European Spanish

Peninsular Spanish (), also known as the Spanish of Spain (), European Spanish (), or Iberian Spanish (), is the set of varieties of the Spanish language spoken in Peninsular Spain. This construct is often framed in opposition to varieties from the Americas and the Canary Islands.

From a phonological standpoint, there is a north-south gradient contrasting conservative and innovative pronunciation patterns. The former generally retain features such as – distinction and realization of intervocalic /d/, whilst the latter may not. Processes of interaction and levelling between standard (a construct popularly perceived as based on northern dialects) and nonstandard varieties however involve ongoing adoption of conservative traits south and innovative ones north. In line with Spanish language's rich consonant fluctuation, other internal variation within varieties of Peninsular Spanish is represented by phenomena such as weakening of coda position -/s/, the defricativization of /tʃ/, realizations of /x/ as and and weakening or change of liquid consonants /l/ and /r/.

Morphologically, a notable feature in most varieties of Peninsular Spanish setting them apart from varieties from the Americas is the use of the pronoun '' vosotros'' (along with its oblique form ''os'') and its corresponding verb forms for the second person plural familiar.

Language contact of Spanish with Catalan, Basque and Galician in the autonomous communities in which the latter languages are spoken notoriously involve borrowings at the lexical level, but also in the rest of the linguistic structure.

Variants

Variation in Peninsular Spanish, especially phonetic, largely follows a north-south axis, often imagined or characterized as Castilian versus Andalusian in the popular imagination. That said, different isoglosses intersect and never exactly coincide with regional borders.

The Spanish dialects of bilingual regions, such as Castrapo in Galicia or Catalan Spanish, have their own features due to language contact.

A simple, north-south division is:
*northern dialects ( Castile (including Madrid), León, Cantabria, the Basque Country, Aragon, and Spanish-speaking Catalonia)
*southern dialects (Andalusian Spanish, Extremaduran Spanish, Murcian Spanish)

Another north-south division would include a central-northern, found north of Madrid and equated with Castilian Spanish, a southern or Andalusian dialect, and an intermediary zone. This division does not include the Spanish of bilingual regions.

While a more narrow division includes the following dialect regions:
* northern Castile, including Salamanca, Valladolid, Burgos, and neighboring provinces;
* northern Extremadura and Leon, including the province of Cáceres, parts of Leon, western Salamanca province, and Zamora
* Galicia, referring to the Spanish spoken both monolingually and in contact with Galician
* Asturias, especially inland areas such as Oviedo
* the interior Cantabrian region, to the south of Santander
* the Basque Country, including Spanish as spoken monolingually and incontact with Basque
* Catalonia, including Spanish spoken in contact with Catalan
*southeastern Spain, including much of Valencia, Alicante, Murcia, Albacete, and southeastern La Mancha
* eastern Andalusia, including Granada, Almería, and surrounding areas
* western Andalusia, including Seville, Huelva, Cádiz, and the Extremaduran province of Badajoz – the Spanish of Gibraltar is also included
* south-central and southwest Spain, including areas to the south of Madrid such as Toledo and Ciudad Real.

The related term Castilian Spanish is often applied to formal varieties of Spanish as spoken in Spain.

According to folk tradition, the "purest" form of Peninsular Spanish is spoken in Valladolid, although the concept of "pure" languages has been rejected by modern linguists.

Variation

Dialectal variation in the Peninsula follows both north-south and east-west axes.

Leísmo is native to a large swath of western Castile, as well as Cantabria and neighboring parts of Leon and Extremadura.

In much of eastern Castile, as well as Navarre, Aragon and Álava, the clitic pronoun can express plural number, becoming , when it follows an infinitive, gerund, or subjunctive form used to express a command, as in 'to get married', 'sit down'.

In an area of northern Spain, centered on Burgos, La Rioja, Álava and Vizcaya and also including Guipúzcoa, Navarra, Cantabria and Palencia, the imperfect subjunctive forms tend to be replaced by conditional ones.

In rural Aragon and Navarre, the cluster is often realized as a voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate , not unlike the initial consonant cluster in the English word ''trick''. Similarly, the trilled may also be assibilated to in this region. The same pronunciations are also found in much of Hispanic America, especially Mexico, Central America, and the Andes.

In a chunk of northwestern Spain which includes Galicia and Bilbao and excludes Barcelona, Madrid, and Seville, the sequence in words such as 'athlete' and 'Atlantic' is treated as an onset cluster, with both consonants being part of the same syllable. The same is true in the Canary Islands and most of Hispanic America, with the exception of Puerto Rico. On the other hand, in most of Peninsular Spanish, each consonant in is considered as belonging to a separate syllable, and as a result the is subject to weakening. Thus, , are the resulting pronunciations.

Differences from American Spanish

The Spanish language is a pluricentric language. Spanish is spoken in numerous countries around the world, each with differing standards. However, the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy), based in Madrid, Spain, is affiliated with the national language academies of 22 other hispanophone nations through the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, and their coordinated resolutions are typically accepted in other countries, especially those related to spelling. Also, the Instituto Cervantes, an agency of the Government of Spain in charge of promoting the Spanish language abroad, has been adopted by other countries as the authority to officially recognize and certify the Spanish level of non-native Spanish speakers as their second language, as happens in Australia, South Korea or Switzerland.

