Erythrina

''Erythrina'' is a genus of plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees, with the larger species growing up to in height. These species are known for their large flowers with long and bright red or orange petals.

Taxonomy

The generic name is derived from the Greek word , meaning "red", referring to the flower color of certain species.

Common names

Particularly in horticulture, the name coral tree is used as a collective term for these plants. Flame tree is another vernacular name, but may refer to a number of unrelated plants as well. Many species of ''Erythrina'' have bright red flowers, and this may be the origin of the common name. However, the growth of the branches can resemble the shape of sea coral rather than the color of '' Corallium rubrum'' specifically, and this is an alternative source for the name. Other popular names, usually local and particular to distinct species, liken the flowers' red hues to those of a male chicken's wattles, and/or the flower shape to its leg spurs. Commonly seen Spanish names for any local species are ''bucaré'', ''frejolillo'' or ''porotillo'', and in Afrikaans some are called ''kafferboom'' (from the species name ''Erythrina caffra''). ''Mullumurikku'' is a widespread name in Kerala. Literature on Polynesian species identifies the genus collectively as ''ngatae'' or ''gatae''.

Description

A flower of most known ''Erythrina'' species is made of long top petals that fold into a boat or spade shape and curve backwards from the stem while the bottom petals enclose its stamens; both together make almost a butterfly shape. Not all of them flower in just bright red; the wiliwili (''E. sandwicensis'') has extraordinary variation in its flower colour, with orange, yellow, salmon, green and white all being found within natural populations. This striking color polymorphism is also found in '' Erythrina lysistemon'' and '' Erythrina afra''.

Ecology

All species except the sterile hybrids ''E.'' × ''sykesii'' and ''E.'' × ''bidwillii'' have legume-type fruit, sometimes called pods, containing one or more seeds. The resilient buoyant seeds are often carried by the sea for large distances and are commonly called " sea beans".

''Erythrina'' leaves are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the swift moth '' Endoclita damor'' and the woolly bears '' Hypercompe eridanus'' and '' Hypercompe icasia''. The mite '' Tydeus munsteri'' is a pest on the coastal coral tree ('' E. afra'').

Many birds visit the nectar-rich ''Erythrina'' flowers. In the Neotropics, these are usually larger hummingbirds, for example the swallow-tailed hummingbird (''Eupetomena macroura'') and the black-throated (''Anthracothorax nigricollis'') and green-breasted mangos (''A. prevostii'') – though they seem not to be especially fond of '' E. speciosa'' at least, which they visit rather opportunistically. In Southeast Asia, the black drongo (''Dicrurus macrocercus'') which usually does not eat nectar in quantity has been observed feeding on '' E. suberosa'' flowers, and mynas and of course more specialized nectar feeders also utilize coral tree flowers. Lorikeets such as the collared lory (''Phigys solitarius'') and the possibly extinct New Caledonian lorikeet (''Charmosyna diadema'') are known to consume (or have consumed) large amounts of ''Erythrina'' nectar.

Use by humans

Some coral trees are used widely in the tropics and subtropics as street and park trees, especially in drier areas. In some places, such as Venezuela, ''bucaré''s are used as shade trees for coffee or cocoa crops. In the Bengal region, they are used for the same purpose in '' Schumannianthus dichotoma'' plantations. '' E. lanceolata'' in particular is considered highly suitable as "frame" tree for vanilla vines to grow up on.

Native Hawaiians made a number of items from '' wiliwili'' wood because of its low density, such as ''mouo'' ( fishing net floats), '' ama'' ( outrigger canoe floats, and extremely long ''papa hee nalu'' ( surfboards) called '' olo''. ''Olo'', which averaged , were exclusively ridden by '' alii'' (royalty). The wood was sometimes used for the '' waa'' (hull) of outrigger canoes intended to be used near-shore, for recreation, or for training. The shiny orange-red seeds were strung into '' lei''.

