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Many ethyl-containing compounds are generated by electrophilic ethylation, i.e. treatment of nucleophiles with sources of Et+. Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate t3OF4 is such a reagent. For good nucleophiles, less electrophilic reagents are employed, such as ethyl halides.
"Ueber die Constitution des Aethers und seiner Verbindungen"
(On the composition of ethers and their compounds), ''Annalen der Pharmacie'', 9 : 1–39.) In reporting on Liebig's findings (and related work by others), Berzelius coined the names "methyl" and "ethyl" for the "radicals" CH3 and C2H5, respectively. From Jacob Berzelius, ''Årsberättelsen om framsteg i fysik och kemi'' nnual report on progress in physics and chemistry(Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner, 1835)
p. 376
''"Man får då ge namn åt etherradikalerna; man kan kalla den äldre C4H10, ''ethyl'', den nyare C2H6, ''methyl'', … "'' (One may then give names to ether radicals; one can call the older neC4H10, ''ethyl'', the newer neC2H6, ''methyl'', … ote: At that time, chemists used the wrong atomic masses (e.g., 6 for carbon instead of 12); hence the coefficients shown here must be divided by two. In his translation into German of Berzelius' report, the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler transliterated "ethyl" as "Aethyl". (See: Jöns Jacob Berzelius with Friedrich Wöhler, trans., ''Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der physischen Wissenschaften'' (Annual report on the progress of the physical sciences), 15 :
381.
organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the science, scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic matter, organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain ...
, an ethyl group (abbr. Et) is an alkyl substituent
In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule.
The suffix ''-yl'' is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond r ...
with the formula , derived from ethane (). ''Ethyl'' is used in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC ) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology. It is ...
's nomenclature of organic chemistry for a saturated two-carbon moiety in a molecule, while the prefix "''eth-''" is used to indicate the presence of two carbon atoms in the molecule.
Ethylation
Ethylation is the formation of a compound by introduction of the ethyl group. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene with ethylene to yield ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is a precursor to polystyrene. Approximately 24.7 million tons of ethylbenzene were produced in 1999. ::
Many ethyl-containing compounds are generated by electrophilic ethylation, i.e. treatment of nucleophiles with sources of Et+. Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate t3OF4 is such a reagent. For good nucleophiles, less electrophilic reagents are employed, such as ethyl halides.
Stereochemistry
In unsymmetrical ethylated compounds, the methylene protons in the ethyl substituent are diastereotopic. Chiral reagents are known to stereoselectively modify such substituents.Etymology
The name of the group is derived from the Aether, the first-born Greek elemental god of air (and at that time a general term for any highly volatile compound) and " hyle", referring to "stuff". The name "ethyl" was coined in 1835 by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius.In 1834, the German chemist Justus Liebig had argued that the group C2H5 constituted a "radical" (a cluster of atoms that did not undergo changes during chemical reactions). (See: Justus Liebig (1834"Ueber die Constitution des Aethers und seiner Verbindungen"
(On the composition of ethers and their compounds), ''Annalen der Pharmacie'', 9 : 1–39.) In reporting on Liebig's findings (and related work by others), Berzelius coined the names "methyl" and "ethyl" for the "radicals" CH3 and C2H5, respectively. From Jacob Berzelius, ''Årsberättelsen om framsteg i fysik och kemi'' nnual report on progress in physics and chemistry(Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner, 1835)
p. 376
''"Man får då ge namn åt etherradikalerna; man kan kalla den äldre C4H10, ''ethyl'', den nyare C2H6, ''methyl'', … "'' (One may then give names to ether radicals; one can call the older neC4H10, ''ethyl'', the newer neC2H6, ''methyl'', … ote: At that time, chemists used the wrong atomic masses (e.g., 6 for carbon instead of 12); hence the coefficients shown here must be divided by two. In his translation into German of Berzelius' report, the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler transliterated "ethyl" as "Aethyl". (See: Jöns Jacob Berzelius with Friedrich Wöhler, trans., ''Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der physischen Wissenschaften'' (Annual report on the progress of the physical sciences), 15 :
381.
See also
* Functional groupReferences