The Tubulinea are a major grouping of

Amoebozoa Amoebozoa is a major Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of Amoeba, amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, Pseudopod#Morphology, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In trad ...

, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''

Amoeba An amoeba (; less commonly spelled ameba or amœba; : amoebas (less commonly, amebas) or amoebae (amebae) ), often called an amoeboid, is a type of Cell (biology), cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by ...

'', '' Arcella'', '' Difflugia'' and '' Hartmannella''.

Characteristics

During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical form or produce numerous cylindrical pseudopods. Each cylinder advances by a single central stream of

cytoplasm The cytoplasm describes all the material within a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, including the organelles and excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The material inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell a ...

, granular in appearance, and has no subpseudopodia. This distinguishes them from other amoeboid groups, although in some members this is not the normal type of locomotion. 2023 Lobosean

Classification

This class was anticipated by some biologists such as Jahn, who grouped all amoebae with granular pseudopodia together, but most split the lobose amoebae into testate Testacealobosia and naked Gymnamoebia. These latter are

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

, but molecular trees by Bolivar ''et al.'' identified a core monophyletic subgroup. Subsequent studies showed the testate lobose amoebae belong to the same group, which was thus renamed Lobosea ''sensu stricto'' or Tubulinea.

Taxonomy

The class Tubulinea, as of 2022, is classified into three major groups:

Corycida Corycidia (alternatively spelt Corycida) is a clade of amoeboid protists within the eukaryotic supergroup (biology), supergroup Amoebozoa. It contains all amoebae of the families Microcoryciidae, which was previously regarded as Arcellinida (an o ...

, Echinamoebida and Elardia. The most taxonomically abundant group is Elardia, which contains the testate amoebae of Arcellinida and the naked amoebae of orders

Leptomyxida Leptomyxida is an order of Amoebozoa. It includes species such as ''Flabellula citata'', ''Paraflabellula hoguae'', ''Paraflabellula reniformis'', ''Rhizamoeba saxonica'' and ''Leptomyxa reticulata''. Taxonomy The taxonomy of Leptomyxida as rev ...

and Euamoebida. * Corycidia Kang et al. 2017 ** Family

Microcoryciidae The Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like ''Amoeba (genus), Amoeba'', ''Arcella'', ''Difflugia'' and ''Hartmannella''. Characteristics During locomotion most Tubulinea have a rough ...

de Saedeleer 1934 ** Order Trichosida Moebius 1889 *** Family Trichosphaeriidae * Order Echinamoebida Cavalier-Smith 2004 em. 2011 ** Family Vermamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov 2011 ** Family Echinamoebidae Page 1975 * Elardia Kang et al. 2017 ** Order

Pussard & Pons 1976 em. Page 1987 *** Family

Flabellulidae Leptomyxida is an Order (biology), order of Amoebozoa. It includes species such as ''Flabellula citata'', ''Paraflabellula hoguae'', ''Paraflabellula reniformis'', ''Rhizamoeba saxonica'' and ''Leptomyxa reticulata''. Taxonomy The taxonomy of L ...

Bovee & Jahn, 1967 ex Bovee 1970 *** Family

Gephyramoebidae Leptomyxida is an order of Amoebozoa. It includes species such as ''Flabellula citata'', '' Paraflabellula hoguae'', ''Paraflabellula reniformis'', '' Rhizamoeba saxonica'' and '' Leptomyxa reticulata''. Taxonomy The taxonomy of Leptomyxida as ...

Pussard & Pons 1976 *** Family

Leptomyxidae Leptomyxida is an order of Amoebozoa. It includes species such as ''Flabellula citata'', ''Paraflabellula hoguae'', ''Paraflabellula reniformis'', '' Rhizamoeba saxonica'' and '' Leptomyxa reticulata''. Taxonomy The taxonomy of Leptomyxida as ...

Goodey 1915 *** Family

Rhizamoebidae ''Rhizamoeba'' is a small genus of free-living Marine life, marine naked Lobosa, lobose Amoebozoa, amoebae in the monotypic family Rhizamoebidae in the order Leptomyxida. It is most closely related to ''Leptomyxa'' and ''Flabellula'', and some s ...

** Superorder Eulobosia Cavalier-Smith 2016 *** Order Euamoebida Lepşi 1960 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016 **** Family Nolandellidae Cavalier-Smith 2011 **** Family Hartmannellidae Singh 1951 em. Smirnov et al. 2011 **** Family Amoebidae (Ehrenberg 1838) Page 1987 *** Order Arcellinida Kent 1880 **** Suborder

Phryganellina Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...

Bovee 1985 ***** Family

Phryganellidae Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially ...

Jung 1942 ***** Family

Cryptodifflugiidae Cryptodifflugiidae is a family of arcellinid testate amoebae. Description Members of this family are conopodous (with conical pseudopods) amoebae with the body in a clear, usually firm, vase-shaped test, and conical pseudopods for locomotion ...

Jung 1942 **** Suborder Organoconcha Kosakyan et al. 2016 ***** Family Microchlamyiidae Ogden 1985 **** Suborder Glutinoconcha Kosakyan et al. 2016 ***** Infraorder Volnustoma Kosakyan et al. 2016 ****** Family Heleoperidae Jung 1942 ***** Infraorder Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. 2019 ****** Family Hyalospheniidae Schultze 1877 emend. Kosakyan & Lara 2012 ebelidae Taranek 1882***** Infraorder Excentrostoma Lahr et al. 2019 ****** Family Centropyxidae Jung 1942 ncl. Plagiopyxidae">Plagiopyxidae.html" ;"title="ncl. Plagiopyxidae">ncl. Plagiopyxidae/nowiki> ***** Infraorder Cylindrothecina ****** Family Cylindrifflugiidae ***** Infraorder Longithecina Kosakyan et al. 2016 ****** Family Lesquereusiidae [Paraquadrulidae Deflandre 1953] ****** Family Difflugiidae Wallich 1864 ***** Infraorder Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. 2016 ****** Family Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. 2016 yclopyxidae Schönborn 1989****** Family Arcellidae Ehrenberg 1832 File:Amoeba proteus.jpg, ''

Amoeba proteus ''Amoeba proteus'' is a large species of amoeba closely related to another genus of giant amoebae, ''Chaos (genus), Chaos''. As such, the species is sometimes given the alternative scientific name ''Chaos diffluens''. This protozoan uses extensi ...

'' File:Chaos carolinense.jpg, ''

Chaos Chaos or CHAOS may refer to: Science, technology, and astronomy * '' Chaos: Making a New Science'', a 1987 book by James Gleick * Chaos (company), a Bulgarian rendering and simulation software company * ''Chaos'' (genus), a genus of amoebae * ...

'' sp. File:Arcella sp.jpg, '' Arcella'' sp. test File:FMIB 40813 Trichosphaerium sieboldi.jpeg, ''Trichosphaerium sieboldi''

References

Amoebozoa classes {{Amoebozoa-stub