The conspicuous, even dramatic coral trees are widely used as floral emblems. cockspur coral tree ('' E. crista-galli'') is the national flower of Argentina and Uruguay. The coastal coral tree ('' E. afra'') is the official city tree of Los Angeles, California, where it is referred to simply as the "coral tree". The state trees of Mérida and Trujillo in Venezuela are ''bucaré ceibo'' ('' E. poeppigiana'') and purple coral tree (''bucaré anauco, E. fusca''), respectively. Yonabaru, Okinawa as well as the Okinawa Prefecture, Quanzhou, Fujian Province and Pathum Thani Province have the Indian coral tree ('' E. variegata'') as floral emblems. Known as ''thong lang'' in Thailand, the latter species is also one of the ''thong'' ("trees") referred to in the name of Amphoe Chom Thong, Chiang Mai Province. In a similar vein, Zumpahuacán in Mexico derives its name from Nahuatl ''tzompahuacá'', "place of the '' Erythrina americana''".

In Hinduism, the ''mandāra'' tree in Indra's garden in Svarga is held to be '' E. stricta''. The same motif is found in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, where the mandāravā ( Tib. ''man dā ra ba'') growing in Sukhāvatī is identified as an Indian coral tree (''E. variegata''). The concept of the Five Trees of Paradise is also found in Christian Gnosticism. Though as none of the trees is identified as an ''Erythrina'' here, the concept might not be as directly related to the Asian religions as some presume.

The seeds of at least one-third of the species contain potent erythrina alkaloids, and some of these are used for medicinal and other purposes by indigenous peoples. They are all toxic to some degree, however, and the seeds of some can cause fatal poisoning. The chemical compounds found in plants in this genus include alkaloids such as scoulerine, erysodin, erysovin (namely in '' E. flabelliformis''), and the putative anxiolytic erythravine (isolated from Mulungu, ''E. mulungu''). Erysodienone is a precursor in the biosynthesis of many of these alkaloids.

As food

Root tubers of ''Erythrina'' species have been traditional food for aborigines of the Northern Territory of Australia.NTFlora Northern Territory Flora online:
''Flora of the Darwin Region: Fabaceae.''
Retrieved 10 June 2018

In Vietnam, people use the leaves of '' E. variegata'' to wrap '' nem chua'' (a kind of fermented pork wrapped in banana leaves).