The variants of Spanish spoken in Spain and its former colonies vary significantly in grammar and pronunciation, as well as in the use of idioms. Courses of Spanish as a second language commonly use Mexican Spanish in the United States and Canada, whereas European Spanish is typically preferred in Europe.

Dialects in central and northern Spain and American Spanish contain several differences, the most apparent being (distinction), i.e., the pronunciation of the letter ''z'' before all vowels, and of ''c'' before ''e'' and ''i'', as a voiceless dental fricative , as in English '' th'' in ''thing''. Thus, in most varieties of Spanish from Spain, is pronounced as opposed to in American Spanish, and similarly for , , , . A restricted form of also occurs in the area around Cusco, Peru, where exists in words such as the numbers , and .

Additionally, all Hispanic American dialects drop the familiar (that is, informal) verb forms for the second person plural, using in all contexts. In most of Spain, is used only in a formal context.

Some other minor differences are:
* The widespread use of instead of as the masculine direct object pronoun, especially referring to people. This morphological variation, known as , is typical of a strip of land in central Spain which includes Madrid, and recently it has spread to other regions.
* In the past, the sounds for and were phonologically different in most European Spanish subvarieties, especially in the north, compared with only a few dialects in Hispanic America, but that difference is now beginning to disappear () in all Peninsular Spanish dialects, including the standard (that is, Castilian Spanish based on the Madrid dialect). A distinct phoneme for is still heard in the speech of older speakers in rural areas throughout Spain, however, most Spanish-speaking adults and youngsters merge and . In Hispanic America, remains different from in traditional dialects along the Andes range, especially in the Peruvian highlands, all of Bolivia and also in Paraguay. In the Philippines, speakers of Spanish and Filipino employ the distinction between and .
* In Spain, use of has declined in favor of ; however, in Hispanic America, this difference is less noticeable among young people, especially in Caribbean dialects.
* In Castilian Spanish, the letter as well as the letter before the letters and are pronounced as a stronger velar fricative and very often the friction is uvular , while in Hispanic America they are generally guttural as well, but not as strong and the uvular realizations of European Spanish are not reported. In the Caribbean, Colombia, Venezuela, other parts of Hispanic America, the Canary Islands, Extremadura and most of western Andalusia, as well as in the Philippines, it is pronounced as .
* Characteristic of Spanish from Spain (except from Andalusia and the Canary Islands) is the voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant , also called apico-alveolar or grave, which is often perceived as intermediate between a laminal/dental and . This sound is also prevalent in Colombian Paisa region, and Andean Spanish dialects.
*Debuccalization of syllable-final to , , or dropping it entirely, so that ("s/he is") sounds like or , occurs in both Spain and the Americas. In Spain, this is most common in southern Spain: Andalusia, Extremadura, Murcia, Community of Madrid, La Mancha, etc., as well as in the Canary Islands; in the Americas it is the general pronunciation in most coastal and lowland regions.
* The sequence is not a valid onset in Castilian Spanish, unlike American Spanish (particularly Mexican Spanish, where is much more common). Thus, in Spain, words like and are pronounced according to the syllabication and . Instead, in Mexico, the pronunciation follows the syllabication and .
* is the use of the second person singular informal pronoun which comes with different verb forms compared to . There are several sub-varieties of voseo within Hispanic America and many Hispanic American varieties do not have any form of voseo at all.

Vocabulary

The meaning of certain words may differ greatly between all the dialects of the language: refers to car in some Hispanic American dialects but to cart in Spain and some Hispanic American dialects. There also appear gender differences: ('personal computer') in Castilian Spanish and some American Spanish, in some Hispanic American Spanish, due to the widespread use of the gallicism (from in French) for computer in Peninsular Spanish, which is masculine, instead of the Hispanic-American-preferred , which is feminine, from the English word 'computer' (the exceptions being Colombia and Chile, where PC is known as , which is masculine).

Speakers from Hispanic America tend to use words and polite-set expressions that, even if recognized by the Real Academia Española, are not widely used nowadays (some of them are even deemed as anachronisms) by speakers of Castilian Spanish. For example, and are verbs with the same meaning (to become angry), being used much more in the Americas than in Spain, and more in Spain than in the Americas.
Below are select vocabulary differences between Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. Words in bold are unique to Spain and not used in any other country (except for perhaps Equatorial Guinea which speaks a very closely related dialect, and to a lesser extent the Philippines).

American Spanish consists of several varieties spoken throughout the Americas so the examples may not represent all dialects. They are meant to show contrast and comparing all variants of Hispanic America as a whole to one variant of Spain would be impossible as the majority of the vocabulary will be reflected in other variants.

References

Bibliography

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External links

Constraint interaction in Spanish /s/-aspiration: three Peninsular varieties
Richard E. Morris
Coda obstruents and local constraint conjunction in north-central Peninsular Spanish
Richard E. Morris
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Jergas de habla hispana
Spanish dictionary specializing in slang and colloquial expressions, featuring all Spanish-speaking countries.
COSER
Audible Corpus of Spoken Rural Spanish

{{Romance languages

Spanish dialects of Spain