) also appears to be sufficient for a draw. Hoppe and Heckner also found a win for White after 20.c4 Rf4? (Lipke) 21.Bg6!!. Better is 20...Bd4 (Zaitsev, ''64'', 1976) Zaitsev, Igor, '' 64'', ''V Teni "Vechnozelenoy"'' (''In the Shadow of the "Evergreen"''), 1976, No. 5 pp. 8–9 & No. 6 pp. 6–7 or 20...Rxg2+! (Kasparov). 20.Re4 has also received renewed attention as an attempt for White to gain the advantage. The final assessment of 19...Rg4 remains unclear; according to Burgess in the 2021 edition of ''The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games'', White has a slightly better endgame after 20.Re4 Rxe4 21.Qxe4 d6 22.Re1 Qg6! 23.Qxc6+ Bxc6 24.Rxe7+ Kf8 25.Bxg6 hxg6 26.Ne5! Be8. :Most analysts have followed Staunton in rejecting 19...Rxg2+?! on account of 20.Kxg2 Ne5 21.Qxd7+!!, but I.J. Good contended that after 21...Kxd7 22.Bg6+ Ke6 23.Bxh5 Rg8+ 24.Kh3! N7g6 25.Bg4+ Kxf6 26.Nxe5 Nxe5 27.Be7+ Kxe7 28.Rxe5+ Kf6 White does not have a clear win in the endgame. :In 1958, analysis by readers of the ''Schach-Echo'' came to the conclusion that 19...Bd4 and 19...Qh3 are even better than 19...Rg4 and sufficient to force a draw. (19...Bd4 was also found independently by Zaitsev.) This view is endorsed by Burgess, who quotes the lines (a) 19...Bd4 20.cxd4 Qxf3 21.Be4 Rxg2+ 22.Kh1 Rxh2+ 23.Kxh2 Qxf2+ and (b) 19...Qh3 20.Bf1 Qf5! (not analysed by Staunton) 21.Bd3 Qh3, repeating moves in each case. 20. Rxe7+! Nxe7? :This loses instantly to a very attractive mate in four. 20...Kd8 would put up more resistance, but White should still win after 21.Rxd7+ Kc8 22.Rd8+!! Kxd8 (if 22...Rxd8 23.gxf3; if 22...Nxd8 23.Qd7+ Kxd7 24.Bf5+ Ke8 25.Bd7) (Staunton, 1853) 23.Bf5+ Qxd1+ ( Rubinstein, 1921). Another way is 23.Be2+, but White must play accurately: 23...Nd4! 24.Bxf3 Bxf3 25.Rxd4+? leads to a probable draw after 25...Bxd4 26.Qxd4+ Kc8 27.Qd3 Bxg2 28.f3 Bh3+ 29.Kf2 Rb6 30.Qxh7 Rg2+ 31.Ke3 Be6 (Levenfish, 1959). White must instead play 25.g3! (Neishtadt, 1961) Bxd1 26.Qxd1 "with a boring but winning endgame" (Kasparov). :It is unclear whether the following moves were actually played, or whether Anderssen simply "announced mate", a common practice at the time. The ''Deutsche Schachzeitung'' where the game was originally published simply said "White mates in 4 moves", without providing the actual moves. 21. Qxd7+ Kxd7 22. Bf5+ :

Double check In chess and other related games, a double check is a check delivered by two pieces simultaneously. In chess notation, it is almost always represented the same way as a single check ("+"), but is sometimes symbolized by "++". (The symbol "++", ...

s like 22.Bf5+ are powerful because they force the king to move. In this position, the double check was vital as it prevented the queen from capturing the bishop and ruining white's attack and also white's rook, which would have resulted in checkmate. Here it is decisive. 22... Ke8 :Or 22...Kc6 23.Bd7. 23. Bd7+ Kf8 :Some sources give 23...Kd8 as Black's move, with the same reply. 24. Bxe7#

Savielly Tartakower Savielly Tartakower (also known as ''Xavier'' or ''Ksawery'' ''Tartakower'', less often ''Tartacover'' or ''Tartakover''; 21 February 1887 – 4 February 1956) was a Polish chess player. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster (chess), Internatio ...

commented, "A combination second to none in the literature of the game."

References

Bibliography * Eade, James. ''Chess for Dummies''. 1996. Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. . *{{cite book , last1 = Tartakower , first1 = Savielly , author-link = Savielly Tartakower , last2 = du Mont , first2 = Julius , author-link2 = Julius du Mont , title = 500 Master Games of Chess , year = 1975 , orig-year = 1952 , publisher = Dover Publications , isbn = 0-486-23208-5 , url = https://archive.org/details/500mastergamesof00tart

External links

Adolf Anderssen vs. Jean Dufresne "The Evergreen Partie"
Chessgames.com Chess games Chess in Germany 1852 in chess July 1852 Nicknamed sporting events

The game

See also

References

External links