Selected species

* '' Erythrina abyssinica'' Lam. ex DC. (East Africa)
* '' Erythrina acanthocarpa''
* '' Erythrina afra'' Thunb. – Coastal coral tree (Southeastern Africa)
* '' Erythrina americana'' Mill. – ''Colorín'', ''Tzompāmitl'' (Mexico)
* '' Erythrina ankaranensis'' Du Puy & Labat (Madagascar)
* '' Erythrina atitlanensis'' Krukoff & Barneby
* '' Erythrina berteroana'' Urb.
* '' Erythrina burana'' Chiov. (Ethiopia)
* '' Erythrina corallodendron'' L. (Hispaniola, Jamaica)
* '' Erythrina coralloides'' D.C. – Flame coral tree, naked coral tree (Arizona in the United States, Mexico)
* '' Erythrina crista-galli'' L. – Cockspur coral tree, ''ceibo, seíbo, bucaré'' (Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay)
* '' Erythrina decora'' Harms
* '' Erythrina edulis'' Micheli – Basul (Andes)
* '' Erythrina eggersii'' Krukoff & Moldenke – Cock's-spur, ''espuela de gallo, piñón espinoso'' (United States Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico)
* '' Erythrina elenae'' Howard & Briggs (Cuba)
* '' Erythrina euodiphylla'' Hassk. ex Backh. (Indonesia)
* '' Erythrina falcata'' Benth. – Brazilian coral tree (Brazil)
* '' Erythrina flabelliformis'' Kearney
* '' Erythrina fusca'' Lour. – Purple coral tree, ''bois immortelle, bucaré anauco, bucayo, gallito'' ( Pantropical)
* '' Erythrina haerdii'' Verdc. (Tanzania)
* '' Erythrina hazomboay'' Du Puy & Labat (Madagascar)
* '' Erythrina herbacea'' L. – Coral bean, Cherokee bean, red cardinal, cardinal spear ( Southeastern United States, Northeastern Mexico)
* '' Erythrina humeana'' Spreng. – Natal coral tree, dwarf coral tree, dwarf kaffirboom, dwarf erythrina (South Africa)
* '' Erythrina lanceolata'' Standl.
* '' Erythrina latissima'' E.Mey.
* '' Erythrina leptorhiza'' Moc. & Sessé ex DC. (Mexico)
* '' Erythrina lysistemon'' Hutch. – Common coral tree, Transvaal kaffirboom, lucky bean tree (South Africa)
* '' Erythrina madagascariensis'' Du Puy & Labat (Madagascar)
* '' Erythrina megistophylla'' (Ecuador)
* '' Erythrina mexicana'' (Mexico)
* '' Erythrina mulungu'' Diels Mart. – Mulungu (Brazil)
* '' Erythrina orophila'' Ghesq.
* '' Erythrina perrieri'' R.Viguier (Madagascar)
* '' Erythrina poeppigiana'' ( Walp.) O.F.Cook – ''bucare ceibo''
* '' Erythrina polychaeta'' Harms (Ecuador)
* '' Erythrina resupinata'' Roxb (India and Nepal)
* '' Erythrina rubrinervia'' Kunth
* '' Erythrina sacleuxii'' Hua (Kenya, Tanzania)
* '' Erythrina sandwicensis'' O.Deg. – ''Wiliwili'' (Hawaii)
* '' Erythrina schimpffii'' Diels (Ecuador)
* '' Erythrina schliebenii'' Harms – Lake Latumba Erythrina (Thought to be extinct since 1938, but some individuals, believed to be less than fifty, were recently rediscovered in forest remnants on rocky sites in coastal Tanzania (reported in the UK Guardian newspaper 23 March 2012, from a report in the Journal of East African Natural History.)
* '' Erythrina senegalensis'' DC.
* '' Erythrina speciosa'' Andrews (Brazil)
* '' Erythrina stricta'' Roxb. – Mandara (Southeast Asia)
* '' Erythrina suberosa'' Roxb.
* '' Erythrina subumbrans'' Miq.
* '' Erythrina tahitensis'' Nadeaud (Tahiti)
* '' Erythrina tholloniana'' Hua (West-Central Tropical Africa)
* '' Erythrina tuxtlana'' Krukoff & Barneby (Mexico)
* '' Erythrina variegata'' L. – Indian coral tree, tiger's claw, sunshine tree, roluos tree (Cambodia), ''deigo'' (Okinawa), ''drala'' (Fiji), ''madar'' (Bangladesh), ''man da ra ba'' (Tibet), ''thong lang'' (Thailand), ''vông nem'' (Vietnam)
* '' Erythrina velutina'' Willd. (Caribbean, South America, Galápagos Islands)
* '' Erythrina vespertilio'' Benth. – Bat's wing coral tree, grey corkwood, "bean tree" (Australia)
* '' Erythrina zeyheri'' Harv. – Ploughbreaker

Horticultural hybrids:
* '' Erythrina ×bidwillii'' Lindl.
* '' Erythrina ×sykesii'' Barneby & Krukoff
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Formerly placed here

* '' Butea monosperma'' ( Lam.) Taub. (as ''E. monosperma'' Lam.)
* '' Piscidia piscipula'' (L.) Sarg (as ''E. piscipula'' L.)

Legal status

United States

Louisiana

Growing, selling or possessing ''Erythrina'' spp. except for ornamental purposes, is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159 (where the genus is misspelled ''Erythina''); the Act covers various known, suspected, or rumored hallucinogenic plants.

See also

* Mandarava
* Psychedelic plants
* Victor A. Reko

References

External links

University of Florida−UF Featured Creatures: Moths of ''Erythrina'' plants
— from the UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1340386

Fabaceae genera
Medicinal plants
Ornamental trees
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